近代东北人口增长及其对经济发展的影响

近代东北地区是我国人口增长最快的地区,人口增长的主要原因是大量移民人口的增加,而不是靠人口的自然增长,其中大量跨境移民的涌入是一个重要特征。大量的国内移民人口的增加促进了东北近代农业的发展,这一定程度上缓解了近代中国内地的人口压力。另外,大量移民人口的增加促进了近代东北地区贸易、工业和城市等的发展,从而促进了近代东北经济的发展。     

四百多年来澳门人口的增长

澳门位于南海北岸,我国大陆海岸的南沿,是珠江三角洲南端伸入南海的一个小半岛。澳门本来是荒僻海隅,为珠江口外鱼舟飘泊之所,周围通连浩瀚的南海,是个优良的渔港。澳门早期人口很少,只是随着经济的开发,人口才逐步增加,而且大多是从外面移入的。 据历史资料的记载,明朝嘉靖四十二年(公元1563年),全澳门人口约5000人,其中葡人900人。到清朝乾隆八年(公元1743年),澳门人口也只是5000多人,所增无几,不过,葡人增加到3400人,华人却减少了。这个记载虽不大准确,却反映出当时澳门人口的粗略变动趋势。 澳门人口的来源,大部份系由中国内地迁徙而来。开埠初,间有广东中山县居民来此采石。据考,元明时期,中国内地已有不少人移民澳门。每年夏季西南风起,葡人乘风而至,移泊此间,进行贸易,十分热闹。     

中国人口总体状况分析

人口众多是中国的特色,是在世界大国行列中辨认中国身影的明显标记;人口众多也是中国的软肋,是将所有发展指标人均之后的一声叹息。在经过30多年坚持不懈的人口控制政策之后,中国人口迅速增长的局面有所缓解,但新的人口问题在不断涌现。人口要素是影响社会与经济发展的重要因素,适度的人口规模、合理的人口结构与分布对于建设一个和谐社会起着举足轻重的作用。本文概要介绍中国人口总体状况,主要着眼于人口规模、人口增长和人口分布。1人口规模:位居世界第一;人口增长:惯性增长带来高增长量2005年1月6日,中国内地(不包括香港、澳门特别行政…     

加拿大的移民和移民政策

加拿 大基本上是一个由不同种族的移民所组成的国家。除少数土著人外,这个国家绝大多数人口是来自世界各地的移民,组成了加拿大多民族的大家庭。 加拿大地博人稀,为了开拓广阔的领土和资源以及发展经济,需要大批劳动力以弥补人口自然增长的不足。移民在加拿大经济和社会发展中起着极其重要的作用,它不仅成为劳动力的重要来源,还通过增加需求扩大加拿大商品和劳务市场,并为加拿大创造了丰富多彩的文化。同时,移民也带来一些令人关切的经济和社会问题。为促进人口、经济和社会的发展,在加拿大发展的各个不同历史时期,政府采取了不同的移民政策。     

试论澳门的人口规模与人口政策

澳门的人口增长规模受自然条件和社会经济条件两方面的限制。人口的土地容量和经济容量是有区别的。在一定时间范围内,澳门的土地承载力和经济承载力有其合理的界限。澳门人口２０００年发展到５０万人,２０１０年发展到８０万人比较合适。澳门人口发展的总政策可确定为“积极推动引导人口增长,适时适量适度扩大人口规模”。     

试论战后美国的人口再生产

美国建国之初,领土面积为94万多平方公里,人口大约只有250万人。1790年第一次全国人口普查时,总人口为392.9万人。此后,国土面积几经扩大,人口不断增加。1980年第20次人口普查结果,总人口为22,650万人。1982年中估计数为23,200万人。从1776年建国到1982年的206年,土地面积扩大近10倍,人口增长近92倍。 在美国的人口增长中,移民是一个重要因素。1790年美国人口普查时,移民中四分之三以上来自英国,此外还有爱尔兰人、德国人、丹麦人、法国人以及来自其他国家的移民。此后,移民日增。1861—1914年间,涌人美国的移民达2,710多万人。第一次世界大战以     

亚洲向澳大利亚的移民剧增

据堪培拉今年10月9日的官方数据,去年亚洲向澳大利亚的移民人数急剧上升。一份移民研究机构的报告表明,在6月30日止以前的一个财政年度内,澳大利亚145115名迁入人口中,按移民的出生国度分,菲律宾移民占6.3％,越南移民占5.5％,马来西亚移民占5.3％,香港移民占5％,中国移民占4.1％,印度移民占2.1％,这六个亚洲国家和地区的移民累计占澳大利亚迁入人口总额的28.3％。其中越南移民数量比上年增长30％,香港移民增长25％,马来西亚移民增长21％。此外,该年度内澳大利亚接收的难民中还有57.4％是来自亚洲的。     

1965年以来中国新移民潮与美国华人人口结构的变化

新移民是推动当代美国华人人口增长和结构变迁的主要因素.1965年美国颁布新移民法,彻底废除了种族歧视性条款,按国籍分配移民配额,华人获得相对平等的入境权;再加上配额外的直系亲属移民,使得华人移民数量不断攀升.中美建交后,原先由台湾享用的2万名移民配额转给中国大陆,1982年美国另给台湾2万名移民配额,此外还给香港和澳门一些移民配额.由于新移民的持续大规模涌入,美国华人人口增速惊人,至2015年已超过450万,其中60%以上为移民,40%为土生华裔.华人移民不仅在来源地和类型上趋向多元化,而且在社会经济背景上呈现出两极分化的特点.     

移民改变着美国社会

联合国人口咨询局最近出版了一本人口简讯《美国的移民,一个未完的过程》。该书作者利昂F包维尔和里伯W加德纳(音译)指出由于移民的增长,美国种族构成发生了戏剧性的变化。他们根据1986年11月5日美国总统里根签署的意义深远的移民法改革议案而得出结论。这个包罗万象的议案目的在于减少和控制非法移民,移民法的改革是想利用民法和刑法惩罚那些雇用外来移民的雇主。同时也对居住在合法区域的非法移民给予特赦权。包维尔和加德纳指出:据国家人口统计局估计,全国人口增长的28％来自人口的     

兰州市人口与城镇发展的有关问题

五十年代以来,伴随着国家对兰州大规模投资而来的移民和经济建设中自然增长的人口,在对兰州的兴起和发展作出巨大贡献的同时,却由于自身数量的过快增加而带来了一系列人口经济问题。今后,人口的继续增长还会引起各种新的问题。本文拟对与兰州市人口发展有关的一些问题,作如下粗浅的讨论。     

家庭策略视角下的香港-内地跨境家庭维系——基于香港内地移民的实证研究

基于对香港内地移民的实地调查,文章运用定性研究方法首先分析了两地间跨境家庭的形成;其次考察了跨境家庭在维系过程中体现出来的能动性：最后指出跨境家庭作为一种社会现象在近几十年还将继续存在。     

社会支持的动态变化：关于香港新移民妇女的研究

本研究旨在采用纵贯质性研究探索新移民妇女移居香港后第一年的社会支持的变动状况,15个香港新移民妇女参与了这项研究.研究发现,社会支持的类型和来源是因时而变的,重要的决定因素是香港特定的社会文化背景和移民在不同时期的特殊需要.     

Comparing Life Satisfaction of Immigrants and Natives Across Europe: The Role of Social Contacts

Research on immigrants’ assimilation is widespread both in the U.S. and Europe. While it has been extensively studied how immigrants fare compared to natives on socio-economic indicators, few studies have focussed on immigrants’ perception of their position. In this paper we focus on comparing life satisfaction of immigrants and natives across Europe and on the role of social embeddedness. Using data from the first six rounds (2002–2012) of the European Social Survey, a repeated cross-sectional survey, we find that life satisfaction among immigrants is lower than among natives even though differences diminish over generations. For first generation immigrants part of the life satisfaction gap is explained by the lower level of social embeddedness they have compared to natives. We also find that social embeddedness is a key explanatory factor for life satisfaction for both immigrants and natives. For two out of the three indicators of social embeddedness that we consider we however find different patterns of association with life satisfaction for immigrants compared to natives.     

Earnings assimilation of immigrants in Norway – A reappraisal

The relative earnings growth for immigrants in Norway is computed. Unlike Hayfron (1998, this journal) we define immigrants by country of origin rather than citizenship and perform separate studies of immigrants from inside and outside the OECD region. Replicating Hayfron op.cit. we find that the earnings assimilation is considerably weaker. Further, we find that the earnings of OECD immigrants are comparable to those of natives, while Non-OECD immigrants earn considerably less than natives at the time of entry, but that their relative earnings improve gradually over time. Earnings of different immigrant cohorts converged from 1980 to 1990, indicating a non-linear rate of assimilation. Received: 7 April 2000/Accepted: 4 January 2001     

Immigrant over-education: evidence from Denmark

This paper uses register-based panel data to examine over-education amongst immigrants in Denmark. Foreign-educated immigrants are found to be more prone to over-education than both native Danes and immigrants educated in Denmark. Labour market experience reduces this risk, whereas periods of unemployment make a person more likely to accept a job for which he is over-qualified. Over-educated workers earn slightly more than their adequately matched colleagues, but less than if they had been appropriately matched in a higher level job. Foreign-educated immigrants gain the least from over-education.     

危机背景下俄罗斯劳动移民的现状与发展

世界经济危机对俄罗斯劳动力市场产生了重大影响,俄罗斯在移民领域出台的反危机措施及对劳动移民使用许可证的规定限制了外来劳动移民进入,背离了先前免签证国家劳动移民制度自由化的方向。近年来,外来移民数量大幅下降,缩小劳动配额及对劳动移民的行政限制使非法劳动移民数量有所上升。俄罗斯人口与外来移民间的矛盾与敌视情绪上升,民族融合度低,随着经济的恢复,俄人口问题日趋严峻,外来劳动移民在俄经济中的结构性影响更趋显著,俄面临着解决外来移民合法化及形成与俄社会一体化条件的双重重任。     

Good for the Common Good: Sociotropic Concern and Double Standards toward High- and Low-Skilled Immigrants in Six Wealthy Countries

Immigration policy has conventionally implied a double standard, in which high-skilled immigrants are more acceptable due to their potential contribution to the national economy, little welfare burden, and better cultural adaption, while low-skilled ones are not favored, because of a belief in their limited contribution to the common good. In contrast to the egocentric interest explanation, we emphasize the importance of such sociotropic concerns and suggest that acceptance of immigrants with different skill levels is an outcome of perceived growth and distributional impacts or threatened cultural boundaries. Drawing data from the 2011 Transatlantic Trends: Immigration survey, we performed seemingly unrelated regression modelling to compare natives’ attitudinal responses in six wealthy countries. We found that in addition to the evidence that high-skilled immigrants are favored over low-skilled ones, the worry about welfare burden to the nation is one of the main factors causing locals to dislike low-skilled immigrants. The public who perceive immigrants’ threats to the national economy in terms of taking jobs away in general are also likely to disfavor high-skilled immigrants. Expectations of cultural assimilation are somewhat detached from acceptance of high-skilled immigrants. As the research results imply clear limitation of the double-standard perspective, we propose a new scheme for understanding both double- and single-standard views and incorporate these variations into the sociotropic theory and future research design.

     

The Subjective Well-Being of Immigrants: Pre- and Post-migration

In recent years, migration studies have increasingly shown that subjective well-being carries considerable weight in immigrant integration. Yet little is known about the subjective well-being of immigrants in their origin country (pre-migration) or its relation to their well-being in the host country. This paper examines the relationship between subjective well-being, both pre- and post-immigration, among North Americans who arrived in Israel during the past two decades. The study combines both quantitative and qualitative research methods. According to our quantitative findings, the labor market performance of North American immigrants in Israel is lower than in their origin countries. Further, we learned from the qualitative analysis that although the immigrants’ positions in the labor market were better in their origin countries, the immigrants perceived their standard of living in Israel to be the same as in their origin country—if not better—due to the low cost of services in Israel. The importance of the immigrant’s satisfaction from the current job in Israel was apparent in the findings of both methods. We also found that the subjective well-being of North American immigrants in Israel is relatively high, and most immigrants did not consider leaving Israel. The subjective well-being of the immigrants in Israel was found to be related to their social networks in their origin country, to their religious immigration motive and to their work satisfaction in Israel. The more supportive the immigrants’ families were of their decision to immigrate, the less the immigrants tended to consider leaving Israel. Immigrants with a religious motivation for immigrating to Israel were less inclined to leave, and the same was true for immigrants who were satisfied with their work in Israel. The qualitative data added important perspective on the immigrants’ social networks, this time in Israel. Interviewees reported having more supportive social networks in Israel, and a greater sense of community, although most of their contacts were within the Anglo community.     

Selection,Language Heritage,and the Earnings Trajectories of Black Immigrants in the United States

Research suggests that immigrants from the English-speaking Caribbean surpass the earnings of U.S.-born blacks approximately one decade after arriving in the United States. Using data from the 1980–2000 U.S. censuses and the 2005–2007 American Community Surveys on U.S.-born black and non-Hispanic white men as well as black immigrant men from all the major sending regions of the world, I evaluate whether selective migration and language heritage of immigrants’ birth countries account for the documented earnings crossover. I validate the earnings pattern of black immigrants documented in previous studies, but I also find that the earnings of most arrival cohorts of immigrants from the English-speaking Caribbean, after residing in the United States for more than 20 years, are projected to converge with or slightly overtake those of U.S.-born black internal migrants. The findings also show three arrival cohorts of black immigrants from English-speaking African countries are projected to surpass the earnings of U.S.-born black internal migrants. No arrival cohort of black immigrants is projected to surpass the earnings of U.S.-born non-Hispanic whites. Birth-region analysis shows that black immigrants from English-speaking countries experience more rapid earnings growth than immigrants from non-English-speaking countries. The arrival-cohort and birth-region variation in earnings documented in this study suggest that selective migration and language heritage of black immigrants’ birth countries are important determinants of their initial earnings and earnings trajectories in the United States.     

文化的同化对加拿大老年人居住方式的影响

本文基于加拿大 1996年移民数据 ,利用单因素和多因素Logit模型分析方法 ,试图研究文化因素对老年人居住方式的影响。主要结论如下 :文化因素对老年人居住方式的选择有重要影响 ;文化的同化对移民居住方式的选择有显著作用 ,表现为移民时间越早的移民老年人独立居住的倾向越强 ;文化同化速度的快慢对不同种族来源的移民来说是不同的。该文认为 ,在未来相当长的时间内 ,与子女合住仍然是中国老年人居住方式的主流