Semantic Analysis of the Theoretical Foundations of Biology

生物学理论作为科学哲学研究中的一个另类一直受到关注。它与传统科学模式间 的差异是造成这种现象的原因之一。解读这种差异的根源，需要对生物学的理论基础 以及理论结构给予充分的关注。生物学特有理论结构所表现出的多元语境与语义结构 的复杂性，决定了对生物学理论基础的研究应当重视语义分析的方法，尤其是对理论 本身进行语义分解并研究其中的语义关联问题，从而解读生物学模式作为一种不同于 理化科学的特殊科学解释观的合理性。

关键词: 生物学理论?语义分析?语义结构

As a different type of research in the philosophy of science, biological theory has always attracted scholarly attention. One reason for this phenomenon is that it differs from the traditional scientific paradigm. To explore the root of this difference, we need to examine closely the theoretical foundations and structure of biology. The complexity of the multiple contexts and semantic structures expressed in the theoretical structure specific to biology requires that research on the theoretical foundation of biology incorporate semantic analysis. It is particularly necessary to conduct semantic decomposition of the theories themselves and study their semantic correlations. In doing so, we can discern the rationality of the biological model as a special form of scientific explanation distinct from that of physics and chemistry.     

Semantic the semantic analysis method and the progress of scientific realism

自20世纪30年代以来,语义分析方法就在科学哲学的历史演进与传承中具有了重要的方法论意义,同时它也为科学实在论与反实在论的论争、相互借鉴与渗透提供了对话的平台。今天,当我们反观这一历史时,重新理解语义分析方法的重要性,认识语境化的语义结构对把握科学理论解释的基础地位,掌握确定和表达指称是对理论进行解释的语义分析的方法论核心,明确“二维”语义学分析是当前语义分析方法论研究的必然趋向,从而,在形式、内容、结构和体系上重建语义分析方法在科学实在论研究中的方法论地位,对推动当代科学实在论的发展具有极其重大的战略性意义。     

形名选择性匹配的认知动因

在人们对事物的共知域中,语义兼容是形名匹配的基础,形容词与名词在语义上必须存在某种相同的语义特征,这样才能为形容词对N的选择提供意象,也才能与之组配为相应的DN格式。由于语义“模糊边界”的存在,当我们用与N具有某种语义特征联系的不同形容词D1和D2同时作为联结线索时,贮存在记忆中不同类别的同一N的相关属性特征将同时被D1和D2激活并提取,结构上表现为与D1、D2同时匹配。     

Current ethical issues in synthetic biology: where should we go from here?

Synthetic biology (SynBio) is an emerging scientific field which has quickly established momentum and visibility. Although no single definition of SynBio prevails, the field broadly encompasses the application of engineering principles to biology, redesigning biological materials and using them as new substrates to create products and entities not otherwise found in nature. This article first reviews SynBio, highlighting the novel aspects of this technology. It then synthesizes ethical issues highlighted in the literature to date and makes some initial claims that research on the ethical aspects of SynBio should: avoid creating a new subtype of bioethics, concentrate on novel concepts and problems, and be situated within a context of cooperative interdisciplinary investigation.     

古汉语名状句语义结构分析

古汉语名状句是一种语义关系复杂多样的句子。我们借助《史记索引》、《汉书索引》对《史记》、《汉书》中名词做状语的情况进行了比较详细的考察 ,在此基础上来描写名状句的语义结构类型和名词状语的语义类型。通过分析我们看到 ,名状句中的主语名词与谓语动词之间 ,状语与主语名词、宾语名词及动词之间语义关系是多重的、多层的 ,而且状语的类型取决于动词的选择条件。     

抽象名词语义搭配情况调查(之一)

抽象名词作为名词的一个大类,其语义搭配和语义偏移的规律与其他类名词不同。我们对13万字的文学材料中的抽象名词进行了穷尽式调查,依据调查所得,划分出了与抽象名词搭配的动词的次类,搭配结构形式以及各搭配形式有无语义偏移和语义发生偏移后的语义取向等。     

公共政策变迁间断-平衡模型的修正及应用--兼论新中国科研政策变迁的渐进与突变规律

公共政策变迁间断—平衡分析框架是以美国三权分立和联邦制政治制度为基础构建的,原分析框架限定于考察美国公共政策变迁趋势。尝试从适用条件、理论假设、变迁过程和根本原因等维度对间断—平衡分析框架予以修正,将修正后分析框架的适用条件扩大为稳定的政治制度结构,同时用修正后的分析框架考察新中国建立以来科研政策变迁的总体规律性。这样就达致了两个目的：一是修正和检验公共政策变迁间断—平衡分析框架;二是考察新中国建立以来科研政策变迁趋势,并为解释公共政策变迁提供新的理论工具。     

利用“语义异常组合”的造词法探源

利用“语义异常组合”进行造词的现象由来已久。上古时期,人们已利用这种组合方式创造仿词和伪仿词。它们是在语法造词基础上的修辞造词,即关涉到语法层面也关涉到修辞层面。造词环境、人的认知活动及语言规律是影响造仿词和伪仿词的综合性因素。     

论"V1着V2"结构的性质

大多数语法著作中 ,将“V1着V2 ”两个动词连用的结构划归连动结构。但是从分析动词V1的语义特征入手 ,可发现动态动词V1后附“着”构成的“V1着”与“V2 ”之间 ,是动作持续的共时同现性关系。静态动词V1后附“着”构成的“V1着”与“V2 ”之间 ,是动作行为的方式与动作直接组合的修饰性关系。因此 ,应当将该结构判定为偏正关系结构     

Semantic Transfer of Chinese Kinship Terms to Occupational Address Forms since the Economic Reform

Semantic transfer of kinship terms in address forms to nonkin has always been an intriguing topic to researchers from different fields, anthropologists and sociolinguists alike, whose investigations involve data from various cultures. This study focuses on eight Chinese kinship terms used in twenty-one address forms for addressing nonkin in newly created occupations and practices during the recent economic reform in China, in an attempt to identify the driving force behind such transfer. By examining the use of these kinship terms in addressing nonkin in the economic reform, this study compares its findings to those from earlier studies and has found surprisingly that except gender, the other distinctive features, such as consanguinity, affinity, seniority, and generation, have all become neutralized in the semantic transfer, driven chiefly by the nonkin’s occupational status. The results from this study demonstrate that the “categorical falsity” evidenced in the semantic transfer of kinship terms in address forms to nonkin is in essence a manifestation of performing an attitudinal “speech act” by the general public about how the nonkin’s occupational status is evaluated in the economic reform.     

Psychological Aspects of Predictive Genetic-Test Decisions: What Do We Know So Far?

Advances in molecular biology are facilitating the elucidation of the genetic basis of disease at an astonishing rate. Consequently, predictive genetic testing of healthy individuals may soon become a routine component of medical care. How and why is the decision to have a predictive genetic test taken? This article reviews some psychological aspects of predictive genetic-test decisions and discusses the limitations of research to date. A notable limitation is the nontheoretic nature of much of the research. It is argued that theoretical models are needed from which hypotheses about decision making in this context can be derived and tested. Suggestions are offered for future research, and policy implications of research in this area are offered.     

Blocking the solution: Social representations of threats and (non)dialogue with alternative representations in Greek‐Cypriot newspapers during peace negotiations

This paper first identifies representations of threats in Greek‐Cypriot newspapers related to the negotiations for a Cyprus settlement. Then, it identifies how alternative representations to these core representations of threats are managed through the use of a number of semantic barriers. Therefore, it problematizes the role (function) that such representations of threats play in undermining the potential for transformative dialogue in a post‐conflict and divided country in need of conflict transformation. Focus is on the editorials of two newspapers during a four‐month period before the collapse of the July 2017 Cyprus peace talks. Both were suspicious and polemic vis‐à‐vis the said negotiations but used different strategies to oppose them. Simerini convened recurrently threats such as Turkification, state dissolution and threats against Hellenism. Phileleftheros focused on the issue of security drawing red lines on various dossiers under discussion in the negotiations. The paper contributes to the theoretical debate of the relationship between social representations and identities and the role of threats and historical narratives in undermining transformative dialogue through the use of semantic barriers.     

Expertise: Between the Scylla of certainty and the new age charybdis

Scientists should be seen as expert advisors rather than producers of certainty. The progress of scientific controversies shows both why this is the case, and why it is so little understood. Those very close to the research front are aware of the many points at which experimental procedures and theoretical arguments could be wrong. They understand the ‘expert’ quality of their conclusions. Those further distanced from the research front are unaware of the immense complexity of the research and, consequently, are more certain of the truth of science.

That scientific results are less conclusive than they are generally taken to be does not mean that ‘anything goes’. There is a difference between experts and non‐experts; it is just that experts should not be expected to agree. Scientific controversies rarely end; it is usual to find equally well qualified experts on both sides of a scientific debate long after a view has been reached throughout the larger part of the scientific community.     

义素类型及分析之我见

义素又称语义成分、语义特征,是词的义位的构成因子。当前研究中所提出的义素类型系统繁多,且多有义素种类混杂现象。对义素类型的划分要遵守同一律。义素分析的功能首先在于揭示个体的词义结构,因此,从词义结构角度观察义素并分析描写义素类型,应该是研究者的首选。从完整的词义结构角度观察并提取义素类型,设立语法性义素,区别、分析理性义素与色彩义素两类词汇性义素,探讨理性义素的核心———概念性义素及理性义素的边缘———附属性义素,研究动态中的言语义素,都具有重要意义。     

Role as Resource for Action in Public Service

In this chapter we offer a conceptual framework for the understanding of public service that allows for the incorporation of sociological themes of organizational structure and institutional power. We build on sociological conceptualizations of the self found in role identity theory, using examples from research on health care workers to show how role identities and organizational structures can both limit and enhance the likelihood of principled dissent. Finally, we extend our theoretical framework to better understand how community service is employed to address the structural sources of social problems.     

Ethnicity, Culture, and Child Maltreatment

Increasingly, child maltreatment research has begun to address ethnicity and culture in both empirical studies and theoretical articles. Despite the expansion of these efforts, cross-cultural research in child maltreatment has raised more questions than it has answered; and it has highlighted the elusiveness of culture-specific constructs to scientific study. Research to date has been hampered by several challenges including the failure to disentangle ethnicity and culture. In this article, we provide a review of research in this area and offer a critique and recommendations for enhancing the study of the role of culture and ethnicity in child maltreatment.     

Is failure to raise concerns about misconduct a breach of integrity? Researchers’ reflections on reporting misconduct

This article describes and discusses the views of researchers on the significance of raising concerns about scientific misconduct in their work environment and the reasons or circumstances that might deter them from doing so. In this exploratory qualitative research study, we conducted in-depth interviews with 33 researchers working in life sciences and medicine. They represent three seniority levels and five universities across Switzerland. A large majority of respondents in this research study argued that failure to raise concerns about scientific misconduct compromises research integrity. This is an encouraging result demonstrating that researchers try to adhere to high ethical standards. However, further interaction with respondents highlighted that this correct ethical assessment does not lead researchers to take the consequent action of raising concerns. The factors that discourage researchers from raising concerns need to be addressed at the level of research groups, institutions, and by setting a positive precedent which helps them to believe in the system’s ability to investigate concerns raised in a timely and professional manner. Training of researchers in research integrity related issues will have limited utility unless it is coupled with the creation of research culture where raising concerns is a standard practice of scientific and research activities.     

世界历史的“双重结构”与当代中国的全球发展路径

马克思主义世界历史观为“全球化”这一术语不被滥用提供了学理依据。“全球化”这一很不规范的普遍流行的术语所涵盖的许多事实,都是对“历史向世界历史的转变”的一种认定,但它并不能引导人们去认识这一转变过程中所出现的世界历史的结构性变化。在“历史向世界历史的转变”过程中,相继形成了“国际社会”和“全球社会”,从而构成了世界历史的“双重结构”。这两者在其主体结构、利益结构、发展目标和原则、发展特点、格局结构等方面是有所不同的,但又是互相联系、相互渗透的。基于对“全球化”的“世界历史”批判,以及对当代世界历史发展的状态和趋势的科学分析,由此提出的世界历史“双重结构”理论,既是把马克思主义世界历史观全面地运用于全球化及其发展研究的重要切入点,也是马克思主义世界历史观在当代发展的重要切入点,同时也将会为我们正确探索当代社会主义中国在全球中的发展路径提供重要的方法论支撑。     

What Are We? The Social Construction of the Human Biological Self

This essay explores how the human biological self is socially constructed, and rejects various truisms that define our character. Rather than being stand‐alone entities, the human biological self forms what biologists call “superorganisms” and what I call “poly‐super‐organisms.” Thus, along with prokaryotes (bacteria), viruses, and other entities, we are combined in an inseparable menagerie of species that is spread across multiple bodies. Biologists claim that only males and females are organisms. As described here, however, human sperm and eggs are equally entitled to that rank. Much about human reproduction is also socially constructed. For example, contrary to scientific wisdom, humans have always reproduced both sexually and asexually. Moreover, human life (the creation of a new organism) does not begin between conception and birth, and neither event creates new life. In addition, some cancer cells are organisms; they are contagious entities formed by asexual human reproduction. Finally, while science universally describes humans as being living entities, accumulating evidence makes clear that the life concept is failing. In fact, much that originates from human bodies does not fall under current biological or cultural classifications. How we construct the human biological self has consequences for understanding our health, how we reproduce, and what we are. These social constructions greatly influence our views on abortion, stem‐cell research, human cloning, and our post‐human future. A more accurate construction of the human biological self will help us better navigate these contentious issues.