社区老年学习社团发展的支持策略研究

社区老年学习社团，是推动社区教育发展的重要主体，也是老年人继续社会化的主要形式。但多数社区老年学习社团的发展，由于缺少专业师资，活动平台有限，管理模式单一等问题存在，制约着社区教育的发展。新形势下，社区老年学习社团的发展，要立足于专业化，从发挥老年人自身主动性出发，优先为老年学习社团建立导师工作室，引导社团成员开展志愿服务，培育社团实践基地，组织社团成果展，为社区老年学习社团搭建“以学促学”的可持续发展路径。     

“大学精神”的理性反思与大学教育目的的深度澄明——从现代性社会与现代公民的德性人格生成的角度

教育目的是一个国家教育的总目标,是一个国家的教育活动在实现各种具体教育目标时的终极性追求,它同时也是一种教育模式最基本的价值取向,是教育活动中的“哲学”,它体现着教育的理性。现代性社会需要具备公共性精神与优良人格品位的人,只有以此为基础,才能建立起现代性文明、健康、公正和合理的公民社会。但从中国目前的大学教育制度安排与教育实践来看,与这种要求显然存在较大差距。现代大学教育本质上是一种社会化了的公民教育,即“公众教育”,是指全社会都参与到新的理性与人文精神的学习、传播、创新和实践中来,其核心是对大学生的“公民意识”和“公民精神”的教育,使其具有公民的人格意识、责任意识、权利意识、义务意识、纳税人意识、规则意识,等等。     

论社会工作专业毕业生就任“村官”的优势分析

近年来国家为了解决大学生就业问蹈，鼓励大学生到农村基层锻炼，到社区和农村中当“村官”，这些活动对于学习社会工作专业的大学生，具有一定的从事这些职业的专业优势和作用。     

基于“五位一体”的地方应用型本科高校创新创业育人模式研究与实践——以信阳农林学院为例

创新创业教育是新时期地方应用型本科高校教育研究的焦点,如何建立有效的创新创业育人模式来培养大学生创新思维、创业意识,需要高校进行多角度、多层次的深入研究。该文以信阳农林学院为例,通过依托学生社团、校内导师、校外导师、优秀毕业生、企业“五位一体”实施“一目标、两融合、三能力、四平台”的创新创业育人模式,开展构建地方应用型本科高校创新创业育人模式的研究与实践。     

广州民族社团参与社区教育调查研究-以广州满族历史文化研究会为例

民族社团组织在参与社区民族文化建设．促进民族团结，宣传民族政策等工作中具有得天独厚的优势。文章以广州满族历史文化研究会为例，调查了其近三年通过会刊宣传、举办群众性的文化体育活动以及与街道合作开展民族文化建设项目等方式参与社区民族文化建设的实际情况及收效．分析了存在的问题，并探索民族社团未来继续参与社区教育的途径。     

高职院校国学教育模式新探索

本文从厘清国学的概念入手，分析了针对当代大学生，特别是高职院校的学生开展国学教育的意义，并着力探索了在高职院校开展国学教育的新模式：“理论精粹＋琴棋书画”的新型课堂教学模式以及“国学教育＋社区教育”的新型致用推广模式。     

大学生志愿者社区服务的实践与反思

大学生志愿者社区服务是目前社区精神文明建设的重要途径。这一活动的深入开展,无论对大学生自身综合素质的提高还是社区功能的开发和利用都将有着十分重要的意义。当然,要使大学生志愿者社区服务在实践中产生应有的效果,就必须在实践活动过程中进行不断的总结和反思,以促进大学生个人、学校、社区与社会四者的协调运作。     

新时期高校学生社团建设探究

随着经济社会发展和高等教育改革的不断深入，大学生学习、生活方式出现了新的变化，学生杜团在大学生中的影响力和凝聚力不断增强，成为大学生成长成才的重要载体，明确学生社团的地位，探索科学的学生社团管理机制，充分发挥学生社团的积极作用，是学生社团建设和发展的必经之路。     

思想政治教育视域下高校学生社团文化的内涵、困境与培育路径

当前,学生社团作为高校思想政治教育工作的重要阵地,越来越受到人们关注.大学生社团文化承载着非常重要的德育功能,因此,在思想政治教育视域下,探索高校学生社团文化的内涵及培育路径,针对当前高校学生社团文化存在的不足进行分析,有利于进一步提升高校思想政治教育的实效性.该文通过对大学生社团文化的重要内涵、特点及其面临的困境进行阐述,探索和研究大学生社团文化的培育路径,以此对高校思想政治教育工作创新提供一些新思维.     

大学生思想政治教育载体的创新与实践

上海高校高度重视大学生思想政治教育载体建设,不断创新思想政治教育载体形式。通过对校园文化载体、生活园区载体、学生社团载体、网络载体以及社会实践活动载体的创新实践,充分体现了思想政治教育载体的实效性、针对性和创造性。     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Social security reforms in Kenya: Towards a workerist or a citizenship‐based system?

With social security provisions in Kenya remaining under‐reported in the more recent literature, this overview covers recent reforms in key areas of the country's social security system. In the health sector and in old‐age pension provision social security is still mainly workerist (biased toward those in formal employment), and attempts to expand coverage have had limited effect only – cash transfer programmes, for instance, have been expanded but in practice they do not universally cover the entitled categories. Thus, although the Kenyan social security system now has a considerable pro‐poor social assistance component it remains biased toward those in formal employment, to the benefit of the highest income quintile.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

A Man Can be Destroyed but Not Defeated

Santiago,the main hero in the Old Man and the Sea is characterized as someone struggling against defeat. He has gone eighty-four days without catching a fish,the sail of his skiff resembles "the flag of permanent defeat." But the old man refuses defeat at every turn:he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish promise to be. He lands the marlin,tying his record of eighty-seven days after a brutal three-day fight,and he continues to ward off sharks from stealing his prey,even though he knows the battle is useless. He establishes a great hero:a man can be destroyed but not defeated.