老年残疾问题及其社会政策思考——基于第二次残疾人抽样调查广东数据分析

人口老龄化快速发展致使老年残疾人口快速增加,改变了残疾人口结构和残疾人社会保障与服务需求,老年残疾问题凸显为重要社会问题。本文利用第二次全国残疾人抽样调查数据。分析了老年残疾人的分布状况、生活状况、残疾状况、康复服务与需求状况,指出残疾老年人经济贫困而社会保障不足。本文从社会保障、社会服务、社会救助等层面提出了完善老年残疾人社会政策的若干建议。     

苏州残疾人社会保障状况和发展研究

从现代“社会增权型”残疾人社会保障的观点来看。苏州市残疾人社会保障制度仍然受到了传统“生活补救型”残疾人保障观的束缚,应该探索适应社会主义市场经济体制的残疾人保障新模式,以增进残疾人的市场行为能力,使其融入社会生活,同时重建苏州市残疾人社会保障制度。     

高龄失能老人居住方式及影响因素的实证研究

高龄失能老人居住方式直接影响到长期照护服务质量,通过对211位高龄失能老人的调查,发现他们理想的居住方式与现实的居住方式之间存在很大差异,大多数高龄失能老人理想的居住方式是与家人同住,而现实的居住方式则是入住养老机构比例在大幅度提高。经济与社会支持因素对高龄失能老人理想居住方式有较大影响,而居住地、婚姻状况、儿女数量等多因素阻碍他们实现理想的居住方式,使他们不得不居住在养老机构。在研究的基础上,提出社区应整合社会多方资源将照护服务递送到居家高龄失能老人身边,同时提高机构照护服务质量,使身居养老机构的高龄失能老人在接受专业化照护服务的同时感受到居家的温馨,以实现高龄失能老人理想的居住方式,满足他们对长期照护服务的需求。     

从有限特惠向专门保障的转向——基于东北农村残疾人问题的调查

社会保障制度的完整性不仅体现在对一般群体的普惠性给予方面,更应该体现在对特殊群体的特惠性关照方面。残疾人是特殊困难的群体,面向全民的社会保障制度难以解决残疾人群体的特殊需要和特殊困难。只有实现从有限特惠向专门保障制度的转向,通过构建以残疾人为对象的专门社会保障制度,弥补他们无法自我修补的欠缺,使残疾人群体的特殊困难能够得到合理解决,才能真正实现残疾人"平等、参与、共享"的理想目标,提高其心理素质及自我管理、约束和发展的能力,实现其经济地位、社会地位的全面改善。     

Navigating disabling spaces: challenging ontological norms and the spatialization of difference through ‘Embodied Practices of Mobility’

This article draws from diary and interview data to look at the strategic ways in which disabled people use mobile devices to navigate their social and spatial world. The data reveal that space is not passively perceived, but rather actively challenged and reconfigured. The concept of ‘embodied practices of mobility’ is introduced to account for the ways in which disabled people negotiate access and inclusion. By using mobile devices to access information, connect with others and engage in advocacy, participants are contesting spaces that are arranged according to preconceived ontological norms and asserting their embodied presence.     

老年残疾人身份认同问题研究

身份认同是老年残疾人精神心理问题的一个重要方面。结合北京市老年残疾人入户访谈调查相关资料,对老年残疾人身份认同的基本内涵、特征、应对策略等方面进行了分析,并从人口学和社会学的角度对其特征进行了探讨。认为,老年残疾人的身份认同主要集中在个体认同、自我身份认同、群体认同与社会身份认同等四个方面;老年残疾人的身份认同对其日常生活以及生活质量均具有重要影响;弱化老年残疾人的弱势认同,增强老年残疾人的集群认同感,优化老年残疾人的社会人身份认同感,是改善老年残疾人精神心理状态、提升其生活质量的重要途径。     

高龄失能老人照顾者精神健康状况研究：基于性别分析视角

关于影响高龄失能老人照顾者精神健康因素的解释。基于“压力-应对”模型,强调照顾者的精神健康受到照顾压力的影响,而在此框架下,照顾者的性别差异议题受到较少关注,本文试图解释高龄失能老人照顾者的性别角色存在何种差异,并如何对其进行有效干预。本文运用问卷调查数据予以检定,结果表明,男性和女性照顾者相比较,女性照顾者的抑郁程度高于男性照顾者,对健康状况的自我评价也低于男性照顾者。在照顾压力和社会支持方面。男性和女性照顾者存在性别差异．而在孝道文化方面则未呈现明显的性别差异。本研究基本上肯定了照顾者的性别差异,对于女性照顾者而言,社会工作者应在临床上促进其正向体验并减轻照顾负担,及早处理她们的问题。     

农村进城照顾孙辈的“候鸟式”老人在城生活状况调查——一项探索性研究

近年来，自农村进城照顾孙辈的“候鸟式”老人群体已颇具规模，因其流动性大、缺乏空间集聚性及无明确群体意识等特质，群体权益尚未引起各界关注。本文在呈现该群体的“照顾孩子及料理家务”、“闲暇时间及活动”、“与子女关系”、“与老家关系”等四个次领域生活场景的基础上，呼吁政府、社区及非营利组织给予其应有的关注及相应服务。     

广州市就业服务资金近年来变动趋势之浅析

为促进广州市下岗失业人员再就业而开展的“一三一”就业服务,针对不同的服务对象与服务性质,对职业指导、职业介绍、职业培训采取不同的资助额度,有效地制止了失业率的上升,产生了积极的社会效益。     

从我国弱势群体的弱势特征看社会政策支助体系的设计框架——基于北京市老年残疾人视角的分析

建立科学的社会政策支助体系是满足弱势群体需求和推进和谐社会建设的重要方面。本文以北京市老年残疾人为对象,具体分析了弱势群体的弱势特征,并依据这些特征提出了包括政策目标、政策依据、政策原则、政策构架等部分的社会政策支助体系的设计框架。     

地震致残者生存状态与需求分析——来自四川省汶川地震灾区的调查

文章通过对汶川地震灾区调查所获数据,介绍震区致残者的基本情况,对其生存状态和需求进行分析。调查显示,地震致残者的生存状态不容乐观,其住房状况较差,婚姻问题多样,就业率和就业层次较低,社会保障力度相对薄弱,其中农村地震致残者的问题尤为突出。整体而言,由于特惠政策不到位等原因导致其核心需求满足低,长远需求与供给存在一定程度错位。另外,心理康复工作不完善使其全面康复得不到保障。针对地震致残者面临的现实问题,作者提出了一些相应的对策建议。     

Big Data and Social Indicators: Actual Trends and New Perspectives

Big Data are a top subject in international research articles and a vast debate is taking place on their actual capability of being used to complement or even substitute official statistics surveys and social indicators in particular. In this paper we analyse the metadata of the Scopus database of academic articles on Big Data and we show that most of the existing and intensively growing literature is focused on software and computational issues whilst articles that are specifically focused on statistical issues and on the procedures to build social indicators from Big Data are a much smaller share of this vast production. Nevertheless the works that focus on these topics show promising results because in developed countries Big Data seem to be a good information base to create reliable proxies of social indicators, whereas in developing countries their use (for instance using satellite images) may be a viable alternative to traditional surveys. However, Big Data based social indicators deeply suffer of a number of open issues that affect their actual use: they do not correspond to any sampling scheme and they are often representative of particular segments of the population; they generally are private process-produced data whose access by national statistical offices is rarely possible although the intrinsic value of the information contained in Big Data has a social importance that should be shared with the whole community; Big Data lack the socio-economic background on which social indicators have been founded and their help to policy makers in their decision process is a fully open point. Therefore Big Data may be a big opportunity for the definition of traditional or new social indicators but their statistical reliability should be further investigated and their availability and use should be internationally coordinated.     

江苏省残疾人社会保障的现状调查与对策研究

享有社会保障是残疾人的基本权利,为残疾人提供全面的社会保障不仅是社会公平和正义的体现,更是衡量各国经济发展和人权进步的重要标志。本文在2006年“全国残疾人第二次抽样调查”数据的基础上,分析了江苏省残疾人社会保障的现状、主要影响因素及制度建设情况,提出了完善江苏省社会保障体系的对策建议。     

Erzählung und „Bewältigung“

The topic of this paper is the change of perspective from the concept of “coping with illness” in a psychological sense to a concept of coping as “living with (chronic) illness” in a sociological sense. Whereas psychological and even some sociological research presupposes assumptions on causes and essentials of stress as well as on successful coping, we focused on the different ways, in which subjects define strain and their personal aim of coping. These subjective views might differ from the definitions of scientists as well. Furthermore we focus on the social constructions of illness and “normal living” and the social rules of coping with daily hassles, which underlay the subjective views. Assuming that the ways chronically ill resp. disabled persons look at stress and daily hassles is part of their coping, we conclude that stress and coping are mutually constituting each other. This dialectic process is influenced by the persons current situation, by the individual’s history and by cultural rules concerning appropriate coping resp. living with strain in general. Looking at these social rules and how they are modified under the conditions of illness and handicap was the topic of our research project “LIVE—Living and Defending Your Interests—Disabled Women”, financed by the German Fed. Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth and conducted 1996–1998. In this study a questionnaire was sent to 16 to 60 years old disabled women (return: N=987). Additionally a qualitative interview was conducted with N=60 of them. From a biographical approach the reconstruction of the main subjective patterns in their life histories led us to the social rules of appropriate “coping”. We can take this as a starting point for a sociological discussion of everyday living with chronic illness, that focuses on the social constitution of subjective meanings of stress resp. coping with illness, includes the social context and allows to integrate the gender perspective.     

A tentative discussion on problems of enhancement of population quality in China]

Population quality is an undeniable fact. It means people's scientific and cultural literacy, their ability to work, and their physical health condition. Population quality is influenced by sociological and physiological factors. Population quality improves as society and production power improve. Industrialization and rapid development in science and technology in western countries required workers with higher levels of education and physical concentration. In order to change the poor economic situation and achieve the "Four Modernizations" in China, a great number of people possessing knowledge of modern science and technology to manage modern production is needed. Agricultural and meat production need to be improved, thereby improving the people's physical health condition. The importance of population quantity control must be realized. In order to lower the population growth rate we can increase the economic development and improve people's educational level and physical health. To improve population quality we should continue nationwide family planning programs, change our educational structure (increase vocational training and utilize the electronic media and correspondence courses), improve the physical health of children and youth, expand our social welfare system, and emphasize research on genetics and eugenics.     

The potential of social indicators: Minimum conditions for impact at the national level as suggested by a study of the use of ‘social indicators’ 73

Empirical evidence is presented which suggests that the use of social indicators among upper level government officials in the United States is minimal at present. Further, the level of use is not likely to be increased by improved measurement procedures, aesthetically improved packaging, or more widespread dissemination of such information among persons who influence policy decisions. The power of such information can be expected to be no greater than that of ‘mere’ statistics unless deliberate effort is made to institutionalize the importance of social indicators into government operations in conjunction with policy planning, goal setting, and commitment to the use of indicators as a system of national evaluation of progress toward the achievement of societal objectives. Several recommendations are made to develop the potential of social indicators and to increase their creative and useful application in matters of public policy at the national level.     

Is population growth a deterrent to development in the South Pacific?

Some have argued that population growth deters development, while others claim that population growth either aids development or has no significant effect on development. In a sample of South Pacific nations, population growth and size were found to be unrelated to economic development, defined as GDP per capita. However, when indices of quality of life or social development such as mortality, health services and education were used, population growth and size were found to be negatively related to these indices. If these “quality of life” indices are valued by nations, an argument may exist for policy support for family planning.     

中国残疾人就业的成就、问题与促进措施

就业是残疾人改善生活状况、参与社会生活和实现人生价值的主要途径。近年来,我国残疾人的就业率、就业规模和就业服务均取得很大进展,但在总体就业形势十分严峻的大背景之下,作为最困难群体的残疾人就业更为艰难,存在就业层次低、收入水平低和发展不平衡等问题。为实现残疾人分享经济社会发展的成果,必须采取系列有效措施,大力促进残疾人充分就业。     

China＇s Social Security Policy

The Chinese government actively promotes the development of social welfare, raising funds through various channels to provide social welfare benefits for the elderly, orphans and the disabled.     

Rural out-migration and resource-dependent communities in Mexico and India

Resource regimes are complex social–ecological systems that operate at multiple levels. Using data from two distinct cultural and environmental contexts (Mexico and India), this paper looks at the susceptibility and response of such regimes to rural out-migration. As a driver of demographic and cultural change, out-migration impacts both the practices and institutional arrangements that define territorial resource use and management. The research shows that critical yet poorly recognised shifts in migration dynamics can increase the pressures felt locally and serve to reduce the effectiveness of institutional adaptations at the community level. From an environmental perspective, the research adds to the body of work examining the impacts of rural depopulation on land and seascapes and associated biological diversity. We question the assumption that rural–urban migration necessarily simulates ecosystem recovery and aids conservation. This finding is timely as funding agencies and government programs show belated interest in the consequences of out-migration for environmental management, resource use and rural livelihoods in tropical country settings.