王维与《维摩诘经》

王维一生笃信佛教,早期大乘空观、尤其是《维摩诘经》中表现的居士思想对王维影响最大。他的交游、诗文内容及形式、任运随缘的人生态度、亦官亦隐的生活方式,甚至他的名和字都与这部经文有着密不可分的关系。     

韩愈《师说》儒佛道三教思想交融探微

韩愈一生旗帜鲜明地反对佛道,直斥佛道两教为异端邪说,以维护儒道自任,但同时又与僧侣、道士勤于接触唱和,交往频繁,表现出明显的矛盾性,这说明他对佛道两教带有一定的妥协调和色彩,在思想上不免受到了佛教和道教的影响。其名篇《师说》在一些重要观点上就分别受到了儒、佛、道三教思想的影响,具体表现在三个方面：一是传儒教之＂道＂,二是解佛教之＂惑＂,三是倡道教之择师观。     

论刘禹锡和佛教禅宗

公元805年,“永贞革新”的斗士刘禹锡被远贬朗州,开始了他长达二十三年的流放生涯。坎坷的人生际遇,缩短了他和佛教的距离,“繇是在席砚者多旁行四句之书,备将迎者皆赤髭白足之侣”,俨然一佛家弟子了。他还著文驳斥时人讥他“困而后援佛”的说法,欣然以“事佛而佞”自居。唐人信佛本不足怪,但刘禹锡是著名的唯物主义思想家,勇于改革的政治家,成就斐然的文学家,他一边捧着佛经爱不释手,一边作入世的政治讽刺诗,一边写批判唯心主义的哲学     

王维的痛苦内容及其解脱方式

被誉为“诗佛”的王维,其为人和创作对后世都产生了深远的影响。但他一生屡遭困厄,无论是个人家庭生活还是政治仕途,都遭遇了许多不幸与痛苦,而佛教的信仰为他找到了解脱的方式。对王维的痛苦内容及解脱方式的探讨,可得知其受到后人膜拜的魅力之所在。     

契嵩"心"范畴的二重性及其意义

宋初云门宗契嵩的“心”范畴具有二重性 ,一方面作为“本体之心” ,“心”具有更多的超越性 ;另一方面作为“道德之心” ,“心”又具有更多的现实性。前者主要表现为对佛教心性论的继承 ,后者则主要表现为对儒家心性论的吸纳。这种二重性服务于当时调和儒佛、佛道乃至戒定慧、禅教的需要 ,客观上表明儒学化 (世俗化 )是当时佛教发展的总的态势。     

杨文会与中日净土信仰比较

杨文会与中日净土信仰比较邓子美中国佛教复兴先驱杨文会（１８３７－１９１１）在上个世纪之交，曾与日本佛教学者、净土真宗学者就中、日净土教义异同进行深入探讨与论辨。首先，他认为佛教根本教义与净土教义不能绝然对立起来。其次，他认为中国净土信仰与日本净土信仰...     

清代汉传佛教政策考正

学术界对满清诸帝宗教倾向以及有清一代佛教政策,存在不少主观误判:臆测圣祖爱新觉罗玄烨独尊理学、厌恶佛教,高宗爱新觉罗弘历是“灭佛”皇帝;断言满清政府对宗教之定位,是“除了儒教的三纲五常之外,甚至包括佛、道教在内的一切宗教都是非法的”;①甚至于将高宗爱新觉罗弘历旨在逐渐沙汰“问律律不守,问禅禅弗会”之“应付僧”与“教团败类”、还佛教以清净本然面目之清厘甄别僧尼举措,诠释成“是要以一种尽可能不引起社会动荡的方式,假以时日,将佛教消灭”,其手段比“三武一宗”之灭佛“更加阴险和毒辣”,如此等等.史学以求真、求实为旨趣与灵魂,不允许凭主观意志过度诠释、过度推衍,更不得以个人好恶杜撰假设、曲笔贬褒.本文以推援校磨浩如烟海之原始史料为基础,稽考钩沉,力争如秋潭夜月或清更胡笳般,再现清代汉传佛教政策流变沿革及其内在实质之本来面目.     

刘禹锡怀古诗探析

刘禹锡善于在诗中表现重大题材，或是兴亡之叹，或是对最高统治者的抨击，或是对明君贤相协力治国政局的向往。这种创作题材上的取向与他的出身、学养、士宦经历、政治地位均有密切关系。他的怀古诗在意境的刻画、气氛渲染及细节描述上颇具特色。     

伯2292《维摩诘经讲经文》补校

伯希和所劫经编号2292卷《维摩诘经讲经文》,经王庆菽先生校录收入《敦煌变文集》(人民文学出版社1957年版)卷五。王先生在海外迻录此文,并加以校勘,使之得以公诸于世,其功诚不可没。唯因敦煌写本俗语、俗字、假借字较多,又有一些不同于今日的书写特例,所以本篇的校勘亦尚未能尽如人意。尽管自《敦煌变文集》出版后的三十多年间,有徐震堮、蒋礼鸿等先生作了匡谬补阙的工作,但当校而失校或既校而失当的地方仍不在少数。最近我们依据写本原卷(缩微胶卷)对该篇重新进行了校理,现把有关校勘方面的问题辑为一编,予以刊布,望行家指正。又《敦煌变文集》卷五录有伯2122《维摩诘经讲经文》一     

试评瞿秋白的新闻活动和思想

瞿秋白生虽短暂,但却在党的宣传领域内显示出卓越的新闻才能。本文旨在通过对瞿秋白大量新闻活动的剖析,充分了解,认识这位革命的宣传家和新闻工作者的思想真谛。 一、于朦胧中开始的新闻实践是瞿秋白寻求真理的桥梁 1899年1月29日,瞿秋白生于江苏常州的一个书香门弟家庭。社会的黑暗,家庭的变故,使青年的秋白饱尝了人间的苦难、做为一个直接受传统文化熏陶的文弱书生,他象当时许多知识分子一样,没法摆脱中国文人的“据于儒,依于志,逃于禅”,“儒治世,道治身,佛治心”的模式。他对这一切尚无反抗之力,他苦闷的心情只能在诗词研究,佛教经籍中…     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Social security reforms in Kenya: Towards a workerist or a citizenship‐based system?

With social security provisions in Kenya remaining under‐reported in the more recent literature, this overview covers recent reforms in key areas of the country's social security system. In the health sector and in old‐age pension provision social security is still mainly workerist (biased toward those in formal employment), and attempts to expand coverage have had limited effect only – cash transfer programmes, for instance, have been expanded but in practice they do not universally cover the entitled categories. Thus, although the Kenyan social security system now has a considerable pro‐poor social assistance component it remains biased toward those in formal employment, to the benefit of the highest income quintile.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

A Man Can be Destroyed but Not Defeated

Santiago,the main hero in the Old Man and the Sea is characterized as someone struggling against defeat. He has gone eighty-four days without catching a fish,the sail of his skiff resembles "the flag of permanent defeat." But the old man refuses defeat at every turn:he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish promise to be. He lands the marlin,tying his record of eighty-seven days after a brutal three-day fight,and he continues to ward off sharks from stealing his prey,even though he knows the battle is useless. He establishes a great hero:a man can be destroyed but not defeated.