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1.
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between MCH service utilization and contraceptive use in five countries:
Bolivia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Morocco, and Tanzania. The analysis is carried out at the level of the individual woman, with
contraceptive-use status modeled as a function of: (1) the availability, quality, and packaging of MCH and family planning
services; (2) community- and individual-level determinants of health service and contraceptive use; and (3) intensity of prior
MCH service use. Data for the analysis comes from DHS data on women of reproductive age linked with data from service-availability
surveys. We use full-information, maximum-likelihood regression techniques to control for the effects of unobserved heterogeneity
that might otherwise bias our estimates. In three of the five countries (Morocco, Guatemala, and Indonesia) the results of
the analysis suggest that the intensity of MCH service use is positively associated with subsequent contraceptive use among
women, even after controlling for observed and unobserved individual- and community-level factors. This result lends support
to the proposition that, at least in the context of these three countries, the intensity of MCH service per se use does have a “causal” impact on subsequent contraceptive use, even after controlling for factors that “predispose” sample
women to use health care services. 相似文献
2.
Economic condition and women’s status have been considered important elements in understanding fertility change. In this study,
we examine their influence on North–South differences in parity-specific fertility intentions and births in India using the
National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2) conducted in 1998–1999. The results show the persistence of spatial variations in fertility
intentions and births, net of economic and women’s status factors. The influence of these factors is more pronounced in the
high fertility region. This study argues that changes in fertility desires and their actualization may be better understood
when situated within the broader socio-political context. 相似文献
3.
Group-based lending programs for the poor have drawn much attention recently. As many of these programs target women, an important
research question is whether program participation significantly changes reproductive behavior and whether the gender of the
participant matters. Using survey data from 87 Bangladeshi villages, we estimate the impact of female and male participation
in group-based credit programs on reproductive behavior while attending to issues of self-selection and endogeneity. Wefind
no evidence that women s participation in group-based credit programs increases contraceptive use or reduces fertility. Men
So participation reduces fertility and may slightly increase contraceptive use. 相似文献
4.
Labor migration profoundly affects households throughout rural Africa. This study looks at how men’s labor migration influences
marital fertility in a context where such migration has been massive while its economic returns are increasingly uncertain.
Using data from a survey of married women in southern Mozambique, we start with an event-history analysis of birth rates among
women married to migrants and those married to nonmigrants. The model detects a lower birth rate among migrants’ wives, which
tends to be partially compensated for by an increased birth rate upon cessation of migration. An analysis of women’s lifetime
fertility shows that it decreases as the time spent in migration by their husbands accrues. When we compare reproductive intentions
stated by respondents with migrant and nonmigrant husbands, we find that migrants’ wives are more likely to want another child
regardless of the number of living children, but the difference is significant only for women who see migration as economically
benefiting their households. Yet, such women are also significantly more likely to use modern contraception than other women.
We interpret these results in light of the debate on enhancing versus disrupting effects of labor migration on families and
households in contemporary developing settings. 相似文献
5.
In May 2004, the Australian government announced a “Baby Bonus” policy, paying women an initial A$3,000 per new child. We
use household panel data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey (N = 14,932) and a simultaneous equations approach to analyze the effects of this bonus on fertility intentions and ultimately
births. The results indicate that opportunity costs influence intentions and births in predictable ways. Fertility intentions
rose after the announcement of the Baby Bonus, and the birth rate is estimated to have risen modestly as a result. The marginal
cost to the government for an additional birth is estimated to be at least A$3,000 per new child. We
use household panel data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey (N = 14,932) and a simultaneous equations approach to analyze the effects of this bonus on fertility intentions and ultimately
births. The results indicate that opportunity costs influence intentions and births in predictable ways. Fertility intentions
rose after the announcement of the Baby Bonus, and the birth rate is estimated to have risen modestly as a result. The marginal
cost to the government for an additional birth is estimated to be at least A126,000. 相似文献
6.
Amartya Sen 《Journal of population economics》1997,10(1):3-22
The people whose interests are most adversely affected by frequent bearing and rearing of children are young women. Social
changes that expand the decisional power of young women (such as expansion of female literacy, or enhancement of female employment
opportunity) can, thus, be major forces in the direction of reducing fertility rates. This “cooperative” route seems to act
more securely – and often much faster – than the use of “coercion” in reducing family size and birth rates. This essay examines
the comparative evidence from India and China on this subject as well as the interregional contrasts within India. JEL classification: J11, J13, O15
Received August 20, 1996/Accepted November 14, 1996 相似文献
7.
This qualitative study reveals how population pressures, land availability, inheritance norms, and educational opportunities
intertwine to influence fertility decline in rural Kenya. Focus group discussions with men and women whose childbearing occurred
both before and after the onset of rapid, unexpected fertility transition in Nyeri, Kenya allowed individuals who actually
participated in, or witnessed, the fertility transition to “voice” their perceptions as to the mechanisms underlying the transition.
Findings suggest that, since land inheritance is a cultural norm, land scarcity and diminishing farm size often influence
fertility decision-making and behavior via preferences for fewer children. Further, education does not appear to be the driving cause of fertility behavior change, but rather is adopted as a substitute for land inheritance when
land resources are scarce. These findings have implications for our understanding of fertility behavior as well as for improving
predictions of fertility transition in other rural sub-Saharan African contexts. 相似文献
8.
Christabel Young 《Journal of Population Research》1989,6(1):38-56
This paper compares international population policies with respect to population growth, fertility and immigration, and discusses
current attitudes to the demographic situation in developed countries. Only Canada, the United States and Australia have a
policy of continuing high immigration, and Australia’s migrant intake per head of population is considerably higher than for
the other two countries. An emerging philosophy in Britain and Europe is a focus on “child quality” and the well-being of
a near stationary population, rather than continued population growth. There is also an awareness that immigration is not
a solution to the ageing “problem” and that there are more efficient non-demographic means of coping with an older population. 相似文献
9.
This article decomposes total population momentum into two constituent and multiplicative parts: “nonstable” momentum and
“stable” momentum. Nonstable momentum depends on deviations between a population’s current age distribution and its implied
stable age distribution. Stable momentum is a function of deviations between a population’s implied stable and stationary
age distributions. In general, the factorization of total momentum into the product of nonstable and stable momentum is a
very good approximation. The factorization is exact, however, when the current age distribution is stable or when observed
fertility is already at replacement. We provide numerical illustrations by calculating nonstable, stable, and total momentum
for 176 countries, the world, and its major regions. In short, the article brings together disparate strands of the population
momentum literature and shows how the various kinds of momentum fit together into a single unifying framework. 相似文献
10.
Estimating a Dynamic Model of Sex Selection in China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ebenstein A 《Demography》2011,48(2):783-811
High ratios of males to females in China, which have historically concerned researchers (Sen 1990), have increased in the wake of China’s one-child policy, which began in 1979. Chinese policymakers are currently attempting
to correct the imbalance in the sex ratio through initiatives that provide financial compensation to parents with daughters.
Other scholars have advocated a relaxation of the one-child policy to allow more parents to have a son without engaging in
sex selection. In this article, I present a model of fertility choice when parents have access to a sex-selection technology
and face a mandated fertility limit. By exploiting variation in fines levied in China for unsanctioned births, I estimate
the relative price of a son and daughter for mothers observed in China’s census data (1982–2000). I find that a couple’s first
son is worth 1.42 years of income more than a first daughter, and the premium is highest among less-educated mothers and families
engaged in agriculture. Simulations indicate that a subsidy of 1 year of income to families without a son would reduce the
number of “missing girls” by 67% but impose an annual cost of 1.8% of Chinese gross domestic product (GDP). Alternatively,
a three-child policy would reduce the number of “missing girls” by 56% but increase the fertility rate by 35%. 相似文献
11.
Child Underreporting,Fertility, and Sex Ratio Imbalance in China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Goodkind D 《Demography》2011,48(1):291-316
Child underreporting is often neglected in studies of fertility and sex ratio imbalance in China. To improve estimates of
these measures, I use intercensal comparisons to identify a rise in underreporting, which followed the increased enforcement
and penalization under the birth planning system in 1991. A new triangulation of evidence indicates that about 19% of children
at ages 0–4 were unreported in the 2000 census, more than double that of the 1990 census. This evidence contradicts assumptions
underlying the fertility estimates of most recent studies. Yet, the analysis also suggests that China’s fertility in the late
1990s (and perhaps beyond) was below officially adjusted levels. I then conduct a similar intercensal analysis of sex ratios
of births and children, which are the world’s highest primarily because of prenatal sex selection. However, given excess underreporting
of young daughters, especially pronounced just after 1990, estimated ratios are lower than reported ratios. Sex ratios in
areas with a “1.5-child” policy are especially distorted because of excess daughter underreporting, as well as sex-linked
stopping rules and other factors, although it is unclear whether such policies increase use of prenatal sex selection. China’s
sex ratio at birth, once it is standardized by birth order, fell between 2000 and 2005 and showed a continuing excess in urban China, not rural China. 相似文献
12.
There is an ambiguity in Amartya Sen’s capability approach as to what constitutes an individual’s resources, conversion factors
and valuable functionings. What we here call the “circularity problem” points to the fact that all three concepts seem to
be mutually endogenous and interdependent. To econometrically account for this entanglement we suggest a panel vector autoregression
approach. We analyze the intertemporal interplay of the above factors over a time horizon of 15 years using the BHPS data
set for Great Britain, measuring individual well-being in functionings space with a set of basic functionings, comprising
“being happy”, “being healthy”, “being nourished”, “moving about freely”, “being well-sheltered” and “having satisfying social
relations”. We find that there are indeed functionings that are resources for many other functionings (viz. “being happy”)
while other functionings (“being well-sheltered” and “having satisfying social relations”) are by and large independent, thus
shedding light on a facet of the capability approach that has been neglected so far. 相似文献
13.
The changes concerning the household’s structure have contributed to the coming out of new households’ forms: in particular
the “mobile” household is a type very interesting, because of dimensions that the family commuting is achieving in Italy.
The Multipurpose survey on “Households, Social subjects and Childhood condition” carried out in June 1998, has allowed for
the first time to collect useful information to describe not only the forms that this phenomenon has in Italy but also those
subjects being more frequently involved by it. 相似文献
14.
Dr. J. Mayone Stycos 《Population and environment》1995,16(3):205-219
Population projections depend on censuses, vital statistics and sample surveys, all of which have deficiencies that are most
marked in the less developed countries (LDCs). Long-range projections by international agencies have recently undergone major
revisions, while forecasts of the U.S. population have changed drastically over the past four years. The United Nations typically
prepares “high,” “medium” and “low” projections. Even the high projection contains optimistic assumptions about fertility
decline, while assumptions of constant or increasing fertility receive no serious attention. The paper suggests that high
and constant fertility projections should receive more attention from policy makers, with medium estimates treated more as
targets achievable only through considerable programmatic effort. At the same time, economic and social plans should be laid
for dealing with the population sizes implied by the “high” variants. 相似文献
15.
Lehr CS 《Journal of population economics》1999,12(4):567-590
This paper shows that financial intermediation can influence fertility and labor allocation decisions by raising market wages.
The increase in wages induces some households to abandon “traditional” labor intensive methods of production managed at the
household level and supply labor to “modern” sector firms. Since it is optimal for households in the modern sector to have
fewer children, the labor allocation decision leads to lower national fertility. A panel VAR using financial intermediation,
fertility and industrial employment share data in 87 countries is estimated. The empirical results show that the data are
consistent with the theoretical predictions.
Received: 20 October 1997/Accepted: 31 August 1998 相似文献
16.
This paper provides an assessment of the nature and magnitude of Tanzania's recent fertility decline, using robust methods for the identification of fertility trends. A decline in Tanzanian fertility began some time in the late 1970s or early 1980s. The pattern of decline exhibits similarities to patterns identified some years ago in Zimbabwe and Kenya. The decline has been especially marked in urban areas. It has been accompanied by a rapid rise in contraceptive prevalence from the very low levels before 1990 to just under 20 per cent of currently married women of reproductive age. Although falling marital fertility associated with a rise in contraceptive use is the main contributor to the decline in fertility, a rise in the average age at marriage has also made a (smaller) contribution, as has the AIDS epidemic. The fact that fertility is declining in Tanzania raises questions about the social and economic requirements for fertility transitions to begin in sub-Saharan Africa. 相似文献
17.
Jason Bremner Richard Bilsborrow Caryl Feldacker Flora Lu Holt 《Population and environment》2009,30(3):93-113
Recent research suggests that after decades of population decline, indigenous populations of the lowland tropics of Latin
America are now experiencing rapid growth. At the same time, conservationists have pronounced indigenous lands as a key to
the future of Amazon forests. As such, conservationists should have a good understanding of indigenous demography and impacts
on conservation and development. Yet, there is little depth to understanding of these demographic changes and a dearth of
quantitative research on the reproductive practices of indigenous populations. This study addresses these gaps through analyses
of a household survey of 648 women of reproductive age from five distinct ethnic populations in the Ecuadorian Amazon. We
estimate fertility, analyze reproductive intentions and contraceptive use, and determine the unmet need for reproductive health
services. The analyses confirm high fertility rates and high levels of unmet need for contraception. With regard to program
and policy implications, we conclude by arguing that isolation and cultural barriers present unique challenges to meet the
reproductive health needs of these populations. Innovative approaches, such as those merging population–health–environment
topics, may be most relevant for meeting these challenges.
相似文献
Jason BremnerEmail: |
18.
Future low fertility prospects in Mongolia? An evaluation of the factors that support having a child
With 2.59 children per woman in 2008, Mongolia appears today as an exception in East Asia where fertility rates are far below
the replacement level. Moreover, from its historical nadir of 1.95 children per women in 2005, fertility is on the rise. This
paper first presents recent fertility development in Mongolia. Second, based on the experiences of European and East Asian
countries, factors contributing to the development of low fertility are discussed in reference to the Mongolian context. Most
of these factors are indeed found in Mongolia and could probably contribute to reducing fertility in the future. However,
the country also presents cultural-family practices and recently-adopted fertility-family incentives which may support and
stabilize fertility rates. These recent fertility-incentives factors and policies adopted by the Government of Mongolia are
discussed in the final part from the perspective of equity, efficiency, and efficacy proposed by McDonald (2006b, “An assessment
of policies that support having children from the perspectives of equity, efficiency and efficacy”, Vienna Yearbook of Population
Research 2006, Special issue on ‘Postponement of childbearing on Europe’, 213–234). The aim is to determine if these measures
are efficient to counterbalance and cancel out the depressing fertility effects. 相似文献
19.
John Ermisch 《Journal of population economics》2008,21(4):827-853
The paper presents a model of a non-resident father’s child support and contact with his child, which combines the public
good treatment of “child quality” with “trade” in father–child contact time in a setting of non-cooperative interaction. It
predicts that father’s income and mother’s non-labour income should have exactly the same effect on the frequency of father–child
contact if he chooses to make lump sum payments to the mother. If he does not or there is a binding child support payment
order, they have effects opposite in direction. A higher binding support order reduces father–child contact but may well raise
“child quality”.
相似文献
John ErmischEmail: |
20.
The purpose of this paper is to examine the relative importance of access to family planning and the motivation to restrict fertility in determining contraceptive use in three countries that have led the fertility transitions in their regions: Colombia, Tunisia, and Zimbabwe. A structural equations model is estimated where endogenous fertility intentions are allowed to affect contraceptive method use. Simulation methods are then used to quantify the size of the impact of intentions and access on method choice for the three countries. The results demonstrate that even after controlling for fertility intentions, family planning program variables still have important effects in all three countries. 相似文献