The Collective Model of Household Consumption: A Nonparametric Characterization

We provide a nonparametric characterization of a general collective model for household consumption, which includes externalities and public consumption. Next, we establish testable necessary and sufficient conditions for data consistency with collective rationality that only include observed price and quantity information. These conditions have a similar structure as the generalized axiom of revealed preference for the unitary model, which is convenient from a testing point of view. In addition, we derive the minimum number of goods and observations that enable the rejection of collectively rational household behavior.     

The Persistent Effects of Peru's Mining Mita

This study utilizes regression discontinuity to examine the long‐run impacts of the mita, an extensive forced mining labor system in effect in Peru and Bolivia between 1573 and 1812. Results indicate that a mita effect lowers household consumption by around 25% and increases the prevalence of stunted growth in children by around 6 percentage points in subjected districts today. Using data from the Spanish Empire and Peruvian Republic to trace channels of institutional persistence, I show that the mita's influence has persisted through its impacts on land tenure and public goods provision. Mita districts historically had fewer large landowners and lower educational attainment. Today, they are less integrated into road networks and their residents are substantially more likely to be subsistence farmers.     

基于QSIM算法的舆论主体行为模拟研究

社会舆论是一个复杂系统,而探寻舆论形成过程中社会公众(舆论主体)的群体行为特征和相互作用关系,进而为有效调控社会舆论的导向更是一项复杂的系统工程。本文以我国2003年的SARS事件为例,对初期的舆论形成状态,这里特指谣言肆起阶段,基于QSIM算法对社会公众的行为进行定性推理及分析。社会舆论的定性推理方法将为从定性到定量研究舆论提供一个桥梁、一种视角和有效途径。     

具公平行为的零售商回收闭环供应链动态均衡策略研究

本文研究了一主导制造商（再制造商）和一"嫉妒/自豪"公平关切行为的零售商（回收商）组成的闭环供应链系统的成员动态均衡策略。利用伊藤过程，刻画了闭环供应链系统的废旧品回收率的随机演化过程。基于利润结构，给出了制造商的期望利润目标泛函。基于零售商的"嫉妒/自豪"型模式，构建了零售商的期望效用目标泛函，进而建立了闭环供应链系统的随机微分博弈模型。利用随机微分博弈理论，给出了制造商和零售商最优值函数应满足的偏微分方程组。通过求解该偏微分方程组，获得了制造商和零售商最优值函数，据此得到了制造商的动态均衡批发价格策略以及零售商的动态均衡销售价格与回收投入努力策略。为了掌握废旧品回收率的统计特征，揭示了废旧品回收率的随机演进性质。结合算例，研究了零售商公平关切程度对成员均衡策略以及绩效的影响。结果表明：零售商公平关切程度越高，制造商的均衡批发价格越低，进而导致其最优值函数将减少。与制造商不同，零售商公平关切程度将增加其最优值函数。另外，零售商公平关切程度越高，系统回收率越低。     

Identification of Marginal Effects in Nonseparable Models Without Monotonicity

Nonseparable models do not impose any type of additivity between the unobserved part and the observable regressors, and are therefore ideal for many economic applications. To identify these models using the entire joint distribution of the data as summarized in regression quantiles, monotonicity in unobservables has frequently been assumed. This paper establishes that in the absence of monotonicity, the quantiles identify local average structural derivatives of nonseparable models.     

企业员工复杂适应行为的模拟

基于复杂适应性系统理论,利用SWARM平台开发了基于多主体的群体行为模拟系统,应用激励学习算法和遗传算法实现员工在模拟中的学习能力与适应能力。用元胞自动机理论模拟员工的行为,并建立了群体系统模型,模型中的各个主体具有其自身的行为规则和策略,通过主体以及主体与其周围环境之间的相互作用和影响,表明了群体系统涌现出宏观层面上的特征。最后,基于SWARM平台,运用JBu ilder2005软件,开发了系统原型,给定一个初始的群体状态进行模拟,并对实验结果进行分析。     

The governance of free/open source software projects: monolithic, multidimensional, or configurational?

This paper presents the results of a qualitative review and synthesis of the literature on open source governance, addressing four key questions: (1) How has open source software (OSS) governance been defined? (2) Has the phenomenon of OSS governance been conceptualized as a monolithic or multidimensional phenomenon? (3) What purposes is OSS governance hypothesized to serve? and (4) What are the dimensions of OSS governance, and how are these dimensions related to each other? The results of the review suggest a framework for future comparative and case study research on OSS governance, and they provide a basis for comparison with research on the governance of other distributed, community-based forms of content and creation.     

供应链产品物流过程模型及时间瓶颈的识别

供应链时间瓶颈的识别是对供应链进行时间压缩的首要环节.本文首先根据供应链网状模型和无边界集成的供应链合作思想,将供应链中产品生产过程看作是一个物在供应链各环节的流动过程.在对这一物流过程进行分析的基础上建立了供应链产品的物流过程模型,并使用产品物流在供应链各环节流动的转移概率,结合价值工程的思想,提出了基于产品物流过程转移概率的供应链时间瓶颈识别方法,给出了供应链时间瓶颈识别与压缩的方法和流程,最后使用算例进行了仿真研究.     

基于演化博弈的绿色技术创新环境政策选择研究：政府行为VS.公众参与

在中国“双碳”目标背景下,如何通过有效的环境政策驱动绿色技术创新以缓解节能减排压力是亟需解决的重要现实问题。本文基于多主体关系分析、演化博弈理论、情景模拟仿真方法,构建政府和企业、公众和企业的两方演化博弈模型以及政府、公众和企业的三方演化博弈模型,并在此基础上,进行不同情景模式和不同执行力度下的政策模拟仿真,综合探究政府、公众、企业在绿色技术创新中的行为策略选择和系统演化轨迹。研究发现：(1)两方演化博弈模型下,企业绿色技术创新行为与其成本收益密切相关,但有效的公众参与为企业在成本小于收益情况下进行绿色技术创新行为提供了可能,即公众参与是企业改变短视行为、进行前瞻性创新的关键因素;(2)三方演化博弈模型下,政府和公众的稳态条件与单独考虑政府和单独考虑公众的稳态条件相同;但企业的稳态条件则需考虑公众举报对企业声誉带来的影响,其是企业进行绿色技术创新行为决策的重要参考因素;(3)情景模拟仿真结果表明,随着环保宣传、技术创新激励、环境管制、公众关注、公众举报强度的增加,企业绿色技术创新行为的演化速度不断加快,即不同类型的政府行为与公众参与均会对绿色技术创新有显著促进作用。总结而言,在政府行为外生引导的基础上,应着重激发公众参与的重要调节效应,从而以企业利润为抓手引导绿色技术创新行为进入内生演化路径。     

基于情绪中介机制的辱虐管理与偏差行为

理清偏差行为的成因和动机机制是偏差行为研究的焦点,但基于本土企业的实证研究相对较少。从员工工作场所情绪感受的视角,应用情感事件理论,探讨消极情绪在辱虐管理与组织偏差行为和主管偏差行为间的中介效应,并比较辱虐管理对两类偏差行为影响的差异性。通过对19家企业、180名管理者和360名下属的配对研究,采用阶层回归进行分析。研究结果表明,辱虐管理显著正向影响两类偏差行为,但员工展现两类偏差行为的倾向并不等同,即员工展现组织偏差行为的倾向强于主管偏差行为的倾向;消极情绪是偏差行为的诱发动机,显著正向影响员工的组织偏差行为和主管偏差行为,并部分中介辱虐管理与两类偏差行为间的关系。     

基于顾客策略行为和缺货损失的供应链定价与订购决策

顾客基于理性预期决定购买时机的策略行为造成供应链决策困难,影响到供应链利润。针对单生产商、单零售商组成、具有高支付意愿与低支付意愿两类顾客的供应链,利用均衡分析方法和理性预期理论建立了考虑缺货损失下高支付意愿顾客分别为策略型顾客与短视型顾客时供应链的分散式决策二层规划模型和集中式决策模型,对该四种模型进行了求解与对比分析、以及数值仿真和敏感性分析,算例表明了模型的合理性和结论的有效性。研究表明:高WTP顾客为策略型顾客时,集中式供应链与分散式供应链相比,其订货量高、但零售价低,故利润反而较低;高支付意愿顾客为策略型顾客时分散式供应链和集中式供应链的利润小于高支付意愿顾客为短视型顾客下的情形;四种供应链模式下的订货量随单位缺货损失的增加而增加,但供应链的利润降低。限量销售、回购剩余产品、提高顾客心目中的产品价值等策略可有效降低顾客策略行为对供应链的影响。本文将促进基于顾客策略行为的供应链理论研究与管理实践。     

Determinants and Mapping of Collective Perceptions of Technological Risk: The Case of the Second Nuclear Power Plant in Taiwan

Nuclear power is a highly controversial and salient example of environmental risk. The siting or operating of a nuclear power plant often faces widespread public opposition. Although studies of public perceptions of nuclear power date back to 1970s, little research attempts to explain the spatial heterogeneity of risk attitude toward nuclear power among individuals or communities. This article intends to improve the knowledge about the major factors contributing to nuclear power plant risk perceptions by mapping the geographical patterns of local risk perception and examining the determinants in forming the nature and distribution of the perceived risk among potentially affected population. The analysis was conducted by a case study of the Second Nuclear Power Plant (SNPP) in Taiwan by using a novel methodology that incorporates a comprehensive risk perception (CRP) model into an ethnographic approach called risk perception mapping (RPM). First, we examined the determinants of local nuclear power risk perceptions through the CRP model and multivariate regression analysis. Second, the results were integrated with the RPM approach to map and explain the spatial pattern of risk perceptions. The findings demonstrate that the respondents regard the nuclear power plant as an extremely high‐risk facility, causing them to oppose the SNPP and reject the compensation payment to accept its continuing operation. Results also indicate that perceptions of nuclear power risk were mainly influenced by social trust, psychological and socioeconomic attributes, proximity, and the perceived effects of the SNPP on the quality of everyday life.     

Dual Sourcing Under Random Supply Capacities: The Role of the Slow Supplier

Sourcing from multiple suppliers with different characteristics is common in practice for various reasons. This paper studies a dynamic procurement planning problem in which the firm can replenish inventory from a fast and a slow supplier, both with uncertain capacities. The optimal policy is characterized by two reorder points, one for each supplier. Whenever the pre‐order inventory level is below the reorder point, a replenishment order is issued to the corresponding supplier. Interestingly, the reorder point for the slow supplier can be higher than that of the fast even if the former has a higher cost, lower reliability, and smaller capacity than the latter, suggesting the possibility of ordering exclusively from an inferior slow supplier in the short term. Moreover, the firm may allocate a larger portion of the long‐term total order quantity to the slow supplier than to the fast, even if the former does not possess any cost or reliability advantage over the latter. Such phenomena, different from the observations made in previous studies, happen when the demand is uncertain and the supply is limited or unreliable. Our observations highlight the importance of incorporating both demand uncertainty and supplier characteristics (i.e., cost, lead time, capacity and uncertainty) in a unified framework when formulating supplier selection and order allocation strategies.     

绩效评价对组织公民行为的影响:组织承诺的中介作用

本文构建了一个结构方程模型,探讨了组织承诺在绩效评价和组织公民行为关系之间的中介作用。研究结果显示：绩效评价对组织公民行为产生正向影响,而组织承诺对绩效评价和组织公民行为间的关系具有中介作用。组织承诺的中介作用在绩效评价的不同层面上有所区别：对绩效评价系统与组织公民行为的关系,具有完全中介作用;对绩效评价程序与组织公民行为的关系,具有部分中介作用。以此为基础,本文对今后同类研究的方向和管理实践提出了建议。     

管理者可信行为对员工激励作用的实验研究

管理者可信行为作为管理者的一种意志行为,能够建立和增强员工对管理者的信任,激励员工提高其努力水平,进而提高个人绩效和组织绩效.运用实验经济学方法,通过设计事前激励契约和惩罚契约两种薪酬契约分别反映管理者实施可信行为和实施不可信行为的实验环境,研究检验管理者可信行为对具有不同互惠倾向的员工的激励作用和效率.实验结果表明,管理者实施可信行为能得到比不实施可信行为更高的员工努力水平和收益.在管理者实施可信行为的情况下,具有较高正互惠倾向的员工将付出比具有较低正互惠倾向的员工更高的努力水平;在管理者实施不可信行为的情况下,具有较高负互惠倾向的员工将付出比具有较低负互惠倾向的员工更低的努力水平.     

The Promise of Strategic Customer Behavior: On the Value of Click Tracking

Click tracking is gaining in popularity, and the practice of web analytics is growing fast. Whether strategic customers are willing to visit a website when they know their clicks may be tracked is an important yet complex problem, which depends on various factors. Using a newsvendor framework, we examine this problem by focusing on the operational factor: how product availability induces strategic customers to voluntarily provide advance demand information. We find that a strong Nash equilibrium exists where every customer is willing to click, and customer incentives to click are robust to noise. Hence, we demonstrate the promise of strategic customer behavior in the context of click tracking, contrary to the conventional wisdom that it is typically a peril for the firm. Notably, click tracking is typically advantageous to both the firm and its customers, compared with other strategies such as advance selling, quantity commitment, availability guarantees, and quick response. Lastly, we extend to two settings by including marketing decisions, price‐sensitive demand and markdown pricing, and discuss how operations and marketing decisions interact in influencing the value of click tracking.     

在线用户点赞与评论行为的产生机理差异研究———以医疗健康类企业微信公众号为例

很多企业或组织利用移动社交媒体服务平台(如微信公众号)发布内容来吸引用户参与互动(点赞、评论等)以达到宣传和营销目的,而用户不同互动行为的影响机制及其差异尚无明确结论.基于精细加工可能性模型和用户互动参与的相关理论文献,本文以医疗健康类企业微信公众号为研究情景,从中心路径(信息质量)和边缘路径(来源可信度和情绪因素)出发,探究用户对健康信息点赞和评论互动行为意向的影响机制及其差异.为了验证所提模型和假设,本文采用大规模在线情景问卷调研方法收集数据并进行实证检验,结果显示:1)信息质量、来源可信度对用户点赞意向的影响显著强于评论意向;2)信息负情绪性对评论意向影响不显著而对点赞意向的影响负向显著;3)信息正情绪性与来源可信度对两种用户互动行为意向的影响均显著强于信息质量.研究结论丰富了在线信息互动行为的相关理论,为移动社交媒体运营商在发布信息方面提供实践指导.     

道德型领导对下属反馈规避行为的影响及其作用机制

基于社会交换和内在动机理论,以219名企业员工为对象,考察了道德型领导对下属反馈规避行为的影响效果及其作用机制.研究发现:道德型领导对下属反馈规避行为有显著负向影响;下属感知的与领导的交换关系和工作意义对FAB也有负向影响,且在道德型领导与下属反馈规避行为之间有部分中介作用.研究结果首次从社会交换和内在动机视角证实了道德型领导对下属反馈规避行为的抑制作用,并在一定程度上丰富了学术界对下属反馈规避行为诱发因素及其机制的认识.     

员工动机对双元销售行为的影响研究:传统性的调节作用

营销人员经常面临现有产品销售和新产品销售之间的悖论,需要采用不同的方式来应对两种销售行为之间的冲突。本研究根据内外动机理论,探究不同动机影响下的销售行为,同时揭示国人的传统性对动机与产品销售两者关系的调节作用。本研究开发了中国情境下的双元销售行为量表,具有良好的信度（0.896）。实证结果表明：（1）内在动机与现有产品和新产品的双元销售行为之间呈现显著的正相关关系,外在动机与现有产品和新产品的双元销售行为呈不显著的正向关系。（2）中国传统性对营销人员的产品销售行为的直接影响作用非常显著,但传统性与内外动机的调节作用表现出多样性。（3）传统性与内在动机的交乘项对双元销售行为起不显著的负向调节作用。（4）传统性与外在动机的交乘项对现有产品销售起不显著的正向影响,对新产品销售起不显著的负向影响。     

心理授权与工作嵌入视角下的变革型领导对下属组织公民行为的影响研究

通过对华北三家制造企业的418位下属及其直接主管的问卷调查,检验了员工心理授权在变革型领导与其组织公民行为之间的中介效应,以及工作嵌入在心理授权对组织公民行为影响中的调节作用。研究结果显示,变革型领导对心理授权和组织公民行为具有正向影响;下属的心理授权完全中介了变革型领导与组织公民行为之间的关系;工作嵌入调节了心理授权对员工组织公民行为的影响。具体而言,工作嵌入程度低时,下属的心理授权对组织公民行为的影响作用较强;工作嵌入程度高时,下属的心理授权对组织公民行为的影响较弱。此外,指出了研究结论的理论与实践意义。