企业关键智力资本识别的社会网络分析法研究

在知识经济社会环境下,智力资本作为企业的主导生产要素,已经成为企业创造价值和获取竞争优势的重要源泉。如何识别企业智力资本,尤其是对企业实现其战略目标具有重要作用的关键智力资本,是企业智力资本管理不得不面对的重要问题。文章引入社会网络分析法(SNA)识别企业关键智力资本,采用理论研究与案例研究相结合的方法,分析了企业智力资本的动态性和网络属性,对现有企业智力资本识别理论进行了回顾,简要介绍了社会网络分析的理论内涵及其分析方法之一——中心性分析法;从战略分析、智力资本分析、关联分析、矩阵分析等方面构建了基于SNA的企业关键智力资本识别模式;并运用中国企业的实例进行说明。文章在理论上拓展了社会网络分析法的应用范围,同时为企业智力资本管理提供了新的研究思路。     

智力资本化方案选择原则与约束条件研究

通过实现智力资本的产权要求发挥智力资本价值创造作用是知识经济时代企业面临的一项重要问题.提出智力资本化方案选择的三大原则,并对智力资本化方案技术上和制度上的约束条件进行探讨,提出了智力资本化方案选择矩阵和方案选择的制度约束.     

智力资本对顾客参与的驱动影响：转化式学习视角

当前,智力资本影响顾客参与的复杂化发展趋势越来越明显。借鉴资源基础理论、企业吸收能力理论和开放式创新理论的代表性观点,探索智力资本对顾客参与的直接影响和转化式学习视角的间接影响机制是顺应企业实践发展趋势和弥补已有研究缺憾的必然。 在解构智力资本和顾客参与维度的基础上,引入转化式学习的概念,构建智力资本直接影响顾客参与及其通过转化式学习间接影响顾客参与机制的框架模型并提出具体假设,以江苏省创新型企业的独立新产品开发项目为取样单元,收集到255份有效问卷,运用Lisrel 8.70软件中的结构方程模型方法进行假设验证。 研究结果表明,作为智力资本的3个维度,人力资本、结构资本、关系资本对顾客参与的参与制度和参与程度具有直接而积极的影响;转化式学习在人力资本、结构资本和关系资本影响参与制度和参与程度的关系中起到一定程度的中介效应。 研究结果从学术层面厘清了智力资本、顾客参与的关键维度构成以及两者之间的复杂影响关系,为企业重新认识智力资本和顾客参与的丰富实践内涵提供理论依据,使企业从人力资本、结构资本和关系资本组成视角积累有益于直接驱动顾客参与的智力资本成为可能,向企业提供了通过构建转化式学习机制以充分发挥智力资本对顾客参与的间接驱动效应的可操作工具。     

电子商务环境下客户忠诚度的影响因素

智力资本在企业竞争优势中发挥着越来越重要的作用。客户资本作为智力资本的重要组成部分,日益受到关注,而增强客户资本的有效途径之一就是提高客户忠诚度。本文对在电子商务环境下影响客户忠诚度的六个主要因素进行了分析,并应用普通最小二乘法对这些影响因素的有效性进行了检验。     

企业智力资本报告研究

知识经济使企业的资源结构发生了改变,智力资本成为企业创造价值的关键因素.首先对智力资本信息的提供方式(资本化法和扩展的报告法)和报告方式(渐进法、改革法和混合法)进行了分析;然后在智力资本的动态四分法模型的基础上构建了智力资本报告的模型框架,包括反映企业智力资本现状的智力资本状况表,动态体现智力资本流量情况的智力资本流量表,提供智力资本预测性信息和企业未来发展状况的智力资本预测表,对上述模块所包含的信息进行必要的补充和解释的智力资本备忘录;最后设计了联系智力资本报告和财务报告的智力会计记分卡.     

情绪智力构思效度及作用机制研究

虽然许多研究都认为情绪智力是一个重要的能力指标要素．但更多的研究主要还是以西方国家和地区的被试为基础．比较少有来自q-国本土的研究。考虑到情绪智力测量时候具有重要的文化和习俗差异．最近中国香港地区的几位学者主要以香港本地的样本为例，根据国际上关于情绪智力的多维度构思的认同．开发了一套情绪智力测量系统。本研究以来自中国上海的公务员群体为样本．对这套情绪智力测量系统下的情绪智力构思进行检验，并运用多元方差分析和回归分析技术来探讨人口统计特征对情绪智力构思的影响．并特别关注情绪智力对个体职业满意度和工作压力的影响。最后根据研究结果对与情绪智力相关的理论研究和管理实践提供一些建议。     

企业价值导向的智力资本投资优化研究

本文运用回归分析法、改进的智力增值系数法(VAIC)分析了智力资本评估指标对企业投资效益(即为价值增值)的影响,以此为基础建立了智力资本投资的线性优化模型。该模型的意义在于,以不影响智力资本投资效率为前提,有重点、有目的的改善某些智力资本评估指标,达到逐步提升企业智力资本的目的,为企业的智力资本投资提供战略依据。     

智力资本及其理论解释

在知识经济时代,创造公司高价值的不再是有形资产,而是无形的知识和智力资本,智力资本对于创造和保持公司的竞争优势起着至关重要的作用.在介绍智力资本定义和分类的基础上,着重阐述了智力资本基于知识、能力和资源的理论解释,分析了我国智力资本理论研究的现状和不足,指出了进一步研究的方向.     

中国各地区制度环境测量的最新进展与研究展望

制度环境是制度理论的核心构念,但较少研究对制度环境的构成维度以及各维度的测量方法进行深入探讨,导致制度环境测量方法的信度和效度较低,制约了制度理论在中国的进一步应用和发展。为提高制度环境测量的科学性和全面性,本文回顾了国内外相关研究在测量中国各地区制度环境方面的最新进展,并基于最新的研究文献将制度环境分为政治、经济、金融、法律和文化等维度。其次,进一步梳理、比较国内外相关研究对上述五个维度的测量方法,指出不同测量方法的优点和不足。最后,针对现有测量方法的问题和不足提出进一步改进中国各地区制度环境测量方法的具体建议。本文有助于提高中国各地区制度环境测量的科学性和全面性,进一步促进制度理论实证研究在中国的开展。     

区域智力资本与区域创新能力——指标体系构建及其相关关系研究

本文构建了一套区域智力资本及区域创新能力的测度指标体系,并运用指标体系采用因子分析方法对我国2006年31个省（市、区）的区域智力资本水平和区域创新能力进行了测度和评估。基于评估得分,运用简单相关分析、二阶偏相关分析和一阶偏相关分析对区域智力资本及其三要素与区域创新能力的相关性进行了研究。通过研究得出了区域智力资本及其三要素都能有效提升区域创新能力、区域智力资本三要素必须协调发展发挥协同作用才能有效地培育区域创新能力、以及在区域创新能力的培育中必须高度重视区域结构资本优化尤其是制度创新的重要结论。     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.