生产性财政支出、经济增长与社会福利最大化

从理论与实证两个方面研究生产性财政支出对经济增长与社会福利的促进作用这一财政领域十分关注的问题.理论研究中,通过构建包含政府财政消费性支出和生产性支出的内生增长模型,推导了经济增长和社会福利最大化目标下各自最优的生产性财政支出结构,并分析了政府生产性财政支出在两目标下最优支出结构的差异及原因.实证研究发现,2004年～2012年间,中国的东、中、西三大经济带政府生产性支出在社会福利目标下的最优占比普遍低于经济增长目标;而在2004年～2008年间,政府实际的生产性财政支出占比还未达到两目标下的最优占比值,政府的生产性财政支出还有进一步提升的空间;但在2009年～2012年间,政府实际的生产性财政支出占比已接近甚至超过了两目标下的最优占比值,继续增加生产性财政支出将对经济增长与社会福利的提升都产生抑制作用,尤其在东部地区、中部地区更为明显.因此,在中国经济发展进入"新常态"时期,政府更需审时度势、通过适时优化财政支出以促进经济增长与社会福利的最大化.     

供应商资金约束下考虑政府补贴的供应链绿色生产决策研究

基于中小供应商面临资金约束的现实情境,将政府绿色信贷和绿色产品补贴引入供应链绿色生产决策系统,建立政府、制造商、供应商博弈模型,分析供应链最优绿色生产决策。研究表明:①提高消费者绿色敏感度有助于企业扩大生产、提高产品绿色度,在一定范围内增加社会福利;②降低供应商绿色投入占比会在缓解融资压力的同时增加社会福利;③绿色信贷补贴下,绿色敏感度的提高增加了融资压力,但绿色产品补贴下,仅当绿色敏感度较低时此结论才必然成立;④当绿色敏感度较低时,绿色信贷补贴更能激励绿色生产,改善社会福利水平,反之绿色产品补贴更优。     

基于两阶段博弈模型的钢铁行业碳强度减排机制研究

减少温室气体排放,高耗能行业将承担主要的减排任务,不同的减排机制对减排任务在不同技术水平的企业间分配和减排成本影响不同,而且对企业竞争力和社会福利有影响。本文构造了一个两阶段动态博弈模型,以两个代表性钢铁企业(东部和西部)为研究对象,来考察在完成一定减排目标前提下,政府设置统一碳税和差异化碳税对减排成本、社会经济福利、企业竞争力等的影响。实证结果表明:统一碳税下,钢铁行业产量降幅较小,行业减排任务分解的更加平均,西部钢铁企业竞争力损失较小;差异税下,实现既定减排目标的减排成本较小;社会经济福利损失较小,且随着减排目标的不断升高,两种碳税下社会经济福利损失之差有拉大的趋势;东部钢铁企业竞争力提高幅度较大,但对西部钢铁企业的负面影响十分明显。因此,在碳税机制设计时应充分考虑不同税率模式对减排任务分解、钢铁行业产量、社会经济福利以及企业竞争力的具体影响,需要在社会成本较低和个体企业的竞争力受影响较小之间进行权衡。     

社保投入有利于企业提高劳动生产率吗？——基于“中国企业—劳动力匹配调查”数据的实证研究

现有文献认为,社保投入对企业劳动生产率存在成本效应、激励效应两种不同的影响。由于大样本数据的缺乏,现阶段对于社会保险企业投入的讨论大多停留在其对企业生产的抑制效应。然而,本文运用随机分层抽样的"中国企业-劳动力匹配调查"(CEES)数据,就社保投入对于企业劳动生产率的影响效应、影响机制进行了创新性地实证研究。基准回归表明,在充分剔除选择性偏误的前提下,社保投入对于劳动生产率的激励效应更强。随着人均社保投入每增加10%,企业劳动生产率平均提高3.5%。进一步地,实证研究发现:人力资本、创新精神与管理效率是社保投入对于企业劳动生产率产生激励效应的重要渠道;其中,与人力资本、创新精神相比,管理效率更为重要。与大部分基于发达经济体微观数据的实证研究有所不同,本文发现:对于现阶段我国经济而言,社保投入对企业生产要素投入的成本挤出效应并不明显,社会保险通过激励员工从而促进企业生产率的发展。     

基于Swarm的不同合约发电市场中多主体博弈仿真

为了研究合约电量比率对政府税收、社会福利、市场规模及构成的影响,本文提出一种基于Swarm的不同合约发电市场中多主体博弈模型.通过该仿真模型可以得出结论:税收作为一种政府调节手段,随着合约电量比率的减少将变得更有效;当生产能力确定,合约电量比率增加到一定值,政府将不能通过调整税率使实际社会福利最大化;对于不同的合约电量比率,社会福利最大化下的电力市场规模及结构不同.     

Social impact: The Pharmaceutical Industry

Given the intensity, volatility and direction of social trends, the future of a pharmaceutical company can only be effectively appraised by evaluating the social context within which the contemporary pharmaceutical industry operates.There is an immediate need for pharmaceutical companies to regard the social environment as the key strategy issue in long range planning due to the pervasiveness of social influence. Through perceptions of need, society can influence resource allocation and exercise public control over most facets of innovation, production, distribution and marketing of drugs and in the funds available by controlling prices and profits. Unfortunately a recent attitude study on the future of the multinational pharmaceutical industry indicates that a low level of impact is accorded to the Social Environment.The Social Environment of the future can only be evaluated successfully by utilizing effective social forecasting techniques.Unless the Social Environment is regarded as the central strategy issue and effective social forecasting techniques are adopted there is a very real danger that a socially and economically valuable industry will be progressively less able to meet its commitment to contribute effectively to the future well-being of society.     

可持续发展系统视角下煤炭工业评价指标体系

在对可持续发展系统进行辩证法分析的基础上,探讨了可持续发展系统观指导下煤炭工业评价体系的构成和机理,以此来促进煤炭工业的健康发展。     

《管理: 从系统性到复杂性》读后感

随着中国社会经济进入一个发展的新时代, 在一个快速多变的世界中, 重申生产 (服务) 管理的复杂性特征是非常重要的观点.当现实生产 (服务) 系统由于颠覆性技术的出现、由于全球化出现新的格局而从简单到复杂、从封闭到开放, 其自适应、涌现、自相似等特征已经不容忽视, 因而也为未来管理研究提供了新的探索方向.     

Metropolitan Planning and the Phenomenon of Reurbanisation: The Example of Liverpool

This paper considers the process and dynamics of reurbanisation and its implications for metropolitan planning. After brief consideration of reurbanisation trends in the UK, through a case study of the city of Liverpool in North West England, the paper explores how these recent trends of population regrowth and changing patterns of housing production (including purpose-built student accommodation) have affected the social structure of the city and what are the implications for planning policy? The paper concludes that population regrowth has been associated with increased spatial social segregation but is likely to continue and will shape future metropolitan planning.     

中国包容性绿色增长绩效评价体系的构建及应用

在总结经典文献和权威机构观点的基础上，从包容性绿色增长的理论内涵出发，尝试运用指标海选、定量分析和定性分析相结合的方法构建包含经济发展、社会机会公平、绿色生产消费、生态环境保护四大维度的包容性绿色增长绩效评价体系，并利用熵权法评价2000-2015年中国包容性绿色增长绩效及各维度。研究表明：中国包容性绿色增长绩效呈现显著升高的态势，符合国家的发展大势，具体可以分为初始阶段、企稳回升阶段和显著上升阶段，这归因于四大维度的协同作用；经济发展和社会机会公平维度的协调发展对中国包容性绿色增长绩效的升高具有显著贡献；而绿色生产消费和生态环境保护维度的波动上升总体上促进了中国包容性绿色增长绩效的提高。     

ASSESSING SOCIAL COSTS OF INEFFICIENT PROCUREMENT DESIGN

This paper considers the social costs implied by inefficient allocation of contracts in a first‐price, sealed‐bid procurement auction with asymmetric bidders. We adopt a constrained (piecewise linear) strategy equilibrium concept and estimate the structural parameters of the bidders' distribution of costs. We estimate social costs defined as the predicted cost difference between the winning firm and the most efficient bidding firm. We also compare the expected procurement costs under two different auction formats. The data is collected from procurement auctions of road painting in Sweden during 1993–1999. The results indicate that the social costs of inefficient contract allocation is about 2% of total potential production cost and that an efficient second‐price auction would lower the expected procurement cost by 2.5%. (JEL: D44, H57, C15)     

The New Structural Challenge

ABSTRACT: There are intimate and lasting connections between technical innovation, economic development and social and institutional change. A good way to begin a study of the employment and social implications of these interrelationships is to consider which technical innovations and technologies are important by virtue of their economic and social consequences. This paper argues that some of the new technologies have had an impact on the production system - and therefore their measurable macro-economic impact can be significant — while others affect society directly without necessarily having a major impact on the economy. For different reasons, both types of technologies need to be considered. The paper develops a taxonomy of technical change which is used to rank the economic impacts of various emerging technologies. The focus is on the information technologies (IT), since they are found to be by far the most pervasive.     

公共管理领域监察合谋防范机制

公共管理领域监察合谋行为极为常见,对其的分析不应只简单地考虑双边共谋,而应将监察者合谋可能性以及合谋防范纳入多层次代理完全合约框架中予以考虑.通过一个“政府/监察者/企业”三层次代理模型表明,事前的低成本、高效率惩罚机制对合谋防范合约的效率非常重要.纯粹依赖于支付防合谋激励报酬的合约安排难有效率,而纯粹依赖惩罚防范合谋的合约安排也只在某些条件下有效率.模型亦可考察政府在生产的社会利益和社会代价之间的权衡行为.     

考虑公平偏好的双重信息不对称下PPP项目激励机制研究

PPP项目中社会资本的能力禀赋和努力水平为其私有信息,如何激励社会资本显示真实的能力禀赋和努力水平一直是PPP项目治理研究的重要议题。在传统的PPP项目激励治理研究中,往往假设社会资本只具有单一私有信息,由此形成单一的逆向选择或道德风险问题。但在PPP激励治理现实中,社会资本经常同时拥有关于能力禀赋和努力水平双重私有信息,从而导致关于类型不对称信息的逆向选择和关于行为不对称信息的道德风险问题共存。本文研究了PPP项目中逆向选择和道德风险共存的激励机制设计问题。构建了针对社会资本同时拥有能力禀赋和努力水平两种私有信息的激励机制设计模型。该模型以项目产出绩效为激励途径,通过设计最优契约使得社会资本谎报信息类型的收益水平不高于其真实汇报类型的收益,从而激励社会资本显示真实能力禀赋的同时付出最优努力水平,保证项目效率。同时考虑了社会资本的公平偏好,探讨了公平偏好对这种双重不对称信息激励机制设计的影响。研究表明：通过设计合理的PPP项目激励机制能够实现对社会资本的信息甄别和激励其付出最优努力的双重目的,政府对社会资本的激励强度同社会资本市场分布有关,且随着社会资本嫉妒偏好强度的提高和被指责偏好强度的减弱而增大。本文的研究可以为解决现实中PPP项目的激励机制设计问题提供理论依据和决策参考。     

Operational research, social well-being and the zero growth concept

Operational Research (OR) can be regarded as the use of science and scientific methods to influence decisionsto the benefit of society. In military, industrial and government contexts, overall social objectives have so far been taken for granted: victory, profitability, expansion of production and services, and so on; but now such simple objectives are in question. Management, technology and growth are seen to conflict with humanity, quality of life and prosperity. OR at present puts much more effort into pursuing the former group than the latter. Even the scientific method is under attack as a way of deciding social issues. OR must be able to justify its methods and its application. The old simple minded objectives are still pursued, but less whole-heartedly. There will be less demand for major OR studies of that kind. If OR is to survive, it must re-examine its social role in the new world climate.     

Framework for making resource use decisions: An application to subdivision development

Resource use decisions such as those involving subdivision development often have been made with limited consideration of socioeconomic and physical resource impacts. Indeed, many social and environmental difficulties have stemmed from the narrow confines of decision criteria which have centered on immediate production costs with a lesser regard for physical and biological effects and social costs. How, then, do we incorporate total resource assessment into the decision making process?To date, many have suggested what must be done. Yet, few have attempted to illustrate with specific examples. The authors of this article in suggesting two major dimensions to traditional benefit cost analysis have attempted to consolidate various concepts currently developing from regional efforts in techniques for land use planning.     

考虑政府补贴与企业社会责任的两级供应链优化

企业社会责任问题日益受到管理者和研究者关注。研究随机需求下由一个供应商与一个零售商组成的分散式供应链，探讨政府补贴对供应链最优生产与社会责任投入决策的影响，并比较分析了分别由供应商与零售商主导下供应链的运作效率。结果表明，在集中式供应链中价格弹性对采购数量和企业社会责任总投入量的影响更为显著；而在分散式供应链中加入政府补贴因素，会使总收益呈现出倒U形的发展趋势，且零售商主导的分散式供应链会因政府补贴的减少表现出迅速下降的趋势；此外增加政府补贴，会使得供应商主导的分散式供应链中的供应商降低其企业社会责任投入，但对于零售商主导的分散式供应链的影响却不大。     

From the Marginal Equilibrium to the Generational Paradigm. Microeconomic Behavior in a Dynamic Model of Social Equilibrium

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to formulate an initial hypothetical framework describing microeconomic behavior of labour market agents in a dynamic model of social equilibrium. To this end we outline an alternative hypothesis concerning the process of determination of labour demand and of the allocation of employment requirements on a generational basis. Reformulating the microeconomic model to consider labour as a quasi-fixed factor, comparable to a population, and which follows a biological, more than a mechanical logic, the paper assigns primary roles to careers and dual markets, the first-job market, and factors of asynchrony and social control mechanisms. At the same time, the generational determinants of the supply of labour are identified, together with the processes of identification and selection between labour demand and supply. On the basis of these considerations the concept of the generational paradigm is brought into the analysis. This paradigm designates the set of determinants of labour supply and demand behavior that are functions of time, of social and institutional variables, and of the technical and organizational structure of production. The paper ends with an initial thesis that the working of the generational paradigm is a crucial factor in the overall social equilibrium.     

Lean Six Sigma applied to process performance and improvement model for the development of electric scooter water-cooling green motor assembly

Abstract

In response to the environmental issues triggered by global warming, worldwide companies gradually put the factor of carbon emission into the process of product lifecycle, developing green technology or adopting cleaner production aimed at sustainable development. Lean Six Sigma has advantages of cutting waste and facilitating process improvements as well as system analysis, helping enterprises create the overall business benefits in the value chain. Used in the renewable energy industry, it can promote the triple bottom line (TBL), the performance of sustainable production for corporate profit, social responsibility and environmental responsibility. Therefore, this work took the process performance of the electric scooter water-cooling green motor manufactured in Taiwan with the world’s highest density of scooters as a case study. The developed performance evaluation and improvement model for manufacturing scheduling and process quality achieved the goal of economic benefits of enhancing process quality performance by shortening manufacturing scheduling and reducing process variations with Lean Six Sigma. Besides, they could respond to the policy of energy saving and carbon reduction – replacing the traditional scooters of high-carbon emissions with the electric scooters of low emissions. Furthermore, they could bring enterprises into harmony with economic benefits, ecological benefits and social benefits.     

Efficient Use of Information and Social Value of Information

This paper analyzes equilibrium and welfare for a tractable class of economies (games) that have externalities, strategic complementarity or substitutability, and heterogeneous information. First, we characterize the equilibrium use of information: complementarity heightens the sensitivity of equilibrium actions to public information, raising aggregate volatility, whereas substitutability heightens the sensitivity to private information, raising cross‐sectional dispersion. Next, we define and characterize an efficiency benchmark designed to address whether the equilibrium use of information is optimal from a social perspective; the efficient use of information reflects the social value of aligning choices across agents. Finally, we examine the comparative statics of equilibrium welfare with respect to the information structure; the social value of information is best understood by classifying economies according to the inefficiency, if any, in the equilibrium use of information. We conclude with a few applications, including production externalities, beauty contests, business cycles, and large Cournot and Bertrand games.