创新网络要素及其协同对科技创新绩效的影响研究

提升科技创新绩效是增强区域竞争优势的重要途径,因此关于科技创新绩效影响机理的研究受到诸多学者的重视。但很少有学者从协同理论视角实证分析区域创新网络要素及其协同对地区科技创新绩效的作用。文章运用协同度模型测度了各省级区域创新网络要素间的协同能力,并实证分析了要素及其协同能力对各地区科技创新绩效的影响。研究表明:各区域创新网络要素间协同度、科技创新绩效呈改善趋势,但总体水平较低;创新主体素质、金融机构及技术中介服务水平、政府支持力度、知识转移与应用效率及创新要素全面协同对地区科技创新绩效具有显著正向影响。硬环境与可测量部分的软环境因素在5%的显著性水平上对创新绩效的影响作用不显著,但在10%的水平上其作用是显著的。创新文化的地区差异性对科技创新绩效产生显著影响,且该影响随时间的推移而增强。最后,提出了相应策略建议。研究的结果可以为区域创新决策者提供启示,为其采取相应创新政策提供参考。     

人力资本不平等对全要素生产力增长的影响研究

本文通过理论和实证分析研究了人力资本不平等对全要素生产力增长的影响。文章首先对人力资本不平等影响全要素生产力增长率的作用进行了数理分析。在实证研究部分,采用DEA包络分析法计算了1995-2005年30个省的全要素生产力增长率及其两个组成部分——技术进步率和效率变化率的曼奎斯特指数,利用30个省的面板数据分别用三个计量经济模型对人力资本水平和人力资本不平等与全要素生产力增长率、技术进步率和技术效率变化率之间的关系进行了实证检验。通过理论与实证分析提出本文的政策建议。     

R&D影响全要素生产率的行业异质性——来自中国制造业的经验证据

RD是提高全要素生产率的重要途径,RD投资对全要素生产率的促进效果会由于行业性质的差异而有所不同。本文在RD资本存量的基础上,测算了产业间、国际贸易和FDI三种渠道下的RD资本溢出以更为全面地考察研发投资的作用,进而以2000—2009年中国制造业数据为样本实证检验了RD影响全要素生产率的行业异质性,结果发现:在资源加工业和机械电子业中,RD投资和产业间RD溢出推动了全要素生产率的增长,但国际贸易与FDI渠道下的RD溢出对全要素生产率具有一定的抑制作用;对于轻纺制造业来说,RD投资并没有转化为全要素生产率的提高,来自产业间、国际贸易和FDI的RD溢出却都有助于其生产率改善。     

考虑非期望产出的制造业能源生态效率地区差异研究——基于SBM和Tobit模型的两阶段分析

目前,全球制造业竞争格局正面临重构,为了提升我国制造业国际竞争力,需要进一步提高制造业能源生态效率。本文考虑生产过程中的非期望产出,将制造业废气、废水、固体废物排放量纳入产出变量,首先构建SBM模型对我国2000-2016年30个省市的制造业能源生态效率进行测算,接着对制造业能源生态效率地区差异进行深入分析,最后采用Tobit模型对全国及东中西地区制造业能源生态效率的影响因素进行实证分析。结果显示全国历年制造业能源生态效率均值为0.44,总体处于中低等发展水平,省际差异显著。制造业能源生态效率整体上呈现上升趋势,纯技术效率较低是制约制造业能源生态效率上升的主要原因。统计期内东部地区综合效率值明显高于中西部地区,但规模效率显著低于中西部地区。经济发展水平对全国及东中西部制造业能源生态效率的影响最为显著,其影响效应分别为0.079、0.123、0.172和0.104。除经济发展水平外,研发投入、能源消费结构等因素对全国及东中西部制造业能源生态效率影响程度均不相同。为了提高我国制造业整体能源生态效率,缩小空间差异,总体上应采取优化制造业产业结构、实施创新驱动战略、提升清洁能源消费比重、改善国企公司治理等,而各地区应依据综合效率分解结果及各因素影响效应采用相适用的对策。     

收入不平等孰甚:地区间抑或城乡间

本文认为泰尔指数分解先后次序会影响我们对收入不平等问题的判断,先按城乡分解后按地区分解倾向于夸大城乡间收入不平等,先按地区分解后按城乡分解则倾向于夸大地区间收入不平等。为此,本文同时采用两种分解过程,并提取了纯地区间收入不平等和纯城乡间收入不平等,从静态角度分析孰轻孰重问题。然后沿用并扩展了Mookherjee和Shorrocks给出的研究方法从比较静态角度对收入不平等的变动进行分解,考察收入不平等增量中地区间收入不平等变动与城乡间收入不平等变动及人口流动等因素的贡献。研究结论表明:城乡间收入不平等较地区间收入不平等更甚,它与总收入不平等变动具有很强的同步性,在总收入不平等变动的4个阶段中,城乡间收入不平等变动在总收入不平等变动中始终处于主导地位;地区间收入不平等弱于城乡间收入不平等,但它基本上呈单调递增的特征,累积效应明显;另外,目前城乡间人口流动倾向于推动收入不平等的上升,而地区间人口流动有助于收入不平等的缩小。     

中国能源绩效的动态演化、地区差距与成因识别——基于一种新型全要素能源生产率变动指标

基于"全要素"与"产出多样性"双重约束,提出一种新型的生态全要素能源生产率变动指标,从静态和动态的双重视角出发,系统地研究了我国区域能源绩效。研究发现:我国能源尚未实现由低效率向高效率的转型,呈现"上升—下降—下降—回升"的演进态势;能源效率的总体差距趋于加大,地区间和地区内均不存在收敛现象,区域间差距和西部地区内部差距是主要贡献因素;忽略非合意产出将导致全要素能源生产率指标被高估,尤其是能源使用技术进步率的高估现象更为明显;我国全要素能源生产率实现累积性增长,技术进步是主要驱动力,能源效率并未出现"追赶效应";随着区域发展战略由"不平衡导向"向"协调导向"转变,全要素能源生产率并未出现"协调发展"与"加速增长",四大地区普遍呈现增速放缓态势,东部归因于技术进步速率降低,中部、西部和东北则归因于技术进步速率下降和能源效率下滑双重影响;全要素能源生产率增速峰值区由珠三角和长三角向京津冀转移;资源型省份陷入"资源诅咒",生态全要素能源生产率发展态势不容乐观。     

马克思的国际贸易理论及其当代价值

马克思的国际贸易理论是马克思政治经济学的重要组成部分，其体系完整，逻辑严密，深刻揭露了国际贸易中不平等交换的本质。只要国与国之间生产率存在差异，不平等交换就会永远存在。而目前我国的国际贸易中存在的问题说明了我国是不平等交换的受害者。因此，马克思的国际贸易理论，启示我国应努力缩小与发达国家的生产率差距，转变对外贸易战略，尽快形成自己的竞争优势。     

所有权配置与合作R&D创新投入——实验研究

设计合理的所有权配置合约是合作RD过程中的重要环节,促进合作RD效率是中国创新面临的关键问题之一。本研究通过构建基本的两阶段合作RD框架,运用实验研究方法,对所有权配置比例与合作双方两阶段投入的影响以及动态所有权配置方式在激励合作RD方面的优势进行了分析。结果表明,双方的投入与所有权分配的比例正相关;可转债合约下的动态权益分配方式对于双方的激励作用高于固定权益合约。并且在固定权益契约下,开发阶段双方的投入均与研究阶段双方的投入显著正相关;在可转债契约下,对方在研究阶段的投入对自身开发阶段投入的影响减弱。另外,在可转债契约下,随着研究机构投入水平的增加,企业执行转股期权的可能性增强。     

中国高新技术产业集聚模式对绿色创新效率的影响研究

基于包含非期望产出的Super-SBM模型、中介效应、门槛效应,对中国高新技术产业绿色创新效率的空间差异性、专业化和多样化两种集聚模式以及地区人口规模对绿色创新效率的影响进行实证分析。结果表明:我国高新技术产业绿色创新效率存在东-中-西-东北依次递减特征;地区人口规模在多样化集聚和绿色创新效率的关系中发挥部分中介效应。进一步研究发现,在地区人口规模视角下,专业化集聚阻碍绿色创新效率且阻碍作用逐渐扩大,多样化集聚促进绿色创新效率且促进作用先缓慢扩大后逐渐减弱。因此,应因地制宜采取差异化战略;根据各地人口规模引导高新技术产业集聚,发挥产业集聚模式的正外部性,协同推进各区域绿色可持续发展。     

基于基尼系数浅析我国地区税负差异及形成原因

本文用基尼系数作为分析我国地区间税负不平等的工具和量化指标,以2004年数据为基础考察了我国地区间税负不平等的程度。结果显示,在我国各省间的税负差异明显,并且西部地区各省间税负差异小于中部和东部。在此基础上,本文还分析了我国地区税负不平等的原因,主要包括各地区产业结构差异,贸易结构差异,省际间税收竞争,税收制度以及税收优惠等原因。     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.