黎巴嫩问题对叙黎关系及中东局势的影响

叙利亚与黎巴嫩有着极深的历史渊源.黎巴嫩前总理哈里里遭到暗杀后,黎巴嫩问题成为继巴以争端、伊拉克问题之后的中东又一热点.黎巴嫩问题的走向深刻影响着叙黎关系及中东局势甚至美国的中东战略.叙利亚在整个事件中处于较为被动的地位,国内局势基本按美国意图向前发展以配合其"大中东"战略构想,尤其在美、法的联合打压下,叙陷入严重的政治外交困境之中.     

析"安全区"战火对叙以和谈的影响

去年年底,在美国的大力斡旋下,以色列和叙利亚在华盛顿恢复了中断近4年的和谈.今年年初,以色列总理巴拉克和叙利亚外长沙雷在美国西弗吉尼亚州的小城谢泼兹敦开始了实质性谈判.由于双方仍在以色列从戈兰高地撤军这一关键问题上相持不下,原定于1月19日举行的第三轮谈判不得不无限期推迟.正当叙以会谈陷入僵局之时,黎巴嫩南部的局势风云突变,黎以边境冲突逐步升级.黎巴嫩问题在叙以和谈中的地位一时凸显出来,给叙以和谈增加不少变数,和平的前景更为难测.     

解析叙军驻黎的历史演变

在国际社会各方的支持和默认下,叙军进驻黎巴嫩.叙军驻黎维护了黎的政治格局,维护了叙黎的"特殊关系",但是阻碍了美国的中东和平进程和大中东民主计划.美法共同推动安理会通过1559号决议,逼迫叙利亚从黎全面撤军.美国高举关注黎"民主进程"的大旗,将叙撤军视为推动中东民主的切入点和摆脱泥潭的突破口.法国欲通过美国的"大门"更多地参与中东事务,展示其参与解决地区问题的实力和能力,保护在黎的传统利益.以色列配合美国的中东战略,抬高恢复和谈的条件,以期渔翁得利.叙撤军导致黎政局扑朔迷离,黎各派别势力将重新洗牌.     

解析叙军驻黎的历史演变

在国际社会各方的支持和默认下，叙军进驻黎巴嫩。叙军驻黎维护了黎的政治格局，维护了叙黎的“特殊关系”，但是阻碍了美国的中东和平进程和大中东民主计划。美法共同推动安理会通过1559号决议，逼迫叙利亚从黎全面撤军。美国高举关注黎“民主进程”的大旗，将叙撤军视为推动中东民主的切入点和摆脱泥潭的突破口。法国欲通过美国的“大门”更多地参与中东事务，展示其参与解决地区问题的实力和能力，保护在黎的传统利益。以色列配合美国的中东战略，抬高恢复和谈的条件，以期渔翁得利。叙撤军导致黎政局扑朔迷离，黎各派别势力将重新洗牌。     

叙利亚与伊朗准联盟关系浅析

自伊朗霍梅尼革命以来,叙利亚就与伊朗在政治、军事和安全领域保持着准联盟关系.27年来,叙伊准联盟关系经历了产生、发展和成熟三个阶段,其构建的基础主要是共同的安全利益,分别为:对抗伊拉克萨达姆政权、制衡土以军事联盟和抗衡美以特殊关系.伊战后,美国推行"大中东计划",指责叙伊准联盟关系是美国民主改造中东国家的绊脚石.面临美国的打压,叙伊针锋相对,进一步密切了关系.2006年7月爆发的黎以冲突是叙伊同美以两大对抗派别矛盾激化的结果.为分化和瓦解叙伊准联盟,美国采取拉拢叙利亚、遏制伊朗的"区别对待"战略.未来叙伊两国正式结盟对抗美国的可能性不大,但只要两国面临共同的安全威胁,其准联盟关系就会存在下去.叙伊准联盟关系在一定程度上遏止了美以在中东推行的霸权主义,客观上也为其他大国中东外交提供了更多的回旋余地.     

“奥巴马主义”与叙利亚危机

叙利亚危机是"阿拉伯之春"引发的一场极其复杂的地缘政治博弈,是集内战和反恐于一体、大国干涉和地区力量介入相交织的冲突,也是在美国中东战略收缩背景下发生的重大事件,因而成为观察美国中东战略和外交调整的重要视角。在"奥巴马主义"的指导下,美国坚持采用"以压促谈"的方式参与叙利亚危机进程,避免因军事卷入而重蹈伊拉克战争和阿富汗战争的覆辙,并注重发挥多边作用,试图通过力量制衡和利益置换来实现稳定叙利亚局势的目的,进而服务于美国的中东核心利益及中东政策。美国当选总统特朗普的新保守主义和孤立主义倾向,可能使"奥巴马主义"未来在美国的叙利亚政策乃至整个中东政策中得到延续。     

哈里里之死与叙黎特殊关系

黎巴嫩前总理哈里里遇害引起了黎政局和叙黎关系的危机,亲叙利亚政府被迫辞职,叙利亚宣布从黎撤走全部驻军,长期形成的叙黎特殊关系面临严峻考验.随着叙利亚因素淡出黎巴嫩,叙黎关系有可能走向合理化和正常化.     

伊战后美国对伊拉克库尔德政策的动因及走向

长期以来,奉行亲美立场的伊拉克库尔德人在美国的中东战略中具有不可替代的作用。伊战后,以2003年伊拉克战争为标志事件,2011年美军撤离伊拉克为重要节点,美国的伊拉克库尔德政策可以分撤军前和撤军后两个阶段。随着伊拉克国内安全局势的恶化、伊朗支持什叶派力量的力度加大、极端组织“伊斯兰国”的沉浮和美国中东战略的收缩,美国不断调整对伊拉克库尔德政策。该政策是内外多重因素影响的结果,从本质上讲是美国将其作为维护中东霸权战略的重要抓手和依托。近年来,随着伊拉克国内反美情绪的高涨、伊朗地区影响力的增强、叙利亚局势的不确定性等多重因素的叠加,美国根据中东局势变化和战略利益需要持续调整库尔德政策,伊拉克库尔德人仍将是美国中东战略中的一个重要棋子。     

叙利亚与伊朗准联盟关系浅析

自伊朗霍梅尼革命以来,叙利亚就与伊朗在政治、军事和安全领域保持着准联盟关系。27年来,叙伊准联盟关系经历了产生、发展和成熟三个阶段,其构建的基础主要是共同的安全利益,分别为:对抗伊拉克萨达姆政权、制衡土以军事联盟和抗衡美以特殊关系。伊战后,美国推行“大中东计划”,指责叙伊准联盟关系是美国民主改造中东国家的绊脚石。面临美国的打压,叙伊针锋相对,进一步密切了关系。2006年7月爆发的黎以冲突是叙伊同美以两大对抗派别矛盾激化的结果。为分化和瓦解叙伊准联盟,美国采取拉拢叙利亚、遏制伊朗的“区别对待”战略。未来叙伊两国正式结盟对抗美国的可能性不大,但只要两国面临共同的安全威胁,其准联盟关系就会存在下去。叙伊准联盟关系在一定程度上遏止了美以在中东推行的霸权主义,客观上也为其他大国中东外交提供了更多的回旋余地。     

哈里里之死与叙黎特殊关系

黎巴嫩前总理哈里里遇害引起了黎政局和叙黎关系的危机，亲叙利亚政府被迫辞职，叙利亚宣布从黎撤走全部驻军，长期形成的叙黎特殊关系面临严峻考验。随着叙利亚因素淡出黎巴嫩，叙黎关系有可能走向合理化和正常化。     

Politique et expertise scientifique. La régulation européenne des médicaments

A study of the EU system for regulating medicinal products is used to show the usefulness of distinguishing between policy-making and scientific expertise when analyzing political decision-making. This approach presupposes identifying the characteristics of scientific expertise. The experts responsible for assessing drugs have to combine knowledge and action. Questions are raised about how work is shared between decision-makers and experts. In the case of medicinal products, the work of experts has absorbed decision-making. Lest we waver between explanations in terms either of science or else of politics, it is necessary to substantively identify expertise’s political dimensions. Two conceptions — the “healthy man’s” and the “sick man’s” — of the purpose of assessing medicinal products stand out in debates; but political authorities pay no heed to them.     

The electronic face of government in the internet age: borrowing from Murray Edelman

The issue of legitimation by political elites has been a central concern of political scientists for many years. This article draws upon the work of Murray Edelman who was instrumental in analysing this relationship between rulers and ruled, the relatively powerful and relatively powerless, through an understanding of language, symbolism and the manipulation of information. It concludes with the contention that the Internet offers the prospect for governments to create new 'electronic faces', which act to support a symbolic architecture of power.     

Wedding the dragon: The powerful feminine as seen in Jewish women’s dreams

Abstract

This article addresses the theological and liturgical problem of incorporating mythic traditions of the divine feminine into contemporary practice, given the typically essentialist nature of these traditions. The article considers the dream practice of a Jewish women’s learning community, the Kohenet Hebrew Priestess Institute, and applies this practice to several “dragon dreams” in which dragons appear as powerful, erotic, sacred figures that “queer” the divine feminine by offering a norm-upending vision of what the feminine is and does. These dragon dreams provide a powerful alternative to traditional Jewish images of the female dragon in which the dragon represents the demonic feminine. I suggest that dreams can offer a “queering” of mythic images of the sacred feminine because they contain images that have mythic depth but also upend norms and expectations. The article then explores how these dragon images have made their way into the liturgy and theology of the Kohenet Hebrew Priestess Institute.     

Un atelier d’écriture internationale : l’OCDE au travail. Éléments de sociologie de la forme « rapport »

The writing of a “transversal” report on employment at the OECD is examined by focusing not on the finished product but, instead, on the drafting of the report. This approach allows for exploring the dynamics of power at work inside the OECD. It opens toward broader considerations about how this type of international organization produces knowledge in economics and weaves relations, throughout the long process of drafting the report, with those who requested it. This article analyzes how economic issues are assembled through a succession of intermediate studies and reshaped through an asymmetrical competition between services. By making visible the process of constructing the position of “institutional author”, this analysis repositions on new grounds the problem of “influence”, which usually arises in organizations of this sort.     

WHAT IS THE MULTITUDE?

Nicholas Brown and Imre Szeman continue their conversation with Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri. (See ‘The Global Coliseum: On Empire’ in Cultural Studies, 16.2, (March 2002), p. 177–192). In this new interview they press the authors of Empire and Multitude on questions that have arisen both out of their own involvement with the theoretical issues generated by Empire and from new areas opened up by Multitude. Why is the multitude not a class? How can the unity of a political project be maintained in the multiplicity of the multitude? Is democracy still a project for the future? Can a political subject constitute itself outside the structure of sovereignty? In other words, what is the multitude?     

DEFINING MOMENTS: THE TENSION BETWEEN RICHNESS AND REACH

The defining moments of traditional spatially based higher education are made up of fixed and fluid experiences. These 'moments' are now creaking as funding per student falls and the romanticized ideal of an education detached from 'real' life falters under the weight of highly variable student experiences. Distance learning in all its guises has always been regarded as inferior by those embedded in the traditional system. However more and more students demand something different from costly campus-based education. It is time for a more open discussion about the tensions between richness and reach and the role that new facilities like the Internet could play in reaching more students without wallowing in the nostalgia that often accompanies such debates.     

A Stylistic Analysis of Hemingway’s A Clean,Well-Lighted Place

One important theme of Hemingway＇s A Clean, Well-Lighted Place is the nothingness of life itself, At the beginning of this short story, Hemingway presents a setting--the cafe, which is familiar to us, and then moves our attention to focus on the characters within that setting, The story is told through the dialogues between the two waiters and is in third-person narration, In the following paragraphs we will focus on stylistic characteristics of this short story,     

La contingence et le travail de conception. Définir,organiser, délibérer

The activity of a design office consists in producing plans for things that do not yet exist. If, through poor management, the designers fail to anticipate accurately what the product will be, work will be inappropriately allocated and divided. Given the uncertain nature of the activity and the outcome, designers are simultaneously involved in the process of producing technical solutions, a process of organisation — through constant reallocation of tasks — and a political process of ironing out disagreements — through the exploration of multiple heterogeneous possibilities.     

Recruitment of foreign male and female fighters to Jihad: Morocco’s multifaceted counter-terror strategy

Field research on ‘young Moroccan Jihadists in Syria and Iraq from northern Morocco’ unexpectedly revealed the mundane factors behind their recruitment represented in the self-realization and the search for heroism, adventure and money, were the main reasons for the recruitment of young people in northern Morocco terrorist organizations, especially the Daesh. The religious factor is secondary. To combat terrorism and extremism which is spreading in the MENA region requires political will. Appropriate laws should be enacted as soon as possible and policies must be implemented to ensure border control, the closure of financing ports, propaganda platforms, anti-addiction, etc.     

INFORMATION-CENTRED DESIGN: A methodology for designing virtual meeting DESIGN environments

Development of single-user computer applications has often been based on user-centred or task-centred design methodologies, with some success. These methodologies are also useful for guiding the development of multi-user CSCW applications whenever the basic characteristics of the users, or the type of tasks for which the system is being designed are identifiable. The effectiveness of these methodologies as a basis for the design of virtual meeting environments for supporting community-based activities, on the other hand, is rather limited. This is mainly due to the fact that for such systems it is not generally possible to identify the user or task requirements, as these vary considerably from one community to another, or even within the same community over a period of time. New methodologies need to be devised, or existing methodologies have to be modified, to direct the development of virtual environments for which the characteristics of the users or their activities are not known in advance. This paper introduces the concept of information-centred design. Information-centred design, though not fully devised yet, focuses on the identification of the type of information, as well as the way it is collected and utilized by the users of a virtual meeting environment. This pool of information, which plays an important role in facilitating interaction and communication between the members of a community, could be defined as their communal memory.