以人为本 促进人口计生工作新跨越

清远市位于广东省中北部,是山区市,面积达1.91万平方公里,是全省地域面积最大的地级市,是广东省少数民族人口主要聚居地。下辖一区、二市、三县、二个少数民族自治县及一个高新区。全市常住人口420万人,居全省第七位。"十一五"期末,清远市人口计生工作整体水平实现新的跨越,低生育水平持续保持稳定,有效地缓解了人口对资源、环境的压力,为全市经济发展和社会进步营造了良好的人口环     

“三为主”是“三个代表”的具体实践

本文结合清远市建市以来实施"三为主"方针取得的成效,阐述了坚持"三为主"工作方针是"三个代表"重要思想在基层的具体实践.     

广东高岗镇创新药具服务模式 服务群众

为保障育龄群众获得安全、有效的避孕药具,广东省清远市佛冈县高岗镇创新工作模式,通过＂一落实、二加强、三拓宽＂抓好药具工作,全面提升服务品质。     

新时期人口计生宣教工作机制创新——以甘肃为例的经验分析

在我国30多年人口计生工作的伟大实践中,宣教工作始终作为先导贯穿于工作的全过程,坚持不懈地开展广泛深入的宣传教育和思想发动工作,对人口计生工作取得举世瞩目的成就起到了非常关键的作用。但是,随着社会的转型和人口形势的变化,人口计生工作的外部环境和基本矛盾发生了转变,探索中国特色统筹解决人口问题的模式,成为新时期人口计生工作的战略总目标。创新宣传教育工作机制,成为新时期人口计生工作机制创新的必然要求。本文以新时期人口计生政策和相关理论为依据,通过对甘肃省人口计生宣传教育工作实践经验的分析,对人口计生宣教工作机制创新提出几点思考和建议。     

新世纪、新阶段人口研究和人口工作

文章分析了低生育水平下实现全面建设小康社会人口研究和人口工作的课题,总结了人口工作成功的主要经验,考察了新时期的人口新情况,质疑传统人口转变理论最后阶段的历程,提出从承载力、城市化、就业与社会保障、人口管理制度、低生育水平下的计划生育、老龄化、新的人口研究领域等方面进一步拓展人口和人口工作。     

强化五种意识 着力建设人口均衡型社会——学习胡锦涛总书记4·26重要讲话精神有感

2011年4月26日下午,中共中央政治局就世界人口发展和全面做好新形势下我国人口工作进行第28次集体学习。胡锦涛总书记对当前我国的人口形势和新形势下统筹解决人口问题的工作思路、目标任务、工作重点等进行了深刻阐述,为全面做好人口工作指明了方向,开启了我国人口计生工作科学发展的新征程。     

把人口早教融入走访服务工作的实践与思考

搞好人口早期教育工作,是提高人口素质的重要举措。近年来,山东省肥城市积极利用人口计生工作网络,充分发挥乡村计划生育药具管理员入户随访的服务优势,大力开展人口早期教育工作,逐步形成了以市计划生育服务站人口早教中心为龙头,以乡镇服务站为枢纽,以村服务室为基础,以乡村药管员为骨干的人口早期教育工作网络,有力地促进了人口计生工作的顺利开展。     

学习贯彻李克强副总理重要讲话精神 提高认识 扎实工作 再创辉煌

党中央、国务院高度重视人口计生工作,李克强副总理在视察人口计生工作时的重要讲话坚持以科学发展观为指导,充分肯定了人口计生工作取得的成绩,深刻分析了当前人口计生工作面临的形势和任务,对做好当前和今后一个时期的工作提出了明确要求,对于全面做好新时期人口计生工作具有重要的指导意义,我们一定要认真学习领会,深入贯彻落实。要将学习贯彻李克强副总理的重要讲话精神作为一项重大任务．与筹划安排好2010年各项工作结合起来,切实提高统筹解决人口问题的认识和能力,推进重点难点人口问题的统筹解决。     

抓人口计生就是抓民生

人口计生问题是制约全面、协调、可持续发展的重大问题,是影响经济社会发展的关键因素,更是事关百姓福祉的民生大事。十七大报告明确提出,要把人口计生工作有机地纳入到民生建设之中,不仅凸显了人口计生工作的民生性质和战略意义,更指明了抓人口计生就是抓民生的实践价值。从这个角度讲,重视人口计生工作就是重视民生,关心人口计生工作就是关心民生,支持人口计生工作就是支持民生。人口生产是民生发展的坚实基础。民生的"起点"是从马克思所说的人口生产开     

陕西洛川县驻洛单位计生管理工作实现新突破

为进一步推进企业单位人口计生工作责任制的落实,陕西省洛川县计生局注重对经常性工作的督导和检查,近期组织人员对延安市驻洛单位开展经常性人口计生工作责任制落实情况进行了专项督查,发现工作亮点及时表彰鼓励,发现问题当场给予指导,有力提升了驻洛单位人口计生工作水平,实现了人口计生工作的新突破。     

论女性就业形态多元化的利弊——广东省四城市妇女就业状况调查报告

本文基于作者 2 0 0 1年对广东省广州市、深圳市、肇庆市、清远市四地妇女就业状况的调查 ,深入分析了当前妇女就业中出现的新特点和新现象 ,特别是多元化的就业方式在保障妇女就业权利和提供就业机会等方面产生的利与弊     

A lost family-planning regime in eighteenth-century Ceylon

Based on Dutch colonial registers (thombos), this paper reconstructs fertility for two districts in Ceylon, 1756–68. It overcomes challenges in data quality by establishing the outer bounds of plausible estimates in a series of scenarios. Among these, total fertility rates (TFRs) averaged 5.5 in one district, but only 2.7 in the other. These figures exclude the victims of infanticide, a custom noted in European travelogues between about 1660 and 1820. Sex ratios among children differed depending on the number of older siblings, and overall, 27?per cent of girls are missing in one district and 57?per cent in the other. There was little significant variation either in the TFR or the sex ratio by socio-economic status, suggesting that poverty was not a key factor in motivating infanticides. Instead, we argue that at least parts of Ceylon had a forward-looking culture of family planning in the eighteenth century, which was lost in subsequent decades.     

Polygynists and Their Wives in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Analysis of Five Demographic and Health Surveys

Differential polygyny in Ghana, Kenya, Senegal, Uganda, and Zambia is investigated using individual-level Demographic and Health Surveys data. As well as contrasting polygynists' first wives with women in monogamous unions, the analysis distinguishes higher-order wives from first wives. This permits study of the determinants of the prevalence and intensity of polygyny respectively. Polygyny and other aspects of marriage interlock in very similar ways in all five countries. Individuals' experience of polygyny tends to reflect their luck in the marriage market rather than their socio-economic characteristics. While polygyny is less prevalent in urban areas, other socio-economic factors are important only in Kenya and Zambia, the two countries where less than 25 per cent of married women are in polygynous unions. The prevalence and intensity of polygyny are negatively associated. Thus, any drop in the prevalence of polygyny in Africa may be accompanied by a rise in the number of wives per polygynist.     

西方人口分布预测研究动态

在人口预洲领域,对出生、死亡、迁移、规模以及结构（性别、年龄）等因素的预测已经有了很大进展,然而对于人口分布方面的预测研究则少之又少。非常可喜的是,近十年来西方一些学者,在这个方面已经做了一些有益的尝试。可以为我国将来在该领域的研究起到很好的借鉴作用。本文就西方学者近期人口分布预测的研究傲一简要梳理．涉及的预测主题依次为：种族、教育状况、老年人口保健与收入、劳动力、移民出生地、家庭户主率等。     

1991年以来俄罗斯的中国移民构成分析

苏联解体后,俄罗斯境内的中国移民规模逐渐增大,随着俄罗斯经济社会的变化,中国移民的构成也变得更加多样和复杂。对俄罗斯边境地区四个州的中国移民情况调查表明,中国移民群体在移民类型、目的、法律地位、地区来源和去向、技术水平和行业分布等构成方面呈现出一定的特点。虽然中国的劳动移民在整体上还没有对俄罗斯劳动力市场和人口就业领域产生关键性的影响,但在俄罗斯东部,特别是在贸易、建筑业和农业等领域,移民的作用日益重要。     

Scrambled systems: the (im)mobilities of ‘storm Desmond’

This article examines a 3-day blackout, triggered by a ‘1-in-100-year’ rainfall event. Storms and floods account for almost three-quarters of weather-related disasters, and are typically accompanied by cascading infrastructure failures, which pattern and amplify their effects in highly significant ways. Such disruptions reveal aspects of everyday life that ordinarily remain obscure, including capacities for resilience embodied in people, cities and infrastructure. The article proposes that disruption events be understood in terms of ‘scrambles’, as they involve abrupt demobilisation and remobilisation of a range of people and materials. The article firstly examines the astonishing capacity for failure latent in ‘pervasively powered’ arrangements, as well as the many ways in which people and things were ‘scrambled’ in response. The article then proceeds to explore the ways in which vulnerabilities result in part from mobilisation in response to previous disruption events, before examining the ‘circuits’ that link far-flung places in mobile disaster geographies, global patterns of electricity dependence, the rise of data overload in the ‘cloud’ to carbon overload in the atmosphere. The article concludes by presenting further evidence in support of the thesis that disruptions and disasters are part of a ‘new normal’, and what this means for prevailing sociotechnical arrangements reliant on ‘sunk’ infrastructure.     

The outbreak mechanisms of the green rice leafhopper,Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler, in northern Japan

Intraspecific regulatory processes keep the population ofNephotettix cincticeps stable at a low density in southern Japan. In northern Japan, however, the yearly population density of the insect fluctuates violently, and large outbreaks occasionally take place. To clarify the difference in the population dynamics between the two regions, we analyzed light-trap and sweep-net sampling records from prefectural and national agricultural experimental stations. The survival rate of the overwintering population decreased with increases in the period of continuous snow cover (PCSC) in the north, and initial population densities in the years of long PCSC were too low for populations to reach equilibrium density by the end of the active breeding season. This made yearly population fluctuations in the north much larger than in the south. The equilibrium density in the north was higher than in the south. The higher equilibrium density presumably permits the higher population density and larger yearly population fluctuations in the north. A major factor responsible for the difference in equilibrium densities between the two regions is the difference in heading dates of the host plant (rice). Qualitative differences among rice plant varieties, and among biotypes ofN. cincticeps, may also be important.     

The spread of urbanization in England and Wales, 1851–1951

Each county in England and Wales has been classified as rural or urban for each of the decennial census years 1851–1951. One index has been used as the basis for these classifications, the percentage of adult males occupied in agriculture. Thus, for each census year a value, in term of this index, was fixed as the criterion to determine whether a county was rural or urban in that year. This criterion of classification varies, over time. This is to allow for the reduction in the percentage of adult males occupied in agriculture as a result of structural changes in the occupational distribution (associated with general modernization), rather than through a shift away from agriculture. The geographical patterns of urbanization in England and Wales during the period 1851–1951, and some associated social and economic changes, are discussed in the paper.     

Seasonal host alternation by the andromeda lace bug,Stephanitis takeyai (Heteroptera: Tingidae) between its two main host-plant species

I studied the seasonal occurrence of the andromeda lace bug,Stephanitis takeyai, on its two main host-plant species. In a secondary forest in Kyoto, this bug altered its hosts seasonally, i.e., from an evergreen shrub,Pieris japonica, in winter to a deciduous shrub,Lyonia elliptica, in summer. In contrast, in Nara park where fewL. elliptica were available, the bug exploited onlyP. japonica. Thus, seasonal host alternation by this bug is not obligate. A comparison of adult longevity and fecundity on the two host-plant species demonstrated the higher quality ofL. elliptica as a food resource. Corresponding to this difference in host quality, there was a dramatic difference in the seasonal population growth in the two study sites. In Nara, the population size at the beginning of the 2nd generation was almost the same as in the overwintered generation, whereas in Kyoto the population size in the 2nd generation was approximately one hundred times as large as in the overwintered generation. Thus seasonal host alternation is adaptive for the bug. In a previous study, I reported that overwintering as eggs in living leaves of their hosts is likely to be common among all the related species of this bug. Thus, this trait can be considered to be a phylogenetic constraint to the group. I speculate that host alternation by this bug has been derived because it is more adaptive from autoecy on an evergreen plant, similar to the pattern currently found in Nara, and that this bug can not only exploit deciduous host due to a phylogenetic constraint.     

The role of vole populations in prevalence of the parasite (Echinococcus multilocularis) in foxes

Effects of population fluctuation of the gray-sided vole(Clethrionomys rufocanus) on the prevalence (infection rates) of the parasiteEchinococcus multilocularis in red fox(Vulpes vulpes) populations was investigated from 1985 to 1992 in eastern Hokkaido (Abashiri, Nemuro, and Kushiro area), Japan. This parasite needs two hosts to complete its life cycle; the gray-sided vole as its intermediate host and the red fox as its final host. We found that: (1) Infection rates in foxes depended on the current-year abundance of voles in all three study areas, particularly in Abashiri. (2) In addition to this direct density-dependence, delayed density-dependence between the infection rate and the prior-year abundance of voles was detected in Nemuro and in Kushiro. (3) The regional differences in density-dependence pattern were related to regional differences in the winter food habits of red foxes: in Abashiri the proportion of voles in the fox’s diet greatly decreases in winter, while the proportion remains high in winter in Nemuro and in Kushiro, probably because of shallower snowpack. These results suggest that infection rates in foxes in Abashiri were less influenced by the prior-year prevalence, since the infection cycle might be interrupted in winter, when voles became less important in fox’s diet. In contrast, the state of the prevalence may carry over from year to year in Nemuro and in Kushiro, because red foxes continue to eat a considerable amount of voles throughout year. The regionally contrasted results for the relationship between infection rate in foxes and vole abundance were parallel to the regional difference in fluctuation pattern of vole populations, which are highly variable in Abashiri area, but less variable in Kushiro-Nemuro area. Drastic change in vole populations appears to affect the host-parasite system.