加强西部民族地区生态环境保护法制建设促进西部可持续发展

我国是一个幅员辽阔，多民族的社会主义国家。西部地区主要为少数民族聚居区，少数民族人口占全国总人口的8．04％。在全国960万平方公里的国土面积中，民族地区达612万平方公里，占国土总面积的64。3％。民族地区有着丰富的自然资源和物产资源。在我国具有极其重要的战略地位。实施西部大开发，是新形势下进一步维护国家统一、社会稳定和安全，缩小东西部差距，     

切实保护改善西部地区生态环境

在实施西部大开发战略中,切实保护和改善生态环境至关重要。保护和改善西部地区的生态环境不仅对保护全国的生态环境具有重要意义,同时对于保护东部地区改革开放的成果,保护中华民族的生存空间均具有重要意义。因此,强化生态环境意识,切实采取措施加强西部地区的生态建设,刻不容缓。     

西部民族地区生态文明建设问题探析

Ecological civilization is a mode of civilization which is constructed on the concept of multiple-wins, such as economic benefit, social benefit and environmental benefit, etc. It requires that a harmonious relationship between man and nature permeate various aspects of civilization, such as material civilization, spiritual civilization, and political civilization, forming an ecological mode for production, living, consumption, and other behaviors. The theories and practices of eco￣logical civilization both at home and abroad, as well as the strategic planning for the construction of ecological civilization in China, have constituted important theoretical and practical guidelines for the construction of ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas of China.
Constructing ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has important theoretical and practical significance. Compared with the eastern part of China or the whole country, the level of e￣conomic and social development in the western eth￣nic areas still lags behind; energy consumption is generally high , and the number of national key ecologically functional areas is large. Furthermore, these areas face a daunting task for their environ￣mental protection and energy saving. In addition, the most concentrated areas of desertification in China are found in the western ethnic areas, espe￣cially Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Qing￣hai. Therefore, the construction of ecological civi￣lization in the western ethnic areas has an impor￣tant role for the sustainable development of the e￣conomy and society, ecological security, energy saving and emission reduction, and the prevention of land desertification.
Generally speaking, the western ethnic areas actively participate in the national demonstration areas of the construction of ecological civilization, and constantly improve the level of ecological civi￣lization construction. However, their overall level is low, and the differences between various prov￣inces are considerable. Although the western eth￣nic areas have rich forest resources, tourism re￣sources, etc. for the construction of ecological civ￣ilization, they still face many problems in the use of their ecological resources and the construction of ecological civilization.
As noted above, the western ethnic areas ac￣tively take part in the construction of the key na￣tional ecological civilization demonstration areas. At present, among the 55 ecological civilization demonstration areas of China, 22 are in the west￣ern ethnic areas. These demonstration areas are actively exploring the construction of ecological civilization by taking the property rights of natural resources, ecological compensation and cadres as￣sessment, etc. into consideration.
As just noted, although the level of the con￣struction of an ecological civilization in western ethnic areas has been improving, the overall level is still low. The overall level of ecological civiliza￣tion in western ethnic areas lags significantly be￣hind the nation or eastern regions. In addition, the levels of every province are quite different. For in￣stance, the level of Guangxi and Yunnan is rela￣tively high. Therefore, the construction of ecologi￣cal civilization must be adapted to the local condi￣tions of the provinces.
There are a large number of key forestry en￣terprises in the western ethnic areas, but the struc￣ture of the forestry industry is not equitable. For￣estry is an important force, and provides important content for the construction of ecological civiliza￣tion. On the one hand, there are a large number of key national forestry enterprises in the western eth￣nic areas, but their distribution is not balanced. At present, there are 295 key national forestry en￣terprises , among which 48 are found in the western ethnic areas and are included in the list. Among them, the advantage held by Guangxi and Yunnan’s forest resources are obvious, while those in Tibet, Ningxia and Qinghai are not so obvious. On the other hand, the forestry resources in the western ethnic areas are unevenly distributed, and the structure of the forestry industry is not equita￣ble;the proportion of the primary industry of for￣estry is too high, and the proportion of the second￣ary industry is relatively low. This means that the economic benefits of forestry resources are not fully transformed, something which has seriously affect￣ed the promotion of ecological civilization.
Tourism resources in the western ethnic areas are rich, but the contradiction between tourism de￣velopment and environmental protection is sharp. The tourism industry can effectively improve the level of ecological civilization construction. With rich tourism resources in the western ethnic areas, the tourism industry has become one of the impor￣tant regional pillar industries, especially in Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi. However, the conditions of tourism infrastructure and the tourism environment are still relatively backward in western ethnic areas. This is seen especially in the tourist foreign exchange income ratio which is not high. In addition, theunique tourism resources have not strongly attracted more overseas visitors; and, as just said, there are contradictions between regional tourism development and ecological environment protection, which are still very sharp.
The construction of an ecological civilization is a complicated social system project. The con￣struction of an ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has just started, so we need to in￣tegrate the idea of ecological civilization throughout political, economic, cultural, and social construc￣tion. Furthermore, we need to promote the process of ecological civilization construction according to the local conditions by taking the central authorities’ construction plan of ecological civiliza￣tion as guidance; consider the economic develop￣ment level of each province; and the characteris￣tics of ecological protection and resource environ￣ment in ethnic areas.
First of all, we should change the concept of government at all levels and the entire society in western ethnic areas, and improve the system of ecological civilization construction. For this pur￣pose, we must:( i) strengthen the top-level de￣sign of the ecological civilization system; ( ii) im￣prove relevant systems, such as the development of the national land space; and ( iii ) improve envi￣ronmental protection and ecological compensation in the western ethnic areas and the whole country. Furthermore, through making use of both formal systems, such as political, economic and legal ones, and informal systems, such as ecological culture, we should jointly safeguard and promote the construction of ecological civilization. On the one hand, we must establish and improve various policies related to finance, tax, population and land to improve the level of ecological political civ￣ilization in the western ethnic areas from the level of central government to local administrations. On the other hand, the central government and local administrations in the western ethnic areas must enhance the awareness of the construction of eco￣logical civilization through various ways, including school education and the internet.
Secondly, we should vigorously develop the advantages of the ecological industry in western ethnic areas, such as ecological tourism, ecologi￣cal agriculture and other ecological industries. The construction of ecological civilization should strive to find a balance between ecological environment and stable economic growth. Therefore, according to the characteristics of their ecological environ￣ment, resources, climate and the capacity of the ecological carrying capacity, we should choose ec￣ological industries suitable for regional develop￣ment, such as ecological agriculture, ecological tourism;change the original model of industrial de￣velopment to an ecological mode of production, and improve the level of ecological civilization while protecting the environment.
Thirdly, we should speed up the development of secondary and tertiary industries of forestry in the western ethnic areas, and further optimize the structure of the forestry industry. For this purpose we must further increase forestry investment and construction;and improve the total output value of forestry through afforestation, returning farmland to forest, and coordinating the relationship between the economic forest and ecological forest. Moreo￣ver, we should actively participate in China’s forest food certification and forest certification program;improve the proportion of secondary and tertiary forestry industires; take the initiative to transform the advantage of forestry resources into economic advantages;and improve the level of civilization of the ecological environment.
Finally, it is necessary for the western ethnic areas to continue the practice of constructing an ec￣ological civilization. Though adjustment to local conditions, and actively exploring the practice of ecological civilization construction, we should gradually accumulate experience in the construc￣tion of ecological civilization for the western ethnic areas, and even the whole country. In particular, in Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai, we must active￣ly promote the process of regional ecological civili￣zation construction based on the scheme of their own ecological civilization demonstration area pro￣grams. In addition, the western ethnic areas should fully play an important role in informal in￣stitutions, such as national ecological culture.     

西部开发与贵州民族地区生态问题

西部大开发作为我国面向新世纪所作出的重大决策 ,生态环境问题是其切入点和突破口。文章分析了贵州民族地区生态环境面临的诸多问题 ,阐述了在西部开发中加快贵州民族地区生态环境建设的对策思路 ,提出需要强化可持续发展观 ,把消除贫困与经济建设、人口控制和生态环境保护利用相结合 ;调整利益格局和帮扶方式 ;加大对外开放 ,争取政策、资金、技术的支持和协作 ;完善民族自治地方法规体系 ,促进经济社会与生态环境的协调发展     

发展民族传统医药 建设西部生态文化

我国 56个民族都有自己的文传医学或口承医学,都有本民族传统医疗经验和医药成就,其中,汉医学(中医学)、藏医学、蒙古医学、维吾尔医学、傣医学都建立了完整的医疗、教学和科研体系,具有独特的理论体系和代表性的经典著作;壮、苗、彝、朝鲜、土家等民族医学在历代传承中,也得到较为广泛的传扬。     

我国西部地区经济开发的生态问题

我国西部是少数民族聚居地区,以农业经济为主,自然条件复杂,由于历史等方面的原因,这里的农耕生态、森林生态和草原生态受破坏严重,要改变这种状况,必须从发展生态农业入手,把经济效益、生态效益和社会效益三者结合起来,建立生态优化的生产体系,实现生态与经济两个良性循环和资源的合理利用。     

中国少数民族生态保护研究述评

少数民族生态保护对实现民族地区可持续发展、全面建成小康社会和中华民族永续发展意义重大,引发了众多学者的研究和关注。文章总结和梳理了我国近20年少数民族生态保护方面的研究成果,内容涉及少数民族生态保护的现实困境、正面影响因素、现代启示、路径探讨四个方面,简要评述了少数民族生态保护研究中存在的问题,以期为学界今后研究少数民族生态保护提供参考和借鉴。     

藏传佛教慈悲伦理与生态保护

"慈爱众生"、"利乐有情"是藏传佛教伦理思想的纲要。"慈爱众生"的伦理观具有生态道德的价值,也是佛教生态伦理的重要内容。挖掘和梳理藏传佛教的生态伦理及其实践的同时,要进一步推动藏传佛教传统生态伦理的现代转换。     

中国西部地区民族无形文化遗产的保护

文化遗产包含有形文化遗产和无形文化遗产。中国是世界上无形文化遗产蕴藏最丰富的国家之一，西部地区又是中国无形文化遗产蕴藏最丰富的地区。民族无形文化遗产与有形文化遗产一样，都是文化遗产的重要组成部分。有形文化遗产因以物质形式存在遗存下来，受到了国际国内足够的重视，得到了合理、有效的抢救和保护。但长期以来，民族无形文化遗产的抢救和保护，还没有引起社会的普遍关注，流失、消逝现象仍显突出。保护民族无形文化遗产，同样是在保护我们的文化遗产，我们没有丝毫的理由让这笔珍贵的民族文化瑰宝无声无息地从我们眼皮下消失…     

西部大开发“生态”命运如何?

李文华说 :“从来没有一个时期 ,国家对我国西部的开发和生态提得这么高。从国家领导人的重视 ,到各部门的决心和各种政策的制定 ,种种迹象表明 :我国西部正面临着经济大发展的难得的机遇和一个从长期的生态赤字、生态破坏到生态建设的历史性的转折点。”我们就西部开发与生态建设的问题采访了中国科学院工程院士、生态学专家李文华西部大开发是党中央的重大决策，也是当前全国人民和科技界瞩目的交点。从来没有一个时期 ,国家对我国西部的开发和生态提得这么高。从国家领导人的重视 ,到各部门的决心和各种政策的制定 ,种种迹象表明 :我国西…     

论西部民族地区生态补偿机制的建构

西部民族地区是我国的生态屏障,但落后的产业结构、大规模的基础设施建设、国家重点项目的建设等不断给该地区生态环境恶化增量,使西部民族地区难以可持续发展,建构完善的全方位的生态补偿机制迫在眉睫。     

试论西部民族地区生态环境保护的法律构建

西部民族地区的生态环境建设关系到西部大开发战略的实施,关系到区域经济的发展,关系到民族地区的稳定和边疆安全。为了实现经济社会和生态环境保护的和谐发展,客观上要求我们必须在西部民族地区不断完善生态环境保护的法制体系,重视运用法律手段引导、规范、促进和保障西部民族地区生态环境的平衡协调。     

生态旅游:生态博物馆生态保护与旅游发展的平衡点

生态博物馆和生态旅游都强调文化生态保护与旅游发展的"双赢",强调社区的参与和利益.按照生态旅游的理念进行生态博物馆旅游开发,能建立旅游与文化生态互动的良性发展的机制,实现生态博物馆保护与发展的"双赢".     

民族文化生态特征与民族文化生态保护关系研究

民族文化生态是指民族文化各要素之间以及民族文化与其所处民族生境之间的制衡关系,这种制衡存在是维护民族稳态延续的根本动力.民族文化生态应包含区域性、系统性、动态性和脆弱性等特征.少数民族在其历史进程中,在不断地应对民族生境时,构建了特有的民族文化生态,要建设好民族文化生态保护区,必须准确认知少数民族文化生态特征,这样民族文化生态保护区建设工作,才具有针对性和实效性.     

有关保护、开发西部人文资源的思考

我今天到这里来不是作学术报告,而是想结识一些艺术家的朋友,上个月的8号曲院长到我家,邀请我到这里来同大家见面,后来身体出了一点小毛病,在医院住了半个月,现在已经恢复了,所以,我来了却这个心愿.今天来开会的新老两个文化部长都是我的朋友,一个是我的老乡(孙家正部长),一个是我50年前交的朋友(周巍峙老部长).     

浅谈藏族神山崇拜与生态保护

藏族文化融佛教和藏族土生土长的宗教一苯教于一体,以其博大精深和个性独具在世界文化长廊里显得璀璨夺目、绚丽多姿。尤其它在生态伦理方面积淀的优秀品质,让人类在人本主义思潮下导致今天所面临的自然环境极度恶化的现代文明望尘莫及、叹为观止。     

立法保护苍山洱海的生态和谐

苍山、洱海是云南省的名山圣湖,为国家级风景名胜区与自然保护区,更是白族形成与发展的摇篮。但在相当长一段时间,由于无序开发和生态保护意识淡漠,给苍山、洱海的生态环境造成很大危害,这种情况如果延续下去,白族地区的可持续发展将难以为继。为了从根本上解决问题,大理白族自治州采用立法手段保护苍山洱海,为保障人与自然和谐相处,     

西部大开发与四川民族地区生态经济建设

四川民族地区处于长江、黄河上游的特殊地理位置,这决定了它在西部大开发中以生态环境治理为目标的发展方向。本文从四川民族地区在西部大开发中的这一特殊地位出发,分析了国家区域经济分工中四川民族地区的地位变化对四川民族地区的影响,指出四川民族地区的发展方向是建立生态经济体系,并提出了为四川民族地区的生态公共产品定价、建立生态公共产品价格支付方式的建议。     

生态与民族经济——开发西部地区资源必须坚持生态第一的原则

人类是自然界重要的一员,生态是人类赖以生存的基础。经济的发展与生态有如鱼水关系,生态平衡是经济平衡和增长的客观基础,经济系统一时一刻也离不开生态系统,这是不因国别或民族不同而异的。因此,使民族地区繁荣昌盛并永不衰败,就必须探讨生态与民族经济的相互关系。占我国国土面积的三分之二,包括十一个省区在内的我国西部少数民族地区,是中国目前资源最丰富的地区,同时也是我国经济振兴的希望所在。下个世纪,国家将把建设重点转移到这一地区。在大规模开发西部