The Physician's Role in Educating the Working People to Scientific Atheism

This report of a conference on atheist education discusses how medical personnel are expected to help in developing a materialist outlook in the course of their work. Voprosy Filosofii (Problems of Philosophy), 1961, No. 4.     

Corruption across countries: Impacts from education and cultural dimensions

Corruption, which is defined by Transparency International as the misuse of entrusted power for private gain, was related to the number of people participating in tertiary education across countries. It was found that as the number of people participating in tertiary education increased, the incidence of corruption occurring in the countries decreased. Similar to other studies, the higher the GDP per capita of a country, the lower the cases of corruption. Interestingly, correlation results showed that enrolment in tertiary education had a positive result with GDP per capita. Hofstede's (1984) cultural dimensions were also found to affect the acts of corruption indirectly through enrolment in tertiary education and GDP per capita. Overall, this study has included 56 countries and results were similar in two different time periods.     

Preregistering qualitative research

The threat to reproducibility and awareness of current rates of research misbehavior sparked initiatives to better academic science. One initiative is preregistration of quantitative research. We investigate whether the preregistration format could also be used to boost the credibility of qualitative research. A crucial distinction underlying preregistration is that between prediction and postdiction. In qualitative research, data are used to decide which way interpretation should move forward, using data to generate hypotheses and new research questions. Qualitative research is thus a real-life example of postdiction research. Some may object to the idea of preregistering qualitative studies because qualitative research generally does not test hypotheses, and because qualitative research design is typically flexible and subjective. We rebut these objections, arguing that making hypotheses explicit is just one feature of preregistration, that flexibility can be tracked using preregistration, and that preregistration would provide a check on subjectivity. We then contextualize preregistrations alongside another initiative to enhance credibility in qualitative research: the confirmability audit. Besides, preregistering qualitative studies is practically useful to combating dissemination bias and could incentivize qualitative researchers to report constantly on their study's development. We conclude with suggested modifications to the Open Science Framework preregistration form to tailor it for qualitative studies.     

Psychology and information search strategy: ‘Information input overload’

The role of psychology in information science is restricted to user education/training on the one hand and system ergonomics on the other. Psychology cannot explain how to formulate a search strategy, which is a question of logic, knowledge of subject area and of terminology. Many ‘user studies’ do not compare users' actual behaviour against a normative model, and thereby psychologize the area. The concept of information input overload is introduced. Its definition, causes, effects and treatment are discussed. In particular, the contribution of the American psychologist Karl E. Weick is treated. Although he too must be criticized for psychologizing the topic, his proposal of 11 factors causing overload is a good starting point for further research on this topic. An alternative classification of factors affecting overload is introduced.     

Setting an Agenda for Social Work in End-of-Life and Palliative Care

Abstract

This article describes leadership efforts within social work to promote, enhance, and shape the future of social work practice, education, and research in end-of-life and palliative care. The background and outcomes of the Project on Death in America, Open Society Institute's Social Work Leadership Development Award Program, and the 2002 Social Work Leadership Summit on End-of-Life and Palliative Care are reviewed.     

Trapped in poverty? A study of the dibao programme in Shanghai

As the secondary means of income redistribution in Chinese society (the primary means being taxation), the Minimum Living Standard Guarantee (MLSG) programme or dibao has been the object of both praise and criticism. The programme helps the government to channel its limited financial resources to the persons who need it most. While it covers the necessities of life, however, it does not enable its recipients to escape from poverty. It has also been criticized for its exorbitant administrative costs and heavy workload. This study uses a qualitative longitudinal design to identify changes across interview intervals and uncover the internal dynamics of the dibao programme. The research findings enrich the current literature on social assistance in China. Forty households receiving dibao in Shanghai were interviewed. Our findings show that most dibao recipients are laid-off workers – casualties of the massive economic reforms of the 1990s – and the younger members of their families. The assistance they receive helps with their daily expenses, but is insufficient to raise them out of poverty.     

当前高职教育若干热点问题评说与反思

当前我国高职教育已经从规模扩张全面转向内涵建设阶段,内涵建设的核心仍然是＂以就业为导向＂、＂校企合作、工学结合＂等,这种做法必将使高职院校由＂正规高校＂滑向＂就业培训班＂的边缘,将有逐渐丧失高等教育属性的危险。加强标准建设,强化高职教育的＂高等性＂;创建示范院校,突出建设院校的＂示范性＂;推进教学改革,遵循教育发展的＂规律性＂是高职教育健康、可持续发展的正确选择。     

Ethical Virtues in Scientific Research

Most approaches to promoting integrity in research are principle-based in that they portray ethical conduct as consisting of adherence to ethical rules, duties, or responsibilities. Bruce MacFarlane has recently criticized the principle-based approach to promoting integrity in research and offered a virtue-based alternative. MacFarlane argues that principle-based approaches do not provide adequate guidance for ethical decision-making and are not very useful in moral education. In this article, I examine and critique MacFarlane's defense of the virtue-based approach. I argue that virtue-based and principle-based approaches to ethics are complementary and that they both can help promote research integrity.     

?高级职业英语?精品资源共享课的有效共享策略研究

精品资源共享课是新常态下“质量工程”中促进教育信息化发展的重要项目,其最终目的是最大化的共享优质教学资源并提高教学质量。本文在“公共产品”和“开放教育资源”理论基础上,分析?高级职业英语?精品资源共享课建设存在的问题,针对性地提出“加强精品资源共享课的内涵建设、健全网络资源学习服务功能的共享机制、提升师资队伍的信息化素养”的应对策略,为促进该精品资源共享课建设提供新的思路。     

Setting an agenda for social work in end-of-life and palliative care: an overview of leadership and organizational initiatives

This article describes leadership efforts within social work to promote, enhance, and shape the future of social work practice, education, and research in end-of-life and palliative care. The background and outcomes of the Project on Death in America, Open Society Institute's Social Work Leadership Development Award Program, and the 2002 Social Work Leadership Summit on End-of-Life and Palliative Care are reviewed.     

清末民初初等小学课程变迁考--以历史、地理、格致科为中心

1904年，清政府仿照日本学制，颁布《奏定学堂章程》，将历史、地理与格致科纳入中国初等小学课程体系。以京师为例，初小“三科”课程实施初具规模；然国情日艰，民基不稳，为配合预备立宪推广教育之旨，1909年学部上奏将“三科”一并纳入国语科。学部此次“己酉改制”实为宏济艰难，一开始便受到教育人士的质疑与诟病；1922年新学制将“三科”以自然科与社会科的形式重新纳入初小课程，这不仅是对教育规律与受教育者的尊重，也是中国新式教育逐步本土化的体现。     

Qualitative Evaluation Methods in Ethics Education: A Systematic Review and Analysis of Best Practices

Although qualitative research offers some unique advantages over quantitative research, qualitative methods are rarely employed in the evaluation of ethics education programs and are often criticized for a lack of rigor. This systematic review investigated the use of qualitative methods in studies of ethics education. Following a review of the literature in which 24 studies were identified, each study was coded based on 16 best practices characteristics in qualitative research. General thematic analysis and grounded theory were found to be the dominant approaches used. Researchers are effectively executing a number of best practices, such as using direct data sources, structured data collection instruments, non-leading questioning, and expert raters. However, other best practices were rarely present in the courses reviewed, such as collecting data using multiple sources, methods, raters, and timepoints, evaluating reliability, and employing triangulation analyses to assess convergence. Recommendations are presented for improving future qualitative research studies in ethics education.     

Health and living conditions of Samis compared with other citizens based on representative surveys in three Swedish regions

This is the first general health survey of Samis compared with other Swedes to be based on randomised samples. In three regions, Samis were compared with respondents to the Public Health Investigation (n = 613 Samis and 6,309 respondents). Samis were also compared as to gender and membership in reindeer‐herding Sami villages (SVs). The survey shows that Samis of today have better education, work situation and health, and a healthier lifestyle than other Swedish citizens living in the same regions. There are, however, great differences among the Samis themselves. Members of SVs have weaker finances, and they report having less societal trust and worse health than non‐members do. Male members have lower education, are less involved in social activities and report worse overall health, but do not have a higher incidence of psychiatric problems, than other Samis. Samis, in general, have similar or better health and social situation than non‐Samis, but male SV‐members face greater problems and higher risks than other Samis. Key Practitioner Message: ? Health and welfare authorities in cooperation with the Sami parliament and the Sami villages should develop special strategies to assist the herding communities in culturally sensitive ways.     

中国农村贫困人口问题研究

中国是世界上人口最多的一个农民大国 ,中国的贫困问题主要是农村的贫困人口问题。解决中国贫困人口问题的有效途径是 :加强贫困地区的基础设施建设 ;改善贫困地区的发展和投资环境 ;高度重视贫困地区的基础教育 ,提高贫困地区人口的素质 ;加强计划生育宣传的力度 ,严格控制人口增长 ;改变贫困地区以农业为主的单一产业结构 ,努力开发当地资源 ,大力发展第二、第三产业。     

The long-term consequences of youth housing for childbearing and higher education

The lack of housing in areas where young adults have greater opportunities to study and get work complicates young adults’ entry into the adulthood. Difficulties in accessing housing may therefore delay childbearing and may negatively have an effect on education opportunities. To increase housing accessibility, some municipalities have earmarked apartments for young adults. These “youth dwellings” are criticized for being small and not necessarily facilitating family formation and fertility, better suiting students’ needs. We have in this paper compared the long-term pattern of childbearing and education for young adults that entered their housing market through small cheap youth housing with those youngsters that received a rental apartment from the ordinary housing stock. To be able to draw the conclusion that differences in fertility and educational pattern between these two groups comes from the different housing situation and not from differences in in preferences when it comes to childbearing or individual prerequisites for higher education, we have used a geocoded data and information on the individual’s family background as well as a matching technique to create a comparison group that are similar to the treatment group in several aspects. The present results indicate that building affordable housing that is small and space efficient is sufficient and positive if the aim is to promote higher education. Affordable housing is on the other hand not enough to promote childbearing, instead, it seems to inhibit childbearing until there is a possibility of moving on in the housing career. Our result also indicates that the next step need not necessarily be homeownership, as earlier research has indicated. Entering the housing market via youth housing and then being able to move on to rental accommodation in the ordinary housing market also seems to have a positive effect on overall childbearing, although moving to cooperative housing or owned housing has an even larger effect.     

Unemployment of professional artists: empirical evidence from Australia

This paper analyses the determinants of professional artists' unemployment. A sample of 1030 Australian artists was examined to determine the relationship between the probability of unemployment and artistic profession, education, origin and other demographic covariates. Special attention is focussed on factors influencing the probability of long‐term unemployment. It is found that artists in Australia are a heterogeneous labour market group, as regards exposure to unemployment and long‐term unemployment risk. The probability of unemployment episodes varies significantly depending on the artistic occupation: community cultural development workers, actors and directors are most likely to experience unemployment, while musicians and craftspeople are the least likely. Youth, disability, living in a capital city or in Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria or New South Wales, as well as level of tertiary education, can all increase the likelihood of unemployment episodes. On the other hand, participation in formal training in the artistic profession and living in a relationship or marriage are associated with a lower probability of unemployment. Being a writer or visual artist, living in the Northern Territory, and lower levels of education can increase the probability of experiencing long‐term unemployment. Neither gender, nor origin nor age affects the risk of long‐term unemployment of Australian artists.     

Open Mic: reciprocity,parallel process,and mutual aid in a discussion group for faculty working with adult students

ABSTRACT

This article describes Open Mic on Mentoring Practices, a mostly online and occasionally in-person discussion group for faculty and professionals at a geographically dispersed public college serving adult students. The evolution, purpose, membership, and themes present in the group discussions are explored. Specific group dynamics of Open Mic follow, including the role of parallel process, mutual aid and reciprocity, are addressed, with attention to their relevance for adult learners. Finally, the paper ends with a discussion of challenges, surprises, and recommendations for replication or adaptation of Open Mic groups.     

中国近代道德救世思想管窥

早期维新派从救世角度深刻揭露和批判了当时社会道德堕落,围绕价值取向上的塑造时代理想人格、追求天下国家之利,道德学理上融汇中西伦理道德精华以重构时代道德内涵,具体精神与规范上崇尚知耻、自强不息、忠孝节义、诚信求实以及平等、自由等。在理论体系上,对家庭伦理、社会伦理、经济伦理、政治伦理等方面作了系统理论诠释,并主张从改革教育、注重修身、楷模示范、重禄劝士、抵制西方宗教负面影响等方面实现其救世目的。     

Rurality and Social Inclusion: A Case of Preschool Education

This paper begins by reviewing several of the ways in which social inclusion has been conceptualized in the literature. The paper then explores these approaches in the context of the provision of preschool education in rural Scotland. Preschool education is viewed by government as a powerful weapon in the fight against social exclusion, but higher per capita costs in rural areas as well as the availability and cost of transport are major problems, raising questions in turn about inclusive models of provision. Moreover, many parents are sceptical about their ability to access preschool education for their children while also continuing their own engagement in the labour market (a central pillar of social inclusion policy). Issues of choice, quality and governance arise and these are discussed in depth. The paper concludes with some reflections on the concept of social inclusion in the light of this case study.     

Closing pathways: refugee-background students and tertiary education

Abstract

Recent changes to policies and funding for tertiary education are exacerbating an already difficult situation for refugees aiming to earn university degrees. No one intended to create the barriers that the refugee-background community faces; government agencies continue attempts to improve educational outcomes for those who arrive as refugees. The root causes of this situation are the complexity of the refugee situation and a lack of holistic knowledge about this diverse group of New Zealand residents among policy makers and educators. In addition, the complexity of interactions among policy changes and refugee situations has prevented any single agency from predicting outcomes of its policies for refugee-background students. In this paper, I discuss how new policies interact with a range of existing barriers faced by refugees pursuing degrees and how, without urgent attention, this will constrict or close pathways into and through university study. I further suggest that the strongest foundation for an effective program to provide equitable access to university education is including refugee-background students among those groups who receive equity consideration.