乡-城转移人口的生育率水平问题

乡一城人口转移作为城市化过程,总体上有利于生育率下降或低生育水平的稳定。但是,由于乡一城转移人口的生育率水平具有既不同于城也有别于乡的差别特征,因此这种转移对城乡生育率的变化必然产生一定的差别效应。通常认为,乡一城转移人口的生育率水平介于城乡之间,即低于乡而高于城。但是,有关研究认为,我国乡一城迁移流动人口的生育率水平已经转变为低于城市。对此,很值得进一步深入探讨。本文首先分析我国城乡生育率的变化和区域差异,然后对乡一城转移人口的总和生育率进行尝试性的推算,最后聚焦讨论流动人口生育行为的流动性问题。     

中国人口迁移与城市化研究的近今发展

本文总结近年来特别是十一五期间中国人口迁移与城市化研究的重要成果,并指出当前学科存在的主要薄弱环节。研究着重探讨未来学科研究的发展趋势及重点研究领域。十二五期间重点研究领域应在:人口迁移、城市化对经济推动作用的定量分析与评估,城乡统筹发展目标下的人口迁移与城市化发展研究,城市化过程中乡-城迁移人口的户籍制度改革设计,我国自然灾害多发地区的人口分布与受害迁移预案研究,全球化背景下国际人口迁移及其对我国社会经济发展的影响研究,等等。     

经济因素和政策因素与我国乡-城人口迁移规模的相关性研究

从乡村向城市的人口迁移（以下称乡—城人口迁移）是一种重要的人口迁移形式,随着我国改革开放以来乡—城人口迁移规模的增大,以及社会经济发展带来的利与弊,使乡—城人口迁移成为我国政府及学术界普遍关心的社会问题,因而对我国乡—城人口迁移规模的发展过程及形成因素的研究具有重要意义。关于迁移人口的定义很多,本文中的迁移人口既包括户籍所在地未发生变化,仅改变了居住地的流动人口。迁移人口离开居住地的时间为半年。１．乡—城人口迁移规模的发展过程一般说来,一国的城市化水平在没有达到较高水平前,人口由乡村向城市的迁移…     

人口城市化的差别效应和城乡人力资源开发

城市化进程中的城乡人力资源开发 ,必须充分注意城市化的城乡差别效应。本文从生育率、文化素质、就业和人口分布等方面分析了城市化的差别人口学效应 ,提出了城市化推动型的城乡人力资源协调开发等观点     

中国人口年龄结构与城乡居民消费关系的实证分析

人口年龄结构转变本身具有动态性,与消费的关系也随之变化。文章基于1987-2011年时间序列数据对中国城乡人口年龄结构与居民消费之间的关系进行了比较研究。结果发现:城、乡居民消费率与少儿抚养比之间均具有显著正相关关系,少儿抚养比越低,城、乡居民消费率越低,但少儿抚养比的降低对城、乡居民消费率边际变化的影响差异不大;现阶段整体来看老年抚养比对城、乡居民消费率的作用并不显著;人口年龄结构对消费的影响具有时期效应,与进入人口老龄化阶段之前相比,我国城、乡老年抚养比相对于少儿抚养比对消费变化的影响更大;此外,少儿抚养比通过家庭收入增长率对城镇居民消费具有显著偏效应,老年抚养比则通过家庭收入增长率对农村居民消费具有显著偏效应,这说明伴随着人口年龄结构的转变,城、乡居民分别在子女照料、老人赡养等方面作出了消费倾斜。     

有效乡-城迁移与经济发展

有效乡 -城迁移不仅于农民有利 ,也十分有助于城市经济发展。因此 ,在有效乡 -城迁移条件下 ,任何制约或阻碍这种受市场力量支配的劳动力人口流动的政策和措施都是不明智的     

收入、人口年龄结构和中国城乡居民储蓄

本文利用中国2002~2006年分省、分城乡数据,将人口年龄结构因素纳入绝对收入和恒久收入理论模型,对居民储蓄方程进行了实证研究。研究发现:老龄人口比例对城乡居民的储蓄有显著的负影响,这对于老龄化日益严峻的中国意味着将面临人口转变带来的额外的资本供给压力;城、乡居民的储蓄决定因素有明显的差别,这些差别反映了城乡收入差距、区域经济差距以及城乡居民对子女教育投入的差异。     

差别人口迁移的差别人口效应

<正> 人口迁移对迁移者的性别、年龄、婚姻生育和文化程度、职业等方面的特征往往具有较强的选择性。选择性是指在同类事物中具有某种特征的那些量的多少。迁移人口的许多特征量往往与迁出地和迁入地的非迁移人口有着明显的差别;同时,迁移又会促使迁移者的某些特征量沿着所选择的方向进一步发生变化。因此,迁移必然会对迁出地、迁入地人口以及包括迁出和迁入地在内的总人口带来种种不同的差别效应。深入研究人口迁移问题,必须充分注意差别人口迁移的差别人口效应。     

城乡收入差距急剧扩大引发的思考

防止城乡收入差距急剧扩大不仅是公平问题 ,更是国家持续、健康、稳定发展的重要保证。由于在工业化进程中 ,农业增长率大大低于非农业部门的增长率 ,防止城乡收入差距的急剧扩大将在很大程度上取决于迁移 ,因此未来一个时期为乡 -城迁移扫除障碍是至关重要的     

中国1990～2000年乡-城人口转移年龄模式及其变迁

本文采用人口年龄移算方法 ,利用 1 982年、1 990年和 2 0 0 0年三次人口普查提供的年龄别数据 ,估计得到 1 990年和 2 0 0 0年两个时期的人口乡 -城转移的年龄模式。本文所设计的方法能够较准确的估计得到两次人口普查间人口转移的年龄分布和模式 ,估计结果反映了一般的人口迁移规律。通过比较研究揭示了 2 1世纪 90年代人口乡 -城转移年龄模式的变迁     

Some factors associated with Urban-Rural fertility differentials in Mexico

Abstract Warren C. Robinson and others have presented strong evidence that a substantial portion of the variation in urban-rural fertility differentials is attributable to variations in infant and child mortality when the child-woman ratio is the index of fertility. This paper focuses on the contributions of several additional factors in accounting for variations in urban-rural fertility differentials. 1960 census data for 23 urban and rural areas in Mexico are investigated by means of correlation analysis. City growth and literacy differentials are found to be significantly related to the size of the urban-rural fertility (child-woman ratio) differential, but their effect appears to be indirect, and brought about by their association with urban-rural differentials in the sex ratio at the reproductive ages, age at marriage, and the percentage married. The latter three factors are positively related to the size of the urban-rural fertility differential. City growth is inversely related to the magnitude of the fertility differential. This analysis suggests that changes in (urban) population composition may favour higher as well as lower urban fertility and thus affect the size of the urban-rural fertility differential. If this is true, it would appear that urbanization does not necessarily lead to lower total fertility (at least in its early stages), but may lead to the modification of certain demographic characteristics which formerly favoured lower urban fertility. The long-run effects of urbanization are more difficult to assess, but it is suggested that migrants to urban areas may require several generations to manifest lower fertility. This would constitute an additional factor favouring higher urban fertility. The possible contribution of changing mortality conditions is also considered.     

人口老龄化对城乡统筹发展的影响与对策探析

城镇化加速人口老龄化,人口老龄化影响城镇化进程。在人口老龄化和城镇化交织影响下,我国农村人口老龄化发展迅速,其老龄化水平远高于城镇,这将给我国新农村建设、农村社会保障、城乡协调发展等方面带来不同程度的冲击和挑战。应该按照城乡发展一体化要求,积极推进适应人口老龄化的新型城镇化,培育新型农业发展方式,推进以城支农的新农村建设,统筹城乡就业以改善农村老年人从事经济活动的条件。     

Thailand’s urban population reconsidered

In lieu of any official definition of “urban population” in Thailand, researchers and policy makers have generally used a simple urban-rural dichotomy, relying upon the administratively designated municipal areas as urban and the remainder of the kingdom as rural. For administrative purposes, however, a more refined set of residence categories is available: the “urban” segment is subdivided into three categories of municipal areas; within the “rural” group, units of population concentration classified as sanitary districts are distinguished from the remainder of the rural population. Data from a 1970 census sample tape have been used to analyze a number of socioeconomic characteristics, as well as migration and fertility, for each of these five residence categories separately in an attempt to determine if the formerly used rural-urban dichotomy is valid. For each of the characteristics and for migration and fertility, a clear urban-rural continuum emerges, with the sanitary districts generally resembling the smaller urban places more than they do the rural areas under which they are usually subsumed. The evaluation thus suggests the importance to research and policy either of using an urban-rural continuum or of grouping sanitary districts with municipal areas when a dichotomy must be used. Doing so should facilitate evaluation of the interrelations between urbanization and demographic and development factors.     

城镇化进程中的人口流动与城镇新增贫困人口问题分析

在城镇化的过程中,农村人口净流向城镇。这一方面推动城镇和农村的发展,另一方面带来城镇贫困人口的增加。由农村流入城镇的人口其贫困发生率大致在3%以上。为预防和保障人口流动中的城镇新增贫困人口,应该采取措施分类引导人口的城镇化,建立和完善进入城镇农民的社会保障体系,积极发展城镇服务业等第三产业,避免过度的城市化带来城镇贫困问题的扩大。     

我国城乡居民收入差距的影响因素分析

本文对我国城乡居民收入差距的主要解释变量作了定量研究,认为农业与二、三产业比较劳动生产率的不断扩大是造成城乡收入差距不断扩大的最重要原因,农村居民与城市居民人力资本的差距拉大是根本的原因,过去若干年来所推进的就业结构转变和城市化,客观上起到了拉大城乡收入差距的作用,而政府财政支出对城乡差距的扩大起到了一定的遏制效果。本文对这种现象进行了理论解释,提出了政府在城乡政策制定上应注意把握的问题。     

Internal and International Migration Across the Urban Hierarchy in Albania

The interactions between the processes of urbanization and international migration in less developed and transition countries have important repercussions for socioeconomic development, but are not well understood. Based on the retrospective data from the Albanian Living Standards Measurement Survey 2008, we first assess the geography of migration in terms of the rural–urban continuum, the urban hierarchy and the outside world since 1990. We then investigate the spatio-temporal diffusion of rural-to-urban and international movements using survival models. Results reveal an immediate onset of large-scale rural exodus, despite the post-communist crisis. Internal migrants mainly moved to the capital, bypassing secondary cities, and were predominantly female. Initially, international migrants were primarily men who tended to originate from the main urban agglomerations. The diffusion of opportunities to emigrate down the urban hierarchy and across the sexes then redirected the rural exodus abroad, despite domestic economic development. This evolution in population mobility is related to the gendered patterns and interlinkages of the two flows, as well as to rising inequalities within the urban hierarchy.

     

未来全国和不同区域人口城镇化水平预测

城镇化将是我国未来几十年社会经济发展的动力之一。从人口学的角度讲,在加速城镇化过程中,人口三大因素,即出生、死亡、迁移的变化中,人口城乡迁移将是核心问题。本文在城镇化发展的中方案假设下,利用ⅡASA的模型对全国和地区未来30年人口城镇化水平进行预测。结果显示了全国和不同区域的城镇化长期趋势;揭示了城乡间的迁移和农村居民身份的改变,是城镇地区人口高速增长的重要因素。伴随城镇化的加速,农村地区人口老龄化速度快于城市。     

Urban temporary out-migration under economic reforms: Who moves and for what reasons?

Studies of temporary migration in developing countries often focus on rural outmigration and are preoccupied with problems it may bring to cities. Using a unique data set from two surveys conducted in Zhejiang province, China, this paper examines the other side of the coin — temporary migration from urban places — and thereby provides an important complement to studies focusing on rural-urban migration. The analysis identifies three types of temporary migrations: on-business, economic, and family-related. Using multinomial logit model, the analysis suggests that the three types of temporary migration differ significantly from each other in both their causes and migrants' socioeconomic characteristics; so does urban-urban migration from urban-rural migration. The considerable urban-rural temporary migration attests to the fact that temporary migration is not a one-way process; its positive selectivity further indicates that a considerable human capital flows from urban to rural areas through urban-rural temporary migration, which provides rural areas much needed science and technology and becomes an important facilitating factor of rural socioeconomic development.This article is based on a paper, presented at the meetings of the American Sociological Association, Pittsburgh, August 1992.     

Migration - a mixed blessing

Regarding migration, the current thinking is that certain aspects of migration have important implications for population planning. Focus here is on the role of migration and its influence on integrated development programs. Although individuals who migrate to cities are generally from the more privileged socioeconomic groups within the rural area, it is not accurate to identify them as the "cream of the rural population." Present population policies do consider the fact that 70 to 80% of the people live in rural areas, yet population policies give only lip service to migration policies. In response to a question as to whether urbanization is conducive to pro- to anti-natal tendencies in migrating families the responses varied. 1 opinion was that there is no evidence that urbanization and the natality behavior of migrating families is significantly related, while other opinions identified a relationship between anti-natal behavior and migration. Rural development and rural growth centers do seem to help alleviate population problems of rural and urban areas, but their success is very dependent on the kind of rural development programs and the extent of services provided through the growth center. The following are among the advantages to "planned migration" that can be used to strengthen population policies: 1) effective utilization of manpower; 2) balanced regional development; 3) further exploitation of natural resources; and 4) reducing the various problems in urban regions. Many do believe that international migration is a feasible solution to population problems in the global context.