制度落差、社会资本与跨国公司海外子公司合法性

组织合法性是制度理论的核心概念,是影响跨国公司海外子公司生存和发展的关键因素.将跨国公司海外子公司的社会资本分为内部社会资本和外部社会资本,将海外子公司合法性划分为内部合法性和外部合法性,分析海外子公司社会资本对其合法性的影响机理,进而揭示制度落差在跨国公司海外子公司社会资本与其合法性关系间的调节作用,提出相应的理论命题,以期拓展组织合法性理论,并为越来越多进行跨国经营的中国企业提供理论参考.     

跨国公司海外子公司管理层人员选择的影响因素研究

本文首先以威廉姆森的交易三维度作为分析工具,讨论哪些因素会对跨国公司海外子公司管理层人员的选拔产生影响.海外子公司管理层人员的选择需要考虑诸多成本,如甄选和招聘成本、培训和内部化成本、控制和评价成本以及违约执行成本等等.究竟选择母公司外派还是当地人员担任海外子公司经理,决定于哪种方式的总成本更低.并通过实证分析对理论假设进行了验证.7个假设中有5个得到了验证,表明实证结果和理论推导是比较吻合的.     

跨国公司在华子公司战略演变的动因与路径

跨国公司如何制定其在华子公司战略以及战略如何演变已经成为跨国公司研究领域的重要问题.以当地化、一体化为框架,分别对跨国公司战略、跨国公司海外子公司战略及其演变进行研究,以此为基础展开对世界500强在华子公司的问卷调查,研究发现,跨国公司在华子公司可以分为积极型、自主型、接受型和静止型4种类型,同时存在稳定型、成长型、退化型和波动型4种演变路径,76.7%的跨国公司在华子公司具有稳定型或成长型的演变路径.跨国公司在华子公司战略角色演变受子公司选择、母公司决策和环境驱动三方面因素的影响,母公司决策使母子公司一体化程度提高,子公司选择使子公司当地化程度提高,而环境变动对子公司战略角色的影响方向不确定.     

跨国公司在华子公司战略角色演变——以当地化和一体化程度为框架

跨国公司如何制定海外子公司战略及其战略如何演变已经成为跨国公司研究领域的重要问题。本文以当地化和一体化为分析框架．对世界500强在华制造业子公司进行了问卷调查。研究发现，跨国公司在华子公司可以分为积极型、自主型、接受型和静止型四种类型，存在稳定型、成长型、退化型和波动型四种演变路径。而且近八成的在华子公司沿稳定型或成长型路径演变。     

产业集群中跨国子公司战略地位与母子关系的演进

本文首先基于理论分析,指出优势产业集群中的跨国子公司完全有可能成为跨国公司竞争优势的来源。由此,文章分析了集群中跨国子公司存在的四类知识流以及影响四类知识流方向和流量大小的三种重要影响因素,并根据后两个因素区分了集群中子公司在跨国公司内部战略地位上的差异。基于战略与结构的孪生性,本文论述了集群中跨国公司母子关系的变迁,分析了集群中子公司的双重根植性。     

逆向创新有助于提升子公司权力和跨国公司的当地公民行为吗?——基于大型跨国公司在华子公司的实证研究

来自发展中国家的逆向创新对跨国公司全球创新产生了深远影响。现有研究多立足于发达国家跨国公司视角探讨逆向创新所创造的收益,但却未对逆向创新如何影响跨国公司在发展中国家的当地公民行为、推动当地经济的发展给予充分关注。本文依据资源依赖理论,探讨了逆向创新对子公司权力产生影响的认同效应和竞争效应,并利用121家大型跨国公司中国子公司的多被访者调研数据(一家公司有多个被访者)检验了逆向创新、子公司权力与跨国公司当地公民行为之间的关系。研究发现:逆向创新对子公司权力有显著的正向影响,母子公司创新整合正向调节逆向创新与子公司权力之间的关系;子公司权力又进一步对当地公民行为产生显著的积极影响,政治联系在上述二者之间的关系中扮演着正向的调节作用。     

跨国公司母子公司关系中自治权的确定性研究

在跨国公司研究领域中,自20世纪80年代以来,学术界对母子公司之间关系进行了大量的研究,形成许多理论。这些理论不同程度地揭示了跨国公司母子公司之间关系的深层内容,但迄今未形成被各方接受且有说服力的理论。所以,对这些理论运用组织理论中职权的确定方法进行分析,可以为母子公司关系理论研究提供一个视角,为这些研究内容的丰富提供一个理论基础,还可以得出产品子公司的自治权较小和地域子公司自治权较大的结论。     

海外子公司定位研究:从总部视角到子公司视角

海外子公司定位问题起源于对全球战略的研究,反映了子公司地位更加重要的现实。海外子公司定位的差异性主要源于环境因素、总部指派以及子公司的选择,三种来源反映了海外子公司定位方面总部和子公司两种视角。在日益复杂的跨国化经营环境下,总部主导的子公司定位需要更多地考虑子公司本身的积极主动性。结果,从总部视角到子公司视角的转换在经营战略逻辑、资源配置格局以及考核、协调和控制子公司方面产生新的挑战。     

管理者关系特性对海外子公司知识获取及公司绩效的影响研究

基于组织学习理论和社会资本理论,考察了管理者关系特性对海外子公司内外部网络知识获取和企业绩效的影响。研究结果显示,母子公司管理者之间的信任和沟通频率对获取母公司知识有正向影响,海外子公司管理者和本地重要企业管理者之间的信任对获取本地商务知识有正向影响,海外子公司管理者和本地政府主要负责人之间的私人关系对获取本地制度知识有显著影响。此外,本地制度知识在母公司知识对海外子公司绩效的影响中起正向调节作用,本地商务知识起负向调节作用。     

向谁同构?中国跨国企业海外子公司对制度双元的响应

本文通过对4个同时具备技术研发和市场开拓功能的海外子公司的多案例研究,揭示了后发跨国企业的海外子公司在制度双元的情境下如何响应集团总部与东道国的冲突。研究基于制度理论框架提出了整体模型,并识别了空降式、管道式、浮板式和滩头堡式4种海外子公司同构模式,说明了同构焦点具有连续性的特征,拓展了同构焦点的假设和适用范围。研究同时探究了同构焦点的影响因素,发现内、外部合法性的优先性作为组织对制度压力的感知直接影响同构焦点的选择,而同构焦点则映射了内、外部合法性的结构关系,这一关系在后发跨国企业情境下具有独特性。研究还发现,海外子公司的技术研发和市场开拓的战略特征与合法性的获取优先性有关。本文利用后发跨国企业的情境贡献于制度理论。     

Pluralism in Project Management: Navigating the Crossroads of Specialization and Fragmentation

Project management is a rapidly expanding subfield of management and organization studies. This paper seeks to make sense of this development and the current state of project management research. It reviews the literature published over the last five decades in 30 leading management and organization journals. In total, 305 articles were included in the data set. The paper proposes a categorization of the published articles into seven ‘schools of thought’: Optimization School, Factor School, Contingency School, Behaviour School, Governance School, Relationship School and Decision School. The schools vary in terms of their main focus and use of the project concept, major research questions, methodological approaches and type of theorizing. It is suggested that a better awareness on how to make use of the schools and the identified perspectives would stimulate cross‐fertilization, unification and thus enhance a pluralistic understanding of projects and project management at the same time as it would prepare research to frame more accurately the problems of contemporary projects. In that respect, the paper offers ideas on how to navigate at the crossroads between specialization and fragmentation, between the search for novel topics and improvements of existing knowledge.     

Subsidiary managers' initiative pursuit: A behavioral agency model

Subsidiary managers' decisions to pursue initiatives for innovative product introductions in their host markets provide opportunities for rent creation, but also bear risks for the multinational corporation (MNC). However, we lack insights into which factors drive such decisions. Grounded in behavioral agency theory, our study investigates which factors at the individual level, the corporate level, and the subsidiary's implementation context increase subsidiary managers' likelihood of initiative pursuit. We propose that an individual manager's capability and the MNC's entrepreneurial orientation serve as reference points in a specific implementation context. Based on a stated-choice experiment with 799 respondents, results show that subsidiary managers' likelihood to pursue an innovation initiative varies depending on the context, and the choice of implementation mode activates subsidiary managers' gain frames. Our findings advance theory by providing granularity on the situational complexity across multiple methodological levels that instigate subsidiary managers' initiative pursuit.     

Workload Control and Order Release: A Lean Solution for Make‐to‐Order Companies

Protecting throughput from variance is the key to achieving lean. Workload control (WLC) accomplishes this in complex make‐to‐order job shops by controlling lead times, capacity, and work‐in‐process (WIP). However, the concept has been dismissed by many authors who believe its order release mechanism reduces the effectiveness of shop floor dispatching and increases work center idleness, thereby also increasing job tardiness results. We show that these problems have been overcome. A WLC order release method known as “LUMS OR” (Lancaster University Management School order release) combines continuous with periodic release, allowing the release of work to be triggered between periodic releases if a work center is starving. This paper refines the method based on the literature (creating “LUMS COR” [Lancaster University Management School corrected order release]) before comparing its performance against the best‐performing purely periodic and continuous release rules across a range of flow directions, from the pure job shop to the general flow shop. Results demonstrate that LUMS COR and the continuous WLC release methods consistently outperform purely periodic release and Constant WIP. LUMS COR is considered the best solution in practice due to its excellent performance and ease of implementation. Findings have significant implications for research and practice: throughput times and job tardiness results can be improved simultaneously and order release and dispatching rules can complement each other. Thus, WLC represents an effective means of implementing lean principles in a make‐to‐order context.     

The contribution: Case study and teaching note

Huntington University has depended on its tuition for most of its operations and thus was not prepared for the gift it was about to receive. After considerable discussion at the Board of Visitors meeting of Huntington's School of Management about the importance of ethics in the curriculum, one retiring corporate head, Dan Jordan, challenged the school to make a significant effort to assume responsibility for the ethical qualities of its graduates. Jordan offered the school its largest contribution ever—which he restricted to the area of ethics. The dean of the college of management, Peter McElroy, now faced an enviable problem: how to spend the income from this gift in a way that conformed to the wishes of the donor and best served the needs of his college.     

The Effect of School Choice on Participants: Evidence from Randomized Lotteries

School choice has become an increasingly prominent strategy for enhancing academic achievement. To evaluate the impact on participants, we exploit randomized lotteries that determine high school admission in the Chicago Public Schools. Compared to those students who lose lotteries, students who win attend high schools that are better in a number of dimensions, including peer achievement and attainment levels. Nonetheless, we find little evidence that winning a lottery provides any systematic benefit across a wide variety of traditional academic measures. Lottery winners do, however, experience improvements on a subset of nontraditional outcome measures, such as self‐reported disciplinary incidents and arrest rates.     

高等职业教育“校企一体化”合作办学模式研究与应用

校企合作是高职院校的办学模式,是一个相互选择、各取所需的过程。进行“校企一体化”合作办学,需要构建有效的校企合作模式。本文介绍了重庆智能信息工程学院校企合作办学模式的基本方式与实施方法,并对此模式进行了深入的探讨。     

Reflections on customers’ primary role in markets

Technology developments have transformed the business landscape by accelerating connectivity, transparency and unpredictability. We argue that the most dramatic consequence is not the possibilities created for companies but rather the challenges that emerge as a result of customer behaviour undergoing fundamental changes. Technology transformation has paved the way for empowered customers who are increasingly influencing businesses and markets, and the challenge for practitioners and researchers alike is to make sense of the role of these customers in such business environments. These developments have yielded a need to revise companies’ business models and to innovate new offerings. In scholarly research on marketing, this need has become evident and, beyond suggesting new concepts, completely new marketing management perspectives have been proposed, and each has its own core assumptions and focus. Broader views have emerged, and these stress the applicability of these perspectives not only to the top-level management of businesses but also to any non-commercial organisation.In this article, we reflect on the customer-dominant logic (CDL) of marketing, which stresses the customer's primary role in business. As such, CDL differs from approaches that focus on the provider's perspective. The CDL approach is an expression of the research ideals and goals that are based on the Nordic School of Service Management. We argue that CDL is well aligned with emerging challenges in most markets, both established and nascent, and that it is more managerially relevant than many other perspectives. This is also in line with the recent calls for a soul of relevance for European management research (Chia, 2014; Hernes, 2014).     

The effects of board size and ‘busy’ directors on the market value of Italian companies

This paper presents evidence that corporate governance quality measured by (1) the board size and (2) the fraction of directors that serve on more corporate boards, influences the market value of firms. The analysis is based in Italy, a country that is characterized by family and concentrated ownership, low legal protection of investors and pyramidal firm structures. Our empirical results suggest that the level of ‘busy-ness’ of corporate directors as a measure of board effectiveness has a significant influence on firm’s market performance. By contrast, we find limited evidence that board size has a substantial impact on the market valuation, except in small and medium enterprises and in some specific industry sectors.

国际经验与企业实践——制定适合国情的中国公司治理原则

本文从公司治理这一国际性前沿课题的核心入手,论述了提高公司治理的有效性不仅要建立健全公司治理结构,更要培育科学运作的公司治理机制。面对各国、地区、组织制定公司治理原则的热潮,在分析世界各国、组织的公司治理原则的特点和发展趋势的基础上,提出了在我国企业进入公司治理改革新阶段的时候,良好的公司治理既需要国家通过强制性的法律法规对治理结构进行规定,还需要制定与公司环境变化相适应的、具有指导性、非强制性和灵活性的公司治理原则的观点。文章最后分析了制定适合我国国情的中国公司治理原则的必要性和迫切性,并介绍了由南开大学“中国公司治理原则研究课题组”研究完成的《中国公司治理原则（草案）》的内容、特点和创新之处。     

Business leadership as a spiritual discipline

What motivates organizational leaders in their search for spirituality? They seek to integrate their inner journey with their day-to-day professional roles. This article describes how a course in spirituality for executives has provided tools to analyze and clarify intentions, avoid the traps of excessive greed and power, and make decisions that are both compassionate and effective. André L. Delbecq, DBA, the Thomas J. and Kathleen L. McCarthy Professor at the Leavey School of Business at Santa Clara University in California, offers seminars in spirituality for organizational leadership through the MBA program and the Center for Executive Development. Delbecq is the first to admit his surprise at the number of executives who have repeatedly asked for courses in spirituality. He talks about how his seminars have helped CEOs and other top executives achieve greater effectiveness in leading organizations.