Une typologie des économies selon les dimensions de l'emploi dans l'économie informelle

Compte tenu de l'importance des activités informelles, l'auteur propose de classer les pays selon les dimensions de l'emploi dans l'économie informelle plutôt que selon la composition de l'économie formelle. A partir de données du BIT portant sur trente‐six pays en développement, il fait apparaître une corrélation significative entre l'étendue et l'intensité de l'informalité et différents indicateurs sociaux et économiques: PNB par habitant, degré de corruption et de pauvreté et niveau de l'impôt et des cotisations sociales. Les implications de ces résultats pour la réflexion théorique et l'action sont ensuite exposées.     

Organisation et institution: vers une socioéconomie de la firme?

The paper aims at showing that beyond its economic nature the firm is an organized social institution. The theory of the firm does not succeed in unifying in a single analytical framework both its institutional and organizational dimensions. In contrast, organization theory – notably organizational sociology – deals with the intertwining of these two existential elements of firms. The cross-fertilization which occurs between these two social sciences can be used to propose a real socio-economic theory of the firm.     

Do Hybrid Organizational Forms of the Social Economy have a Greater Chance of Surviving? An Examination of the Case of Montreal

The objective of this article is to contribute to an understanding of the evolution of a population of social economy enterprises faced with the economic crisis, namely by referring to the case of Montreal. We apply a two-step approach. For one, we use an innovative discrete-time survival model that takes spatial heterogeneity into account. In a second step, this model is used to predict the survival of different forms of the social economy, according to various proposed typologies for identifying hybrid organizational forms. It is understood that certain organizational forms (professional social economy) have fared better than others (emerging social economy). Organizations combining several sources of financing and several forms of paid or volunteer work likewise have greater chances of survival.     

L’économie de l’attention : entre protection des ressources cognitives et extraction de la valeur

This general survey of the economics of attention presents the major theoretical models for exploring the mechanisms for “allocating” attention in an economy where it is a scarce resource. Writers have emphasized various means for attracting attention: the recognition, relevance, style and power of the emitter of information. The economics of attention subjects parties on the Internet and in the electronic media to two apparently opposite rationales. The first seeks to protect the attention of users from an information overload and improve its allocation. The second seeks to capture, for firms, the attention of customers or audiences in order to make money from it. Reconciling these two approaches is a challenge for innovation and an asset for competing in the digital economy.     

Variétés de capitalisme ou entrepreneurs institutionnels? Une application aux cas de la sous‐traitance et de la formation de la main‐d'œuvre au Québec

Based on the theory of institutional entrepreneurs, this article examines the coexistence of different forms of governance within a given economic space. Since the approach based on models of capitalism does not make it possible to account for this institutional diversity on the same territory, a theoretical perspective centred on the innovative action of social actors has been used to explain such a phenomenon. Our demonstration is based on a comparative analysis of two recent cases of transformation of public labour policies in Quebec: outsourcing and labour force training. These two major contemporary employment relations issues which are part of the same environment, have brought into play the same social actors in very similar institutional frameworks and have nevertheless led to contrasting dynamics and results. The actor's autonomy, more than a model, allows us to understand the different institutional trajectories that have thus been adopted.     

La responsabilité sociale des entreprises, un projet européen en panne

The European Union (EU) has developed a special approach to corporate social responsibility by incorporating it into its strategies of employment and social cohesion and of sustainable development. This should make it possible to diffuse the European social model inside and outside the EU. Through an unprecedented dialog between institutions and “civil society”, the EU planned to explore the possibility of a consensus on a framework for corporate social responsibility. This article seeks to shed light on the perilous disconnection between European institutions, companies and society at a time when the corporate social responsibility practiced by European firms has turned into a vector of innovation in labor relations by becoming a subject of transnational negotiations. It has also become a litmus test of the limits of a self-regulation, worldwide, of labor questions.     

À propos de l’article de François-Xavier de Vaujany, « Les figures de la gestion du changement sociotechnique »

The approach adopted by François Xavier de Vaujany draws from “structurationist” research in English-speaking social sciences, a current that shares with the sociology of technology a vision of the contextual and negotiated nature of the links between technical and organizational phenomena. Various trajectories in the way organizations use new information and communication technology can be compared; and the role, examined that specific mediators play in the appropriation process. This approach provides stimulating input in discussions about the impact of new technology on organizational change.     

Dimensions et effets des activités informelles dans une très petite économie

Les auteurs évaluent l'emploi informel – et les revenus non déclarés qu'il engendre – dans une très petite économie à gouvernance médiocre. Les données d'une enquěte auprès des ménages et d'un recensement leur servent à estimer le nombre de travailleurs en emploi informel à Chypre‐Nord, ainsi que les caractéristiques de cet emploi, entre 2004 et 2011. Les travailleurs concernés sont essentiellement des citoyens non affiliés à la sécurité sociale, des immigrés employés illégalement ou des personnes ayant deux emplois dont un non déclaré. L'économie informelle aurait représenté 9,1 pour cent du PNB en 2006, et 12,2 en 2011.     

Les régimes de production des connaissances de la sélection animale. Ontologies,mesures, formes de régulation

This paper analyses the co-production of knowledge and socio-economic order in animal breeding. Is it possible to historicise analyses of the actor-network theory (ANT) and to show forms of pairing between knowledge production and sociopolitical order typical of a given historical period? Symmetrically, in an approach based on regimes of knowledge, how do we account for the differences that remain over a given period? Drawing on the differences in the exploitation of animal genetics in three production sectors (beef, pork, chicken), this paper analyses the diversity of the composition of the socio-(bio)technical methods of animal selection and the mechanisms for stabilising these methods. It also explains the relations with factors whose forms of existence do not depend only on local arrangements. In this way, one can move from local heterogeneous agencements to regimes of knowledge.     

Mesure des effets sur l'emploi des échanges de biens intermédiaires et de produits finis

La croissance des échanges de biens intermédiaires et de services a compliqué la relation entre commerce et division du travail à l'échelle internationale. Pour trente‐neuf pays, l'auteur décompose les effets du commerce sur l'emploi selon leur origine: 1) exportations; 2) importations; 3) part des importations dans les exportations; 4) part des exportations dans les importations; 5) part des importations de pays tiers dans les importations. En 2009, quelque 88 millions d'emplois étaient imputables aux échanges de biens intermédiaires – 14 pour cent des emplois découlant des échanges –, tandis que la part des importations dans les exportations représentait 44 millions d'emplois.     

Réinterroger la relation entre école et mobilité sociale. Le cas des enfants d’agriculteurs et d’ouvriers dans l’Ouest

Till now, the relation between schooling and social mobility, a classical question in the sociology of education, has been approached through analyses of a structural sort, either by focusing on the functions that schools are supposed to fill or by adopting the timeless model of neoclassical economics. This approach does not examine all possible relations between schools and social mobility; nor does it see these relations in terms of a process. A study of the scholastic biographies of the children of farmers and workers in western France renews our conception of this relation. It shows that this relation mainly stems from a combination of quite heterogeneous elements, which we glimpse in these biographies.     

Le rôle des initiatives de responsabilité sociale dans le contrôle des audits sociaux et la responsabilisation de leurs auteurs

En 2018, l'effondrement du Rana Plaza braquait le projecteur sur les conditions de travail parfois déplorables dans la confection. Si la grande distribution est depuis pointée du doigt, la responsabilité des cabinets d'audit social est rarement mentionnée. Les auteures examinent les moyens disponibles à ce stade pour repérer et sanctionner les audits négligents ou complaisants, qui taisent les atteintes aux droits des travailleurs. Elles constatent que les contrôles et les rappels à l'ordre restent limités dans les faits. Elles s'interrogent alors sur l'apport des initiatives de responsabilité sociale pour un contrôle véritable de la qualité des audits et une responsabilisation de leurs auteurs.     

Deux définitions de la collégialité et leur articulation: le cas d’un diocèse catholique

Against the background of the conflict observed between managers and professionals, two definitions of collegiality are identified: on the one hand, as a specific organizational form (bottom up) and, on the other, as a procedure of bureaucratic management (top down). A study of networks of priests in a catholic diocese in France is used to explore how these two definitions are related. Questions are raised about the effects of a too narrow organizational rationalization that uses collegiality only as a top down, bureaucratic managerial procedure. This always entails the risk of making the work done by experts sterile because it overlooks the first type of collegiality, which is based on the nature of the nonroutine tasks that members perform jointly thanks to an endogenous organizational structure of a bottom up type.     

Cycle écologique et cycle rituel: le cas d'un village andin

In the present article, the author examines the relationships existing between the ecological cycle and the ritual cycle of a Quechua-speaking community of the South Central Andes of Peru (Department of Ayacucho). His analysis takes into consideration a double dimension: the ecological (objective and subjective) and the spatio-temporal (physical and cultural). These two dimensions are seen as the essential basis for the elaboration of a dynamic model of analysis of the Andean communities. This model relies heavily on Murra's formulation of the “vertical” control of the ecology, and is exemplified by data the author and a Peruvian colleague, Salvador Palomino Flores, collected in 1969.     

La transformation de l'offre de services de garde au Québec: une brèche dans la collectivisation du travail de reproduction sociale?

In 1997, the government of Québec instituted a low‐cost and universal childcare services program most commonly available through the “centres de la petite enfance (CPE)” (early chilldhood centers). Since 2003, this model is being slowly dismantled on account of an explosion in the number of commercial daycare centers and, since 2015, an adjustment of rates according to family revenues. This research article gathers scattered information about the childcare services offer changes in Québec to demonstrate that tearing down a section of the Québécois family policy lowers the collectivization of social reproductive work.     

Réformes de l'immigration au Québec en 2019 et 2020: La logique politique à l’épreuve de l'analyse statistique

This research note examines the economic performance of economic immigrants selected under the Quebec Experience Program (PEQ). Launched in 2010 and currently being challenged by the Government of Quebec, this immigration program offers an accelerated path to obtaining a Quebec Selection Certificate. Drawing on data from The Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB), this analysis focuses on PEQ immigrants’ employment rates and employment income compared to the Quebec population aged 25 and 44, other economic immigrants admitted to Quebec, and candidates for the Canadian experience program admitted in another province. The results show that the first cohorts of this program performed very well on the Quebec job market, a performance that compares favorably with that of the other groups studied. The results indicate that the economic arguments put forward by the Québec Government to justify the reform of the PEQ do not withstand the statistical examination of employment outcomes; other factors should justify this reform.     

La protection sociale au Chili: des réformes pour plus de justice

Au début des années quatre‐vingt, le Chili – imité ensuite par d'autres pays – a lancé une réforme privatisant en partie ou totalement les systèmes de l'assurance maladie et des retraites. Mise en ?uvre sans concertation sociale, la réforme se fera aux dépens des principes de solidarité et de justice sociale, contribuant à la progression de la pauvreté et des inégalités. Depuis, les gouvernements démocratiques ont apporté bien des corrections. L'auteur analyse les progrès réalisés, mais aussi les inégalités qui persistent – vues sous l'angle de la couverture, du sexe et de la contribution financière – et les problèmes qui restent à résoudre.     

Sécurité sociale et résultats des entreprises: l'exemple des PME au Viet Nam

Les auteurs examinent les effets de la sécurité sociale – critère du caractère formel de l'activité – sur les résultats des PME vietnamiennes. À partir de données sur les entreprises déclarées (2006–2011), ils constatent qu'une élévation de 10 pour cent de la couverture du personnel est associée à une augmentation du chiffre d'affaires et des profits allant respectivement de 1,4 à 2 pour cent et jusqu'à 1,8 pour cent par travailleur. Toutefois, étant donné le décalage entre l'«investissement» (versement des cotisations) et son rendement (performances supérieures), des politiques d'accompagnement sont nécessaires pour encourager les petites entreprises à s'annoncer aux régimes obligatoires.     

Interorganizational influences on the founding of african american organizations, 1955–1985

This paper examines the relationship between traditions of social action and patterns of organizational development, using data on the formation of national African American protest, advocacy, and service organizations between 1955 and 1985. Following research in organizational ecology, Poisson regression is used to examine the association between organizational density and organizational formation across strategic forms. The results provide some support for the idea that interorganizational influences are important in shaping the contours of the African American social movement industry. Outside funding, internal organizational capacities and protest levels also play a significant role.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 1992 annual meeting of the Eastern Sociological Society.