高寒山区百姓喝上了干净自来水

从凤凰县城出发,穿梭在腊尔山台地5个乡镇采访,总行程足达200公里,让记者亲身体味到“山高路远”之苦。初春2月,山外已经是春暖花开,而腊尔山区还是春寒料峭,山问树丛中,到处可以看到没化冻的冰块、冰条。     

腊尔山率先打响全省高寒山区扶贫攻坚战

“当家作主几十年,至今仍然饿肚皮;生态保护出大力,遮风避雨心头急;山清水秀风光好,只见哥哥不见嫂……”这是广泛流传于我省少数民族地区高寒山区的顺口溜,     

略论西藏扶贫搬迁与生态移民间的关系

中央政府和西藏自治区党委、政府一贯重视西藏扶贫工作,扶贫工作为西藏的民生提高、经济发展、社会稳定和进步等做出了不可替代的贡献.西藏扶贫工作已由过去的“救济式”走向“开发式”、从“就地扶贫”走向“异地扶贫”.然而,“扶贫搬迁”工程是一个广义的概念,它既包含因贫困而导致的“扶贫搬迁”,也包含因生态和环境因素而导致的“生态移民”.     

广西水库移民与生态移民比较研究

广西是我国的移民大省(区)。生态移民和水库移民是广西两种最主要的移民类型。其二者之间既有区别,又存在诸多共同点。正确地分析和认识这种区别与共同点,进而揭示其相互之间的联系,对于今后进一步做好广西的移民工作,具有一定的现实意义。     

树木与树人——关于广西8县实施生态教育移民的调研报告

桂黔滇喀斯特石漠化地区是一个"生态脆弱—人口超载—资源匮乏—经济贫困—教育落后"共生的区域。经过相关的试点工作以及与其他移民方式相比较,开展生态教育移民进而推动该区域的人口"出山入城"是一种可行的移民工作方式,也是实现该区域可持续发展的方式。应该对生态教育移民模式加以完善并在全国范围内推广,实现树木与树人的生态效应与社会效果,提升执政的绩效合法性。     

内蒙古鄂托克旗生态移民的人类学思考

内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市鄂托克旗是历史悠久的畜牧业大旗。近年来,由于人为因素和自然因素的双重作用,草场退化、沙化现象严重,有的地方甚至出现了沙进人退的局面。为了缓解生态环境的不断恶化,帮助农牧民脱贫致富,从2002年起鄂托克旗逐步计划和实施生态移民工程。一年多来,生态移民取得了一些成效,但在移民过程中也暴露出一些问题。本文试图对鄂托克旗的生态移民、移民中出现的问题以及如何应对作粗浅的阐述。     

腊尔山率先打响全省高寒山区扶贫攻坚战

<正>"当家作主几十年,至今仍然饿肚皮;生态保护出大力,遮风避雨心头急;山清水秀风光好,只见哥哥不见嫂……"这是广泛流传于我省少数民族地区高寒山区的顺口溜,形象地反映了全省少数民族地区高寒山区群众生活     

生态移民研究与反思

20世纪90年代以来,随着我国生态移民项目如火如荼地展开,生态移民研究也开始兴起.目前学界对于生态移民的研究方兴未艾,并取得了初步的研究成果,研究者们对生态移民概念界定、效应及适应研究、生态移民与可持续发展、后续产业发展等方面做出了开拓性探索,文章试图对其中有代表性的成果进行分类总结,同时指出现有研究的不足以及亟须进一步研究的问题,以期对后续更深入的研究有所参考和启示.     

生态移民攻坚计划

2012年3月16日,同心县田老庄乡解放新庄村小学四年级的学生王飞已经和家人做好了搬家前的最后准备。4月10日,作为宁夏35万生态移民的一部分,王飞和家人及乡亲们将要搬到200公里外的青铜峡市广武镇的同兴村,开始新的生活。西海固地区包括宁夏中部干旱带和南部山区8个县(区),自然条件恶劣,干旱少雨,是我国集中连片特殊困     

吉首高寒山地的“李生史弟”迎来发展黄金期

今年3月31日,创下4个“世界第一”的矮寨大桥建成通车,吉首市矮寨奇观旅游区开工建设。这天,与矮寨大桥仅一山之隔的家庭村一片欢跃。人们意识到,自己祖祖辈辈生活的这片高寒山区台地即将发生改变。家庭村是吉首市矮寨镇的一个行政村,位于地势险拔、多峻岭险峰的高山台地,与矮寨公路奇观隔山相望,是吉首市典型的高寒山村。与山外相比,到目前为止,该村村民还得靠两条腿进出山村,是吉首市至今唯一一个还没有修通公路的村落。我们前往家庭村采访时正值中午,盛夏的烈日当顶,沿着曲折的山路往上爬,没多久就已是汗流浃背。一路眼中风光无限,但脚下路却难行。这条路只是铺好了路基,车子还不能开进山村。经过近2小时的跋涉,我们终于来到了位于山顶的家庭村。这是一个群山环抱的村寨,村民淳朴,民居传统,田园青青,我们忍不住想,假如不是山路难行,这个与矮寨大桥毗邻的传统村落会是怎样的一番热闹景象？     

试论明代青海河湟地区人口迁移

本文着重论述了明代河湟地区的移民活动状况,描述了人口迁移活动的历史过程,较详细考证了移民的来源、迁入区以及移民的方式等相关问题。在一定程度上填补了青海移民史的空白,对全面了解明代河湟地区的社会活动有着重要的意义。     

青海藏区劳动力迁移就业模式分析

文章在研究青海省藏区劳动力迁移就业现状的基础上,分析青海省藏区劳动力迁移就业影响因素,并通过构建计量经济学模型,对青海藏区劳动力的城乡迁移模式进行实证分析,以此来寻求适合青海省藏区劳动力迁移就业的模式。     

宁夏南部山区生态重建报告书

本文分析了宁夏南部山区生态重建的现实背景 ,分析了宁夏南部山区近二十年来及在西部大开发中生态重建的政策支持、实际效果和需要进一步完善、调整的问题 ,介绍了近二十年来科研单位、政府机构在生态重建与反贫困方面的重要研究成果     

试论西部民族地区生态环境保护的法律构建

西部民族地区的生态环境建设关系到西部大开发战略的实施,关系到区域经济的发展,关系到民族地区的稳定和边疆安全。为了实现经济社会和生态环境保护的和谐发展,客观上要求我们必须在西部民族地区不断完善生态环境保护的法制体系,重视运用法律手段引导、规范、促进和保障西部民族地区生态环境的平衡协调。     

西部民族地区生态建设的经济学思考

本文从社会、经济、自然组成的复合生态系统互动过程的角度 ,阐述了西部民族地区生态环境问题的主要类型及后果影响 ,并在此基础上进一步分析了产生生态环境问题的经济、社会原因。文章对西部民族地区在实施以退耕还林、还草为主的生态建设过程中存在的农牧民应得收入漏损、收入稳定增长预期模糊等两大问题进行了分析。文章认为 ,全面推进西部民族地区生态建设 ,必须坚持标本兼治、生态效益和经济效益兼顾的方针 ,努力做到四个创新 :经济发展思路创新、经济社会结构创新、经济体制创新和管理制度创新     

宁夏南部山区回族妇女早婚习俗调查与分析--以同心县预旺乡张家树村为个案

本文依据田野作业的有关资料,以宁夏同心县预旺乡张家树村早婚现状为个案,探讨了宁夏贫困山区回族妇女早婚原因,同时对早婚危害、早婚治理作了进一步的分析。     

贵州喀斯特墓葬与民族地区的殡葬改革

Funeral and interment reform is a social revolution of changing customs and tradi-tions, which is conducive to promoting the con-struction of the socialist material, spiritual and ec-ological civilization. The replacement of burial with cremation is the direction of China’s reform on fu-neral and interment traditions. The reform itself is put forward by aiming at the disadvantages of the Han people’s traditional burial custom, however, Guizhou is a typical karst region in China, in which several forms of karst burial have existed throughout history, such as cliff coffins, cave tombs, and sarcophagi, and these customs have been continued to some certain degree up to now. Therefore, how to manage the relation between cre-mation and karst burials has a significant meaning to the respect of the ethnic minorities’ customs and promoting the funeral and interment reform in eth-nic regions. The Binzang guanli tiaoli ( Funeral and inter-ment management regulations) issued by the State Council in 1997 stipulates that “ the objective of the funeral and interment management is to carry out cremation, reform burial, save the interment land, abolish undesirable customs related to the fu-nerals and interment actively and methodically, and advocate civilized and thrifty funerary prac-tices”. That is to say, the original intentions for promoting cremation in the funeral and interment reform for many years include the advocating of thrifty funerals, reducing the burden of funerals on the masses, changing the people’s concept of luxu-rious burials, and saving the cost of funeral in the aspect of economy;banishing superstitions, getting rid of bad habits, and opposing the feudal dross in the aspect of culture; and saving resources and protecting limited cultivated land in the aspect of ecology. In general, the abolition of burial and im-plementation of cremation has become the reform direction of China’s funeral and interment system. Guizhou is a typical karst area in China. There are various forms of cliff-burying, rock tombs, sarcophagi, and cave tombs etc. , especial-ly the cave-burial which is still popular among the Waishu Miao at Taohua village in Qibo township, Pingba County and among the Qing Yao at Yaolu village in Libo County, and sarcophagus burial which is still popular among the Li clan of the Waishu Miao at Xinyi village in Guangzhao town-ship, Qinglong County. These structures reflect the karst characteris-tics of Guizhou tombs, and have an important eco-logical value. The funeral and interment reform is put forward by aiming at the drawbacks of the tra-ditional burial practices of the Han, so if the cliff burial or sarcophagus tombs which have ecological value had been forced to be replaced with crema-tion in the funeral and interment reform, it will lead to an embarrassing situation which is contrary to the original intention of the reform no matter if we consider it from cultural, economic or ecologi-cal viewpoints. Firstly, it will cause a dilemma at the cultural level. We must consider the characteristics of the funeral customs of the ethnic groups during the process of reforming the funeral and interment cus-toms in the ethnic minority areas, in other words, respect the funeral customs of ethnic minorities, as it is an important content of the CCP and the state’s policy for respecting the customs and habits of eth-nic minorities. Due to the differences in geograph-ical environment and social economy, the ethnic minorities have different funeral customs with their own characteristics. These funeral customs, as a part of ethnic culture, help to construct a ritual with a kind of ethnic identity;it is the mark of na-tional culture, which embodies ethnic emotions and maintains ethnic consciousness. The ‘univer-sal application’ in the funeral and interment sys-tem reform doubtlessly make the disappearance of karst characteristics in Guizhou’s burial culture, the diversified burial way has been replaced with single cremation, and that is not good for the pro-tection of cultural diversity. Secondly, it will cause an economic dilemma. One of the purposes of the funeral and intermentre-form is to save funeral costs, and change the con-cept of organizing luxury funerals. The traditional burial custom contains a set of complex funeral cer-emony, which is organized in a very luxurious way, spend a lot of money and increase the people’s economic burden. In contrast, cremation can save costs. However in today’s rural areas, af-ter cremation, the ashes are still buried after being put into a coffin, so it not only increases the eco-nomic burden of the people, but also does not meet the purpose for farmland conservation, hence, it is contrary to the original intention of the funeral re-form, and also causes dissatisfaction among the people. Therefore, compared with cremation, sar-cophagus and cave burial which are still popular in Guizhou are actually a more economic practice. Thirdly,it causes an ecological dilemma. The purpose of funeral reform is to save resources and protect the limited farmland. The traditional burial practice uses coffins and pile graves, which wastes wood, occupies farmland, and also pollutes the en-vironment. Therefore, the environmental protection is the premise and ultimate goal of the funeral and interment reform. Cave burial in Guizhou uses the natural caves, and does not occupy farmland; sar-cophagus burial does not use wooden coffins, so both of them belong to ecological burial practices. However, the implementation of cremation in the areas which used to conduct cave or sarcophagus-burials has created an embarrassing situation. Cave burial and sarcophagus tombs in Guizhou karst areas contain rich ecological ideas, which not only have positive social and practical significance for the protection of the ecological en-vironment of the area, but also have an important reference meaning for the promotion of “ecological funeral” or green funeral in China. Different ethnic groups and different areas have different forms of funeral customs, which have their own justifications. Therefore, the Fu-neral and Interment reform should adapt to local conditions, and take into the consideration the characteristics of the karst region in the case of Guizhou, and fully draw on the rational factors of ethnic burial. The present funeral and interment reform can take reference from the following three aspects from the ethnic burial culture of Guizhou:The first is to delimit some appropriate burial zones and maintain properly some burial customs which has ecological value. We advocate various forms of burial in these specific burial zones, for instances, tree burial of the Basha Miao in Con-gjiang country, deep burial of the Chang-clan Yao in Libo county, and sarcophagus tombs of Li-clan Waishu Miao in Qinglong County. These forms of burial with ecological protection value not only play an exemplary role for the ecological protection in ethnic regions, but also will help for the ethnic cultural inheritance. The second is to make full use of the natural characteristics of the karst area, and properly en-courage cave burial which does not take up the cul-tivated land. In this way, not only can the cave burial custom of the Yao in Libo and the Washu Miao in Pingba be kept, but also the cliff burial custom which does not take up the cultivated land could be encouraged among the residents in the karst region. This kind of cliff burial not only re-duces the waste of cultivated land, but also re-stricts the superstitious activities in the funeral. The karst area in Guizhou is very extensive, so it has a unique advantage in conducting cave burial. The funeral and interment reform can take the local conditions into consideration, and play up the ad-vantages of natural environment. Instead of empha-sizing cremation blindly, we should take the cave burial into practice. The third is to convert karst caves into ceme-tery for placing ashes so as to change the tradition-al way of building a cemetery on the hill for placing ashes in the cremation areas. In the karst area, if an area is delimited as a cremation zone, then the burial of body or burial of bone ash coffin should be prohibited. Generally, ashes should be deposi-ted in sepulchral chapels or buried in cemeteries. Although most cemeteries are built on barren hills or land, they still occupy land and waste land re-sources. The use of cement and stone materials creates white pollution. Meanwhile, the construc-tion of cemeteries destroys the mountain and causes soil erosion. Therefore, the cemetery is not the di-rection of the funeral and interment reform in the long run, and also does not meet the original inten-tion of the reform.     

民族地区自然生态利益探析

本文认为 ,自然生态利益是民族地区的一种重要利益。维护民族地区的自然生态利益 ,是发展民族经济 ,提高少数民族群众物质文化生活水平 ,加强民族团结 ,保持社会稳定 ,全面推进民族地区小康社会建设的需要 ,是代表少数民族群众根本利益的表现。目前 ,民族地区自然生态利益正受到严重威胁 ,必须采取有效措施予以保护。要从提高思想认识、加大经费投入、调整产业结构、实行制度创新、运用现代科技、加强法治等方面来维护民族地区的自然生态利益     

西部民族地区生态文明建设问题探析

Ecological civilization is a mode of civilization which is constructed on the concept of multiple-wins, such as economic benefit, social benefit and environmental benefit, etc. It requires that a harmonious relationship between man and nature permeate various aspects of civilization, such as material civilization, spiritual civilization, and political civilization, forming an ecological mode for production, living, consumption, and other behaviors. The theories and practices of eco￣logical civilization both at home and abroad, as well as the strategic planning for the construction of ecological civilization in China, have constituted important theoretical and practical guidelines for the construction of ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas of China.
Constructing ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has important theoretical and practical significance. Compared with the eastern part of China or the whole country, the level of e￣conomic and social development in the western eth￣nic areas still lags behind; energy consumption is generally high , and the number of national key ecologically functional areas is large. Furthermore, these areas face a daunting task for their environ￣mental protection and energy saving. In addition, the most concentrated areas of desertification in China are found in the western ethnic areas, espe￣cially Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Qing￣hai. Therefore, the construction of ecological civi￣lization in the western ethnic areas has an impor￣tant role for the sustainable development of the e￣conomy and society, ecological security, energy saving and emission reduction, and the prevention of land desertification.
Generally speaking, the western ethnic areas actively participate in the national demonstration areas of the construction of ecological civilization, and constantly improve the level of ecological civi￣lization construction. However, their overall level is low, and the differences between various prov￣inces are considerable. Although the western eth￣nic areas have rich forest resources, tourism re￣sources, etc. for the construction of ecological civ￣ilization, they still face many problems in the use of their ecological resources and the construction of ecological civilization.
As noted above, the western ethnic areas ac￣tively take part in the construction of the key na￣tional ecological civilization demonstration areas. At present, among the 55 ecological civilization demonstration areas of China, 22 are in the west￣ern ethnic areas. These demonstration areas are actively exploring the construction of ecological civilization by taking the property rights of natural resources, ecological compensation and cadres as￣sessment, etc. into consideration.
As just noted, although the level of the con￣struction of an ecological civilization in western ethnic areas has been improving, the overall level is still low. The overall level of ecological civiliza￣tion in western ethnic areas lags significantly be￣hind the nation or eastern regions. In addition, the levels of every province are quite different. For in￣stance, the level of Guangxi and Yunnan is rela￣tively high. Therefore, the construction of ecologi￣cal civilization must be adapted to the local condi￣tions of the provinces.
There are a large number of key forestry en￣terprises in the western ethnic areas, but the struc￣ture of the forestry industry is not equitable. For￣estry is an important force, and provides important content for the construction of ecological civiliza￣tion. On the one hand, there are a large number of key national forestry enterprises in the western eth￣nic areas, but their distribution is not balanced. At present, there are 295 key national forestry en￣terprises , among which 48 are found in the western ethnic areas and are included in the list. Among them, the advantage held by Guangxi and Yunnan’s forest resources are obvious, while those in Tibet, Ningxia and Qinghai are not so obvious. On the other hand, the forestry resources in the western ethnic areas are unevenly distributed, and the structure of the forestry industry is not equita￣ble;the proportion of the primary industry of for￣estry is too high, and the proportion of the second￣ary industry is relatively low. This means that the economic benefits of forestry resources are not fully transformed, something which has seriously affect￣ed the promotion of ecological civilization.
Tourism resources in the western ethnic areas are rich, but the contradiction between tourism de￣velopment and environmental protection is sharp. The tourism industry can effectively improve the level of ecological civilization construction. With rich tourism resources in the western ethnic areas, the tourism industry has become one of the impor￣tant regional pillar industries, especially in Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi. However, the conditions of tourism infrastructure and the tourism environment are still relatively backward in western ethnic areas. This is seen especially in the tourist foreign exchange income ratio which is not high. In addition, theunique tourism resources have not strongly attracted more overseas visitors; and, as just said, there are contradictions between regional tourism development and ecological environment protection, which are still very sharp.
The construction of an ecological civilization is a complicated social system project. The con￣struction of an ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has just started, so we need to in￣tegrate the idea of ecological civilization throughout political, economic, cultural, and social construc￣tion. Furthermore, we need to promote the process of ecological civilization construction according to the local conditions by taking the central authorities’ construction plan of ecological civiliza￣tion as guidance; consider the economic develop￣ment level of each province; and the characteris￣tics of ecological protection and resource environ￣ment in ethnic areas.
First of all, we should change the concept of government at all levels and the entire society in western ethnic areas, and improve the system of ecological civilization construction. For this pur￣pose, we must:( i) strengthen the top-level de￣sign of the ecological civilization system; ( ii) im￣prove relevant systems, such as the development of the national land space; and ( iii ) improve envi￣ronmental protection and ecological compensation in the western ethnic areas and the whole country. Furthermore, through making use of both formal systems, such as political, economic and legal ones, and informal systems, such as ecological culture, we should jointly safeguard and promote the construction of ecological civilization. On the one hand, we must establish and improve various policies related to finance, tax, population and land to improve the level of ecological political civ￣ilization in the western ethnic areas from the level of central government to local administrations. On the other hand, the central government and local administrations in the western ethnic areas must enhance the awareness of the construction of eco￣logical civilization through various ways, including school education and the internet.
Secondly, we should vigorously develop the advantages of the ecological industry in western ethnic areas, such as ecological tourism, ecologi￣cal agriculture and other ecological industries. The construction of ecological civilization should strive to find a balance between ecological environment and stable economic growth. Therefore, according to the characteristics of their ecological environ￣ment, resources, climate and the capacity of the ecological carrying capacity, we should choose ec￣ological industries suitable for regional develop￣ment, such as ecological agriculture, ecological tourism;change the original model of industrial de￣velopment to an ecological mode of production, and improve the level of ecological civilization while protecting the environment.
Thirdly, we should speed up the development of secondary and tertiary industries of forestry in the western ethnic areas, and further optimize the structure of the forestry industry. For this purpose we must further increase forestry investment and construction;and improve the total output value of forestry through afforestation, returning farmland to forest, and coordinating the relationship between the economic forest and ecological forest. Moreo￣ver, we should actively participate in China’s forest food certification and forest certification program;improve the proportion of secondary and tertiary forestry industires; take the initiative to transform the advantage of forestry resources into economic advantages;and improve the level of civilization of the ecological environment.
Finally, it is necessary for the western ethnic areas to continue the practice of constructing an ec￣ological civilization. Though adjustment to local conditions, and actively exploring the practice of ecological civilization construction, we should gradually accumulate experience in the construc￣tion of ecological civilization for the western ethnic areas, and even the whole country. In particular, in Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai, we must active￣ly promote the process of regional ecological civili￣zation construction based on the scheme of their own ecological civilization demonstration area pro￣grams. In addition, the western ethnic areas should fully play an important role in informal in￣stitutions, such as national ecological culture.     

浅谈青南牧区调整结构的着力点

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