人口均衡发展视野下新型家庭人口文化建设的着力点

＂十二五＂期间国家人口计生委关于新时期人口发展的总体思路有两个重大变化,一是提出了促进人口长期均衡发展、建设人口均衡型社会的目标;二是强调家庭发展在人口发展中的作用,提出增强家庭发展能力、促进家庭幸福和谐的目标,其中一项重要举措是加强新型家庭人口文化建设。新型家庭人口文化建设是新时期人口计生宣教工作的新切入点。     

论建立现代化人口管理信息系统

确定人口发展目标,进行人口决策以及编制人口计划,需要有足够的信息。因此,作好人口信息管理工作,建立有效的计划生育信息系统,是提高人口管理水平的重要条件。 一、人口信息的作用 人口信息就是反映人口过程与计划生育过程的特征和发展变化状况的各种消息、情报、数据和资料的统称。人们在从事物质资料再生产活动时,同时也进行着人类自身的再生产活动,随着人口再生产活动的进行,不断地产生着人口信息,这些信息通过接受、传递和处理,反映人口过程各个方面情况的变化,沟通联络人口管理各环节之间的联系,从而为实现人口有计划发展和人口管理目标提供可靠的数据。     

后人口转变论

在人类历史上,人口发展可以划分为三个时代：前人口转变时代、人口转变时代和后人口转变时代。后人口转变时代又有两个发展阶段,一是准均衡发展阶段;二是稳定均衡发展阶段。我国人口转变在２０世纪末已经完成,现在已进入了后人口转变时代的第一个发展阶段。该阶段是我国人口发展的更为关键的时期,面临的挑战也更为严峻。     

试论我国人口合理分布问题

人口分布是人口发展中的一个重要方面。有计划地控制人口发展,必须有计划地合理地分布人口。我国是一个地广人众,各个地区自然、社会、经济条件差别很大的社会主义大国。要加快实现四个现代化,不仅要一般地号召控制人口,而且要在研究人口分布规律的基础上,具体地、因地制宜地制定和贯彻人口政策。只有这样,才能全面地促进全国所有地区国民经     

再谈人口老龄化

近年来,围绕我国人口老龄化问题,人口学界和计划生育工作者展开了一些新的争论。我们愿意对有关人口老龄化问题再谈些粗浅的看法。 现代静止人口是人口老龄化的极限 在谈论人口老龄化的文章中,一些同志对我国人口老龄化发展的速度和程度表示了极大忧虑,担心人口老龄化的无限发展,势必造成经济、社会的过载负担。甚至预言,如果不及时转变人口政策,在人口老龄化问题上将犯历史性错误。这种看法值得商榷。人口老龄化是有限度的发展,还是无限度的发展?这是一个重大的人口理论问题,需要认真讨论。我们认为人口老龄化不是无休止的发展,其发展程度是有止境有限度的。这个限度就是现代静止人口,也称为零度增长人口。现代静止人口是在经济、社会现代化基础上出现的一种人口规模和人口内部年龄结构上都相对稳定的人口模式。其特征是“二低一高”。即人口生育率低,人口死亡率低,人口平均寿命高。     

中国人口发展战略理论讨论会综述

中国人口学会和湖北省人口学会于1986年11月上旬在湖北省宜昌市联合召开了中国人口发展战略理论讨论会。来自全国各地的近百名人口学者和实际工作者,就我国人口发展战略方案和基本理论问题,进行了讨论,从而这加深了对我国人口发展战略的认识。 一、与会者一致认为,我国必须有一个长远而明确的人口发展战略。首先,制订人口发展战略,是我国制订总体发展战略的需     

对我国人口发展战略的几点思考

<正> 一在研讨人口发展战略时,有必要对“人口增长”和“人口发展”从概念上加以区分。所谓人口增长,是指人口数量、规模的增长或扩大;所谓人口发展,是指人口数量和质量的辩证运动,以及人口结构的动态演变过程。在某种程度上,可以说人口增长是狭义的人口发展。但,一般而言,人口发展无论在内函或外延上都要比人口增长深广得多。既然如此,那么科学的人口发展战略就不仅仅是人口增长战略,而且是人口质     

人口与未来

<正> 任何事物都有其发展的历史,有它的过去、现状和未来。当然,人口也有它的现状和未来。研究人口的未来,是为了能够正确地对待人口的现状,采取合理的措施,使人口的未来,能沿着健康的道路发展。人口的未来,包括十分广泛的内容,现在,仅就人口的生存条件,试作如下的分析。人口生存的空间是地球。地球上的天然物质,如空气、水、粮食和能源等是人口的生存条件。这些条件与人的生存息息相关,关系到人口的数量,也关系到人口的质量。     

人口高质量发展的指标体系构建与实证

构建科学合理的人口高质量发展指标体系,对促进中国式现代化建设具有重要意义。文章结合中国式现代化的内涵和特征,从人口再生产、人口素质、人口结构3个维度构建人口高质量发展的综合评价指标体系。基于因子分析法和熵值法的评价结果,运用模糊Borda法对中国大陆31个省份2012～2021年间的人口高质量发展水平进行综合评价。研究结果表明：人口高质量发展水平存在较明显的区域差异,呈现“东—中—西”递减的区域分布格局,东部区位优势明显;中西部和东部差距有缩小的趋势,但西部省份排名波动剧烈,东中部省份排名相对稳定;进一步聚类分析显示,北京、上海、广东、浙江、江苏的人口高质量发展水平处于全国领先地位,是人口高质量发展的模范地区,人口高质量发展高水平地区、中等水平地区和一般水平地区分别有4个、10个和12个省份。基于此,提出以下政策启示：人口高质量发展模范地区应积极发挥自身引领示范作用,总结和分享其人口高质量发展的经验,为其他地区提供借鉴和参考;高水平地区应深入挖掘区域特质,关注人口再生产、素质和结构的平衡,积极推进现代化建设;中等水平地区要努力寻找新的发展机遇,提升人口高质量发展动力,避免差距进一步扩大...     

关于回族人口特点的初步分析

回族是我国第二大少数民族,人口遍布全国各地,其人口在增长、构成和分布等方面都独具特点,对全国人口乃至政治、经济和社会文化的发展都起着重要的作用。研究回族人口的特点,不仅对制定回族人口今后的发展战略有重要的意义,而且对其它少数民族乃至全国人口的发展都具有借鉴作用。本文拟着重阐述和分析解放以后回族人口的发展与分布状况。     

The Internetization of International Migration

The Internet has revolutionized our economies, societies, and everyday lives. Many social phenomena are no longer the same as they were in the pre‐Internet era: they have been “Internetized.” We define the Internetization of international migration, and we investigate it by exploring the links between the Internet and migration outcomes all along the migration path, from migration intentions to actual migration. Our analyses leverage a number of sources, both at the micro‐ and the macro‐level, including the Gallup World Poll, the Arab Barometer, data from the International Telecommunication Union, the Italian population register, and unique register data from a migrant reception center in Southern Italy. We also distinguish between economic migrants—those who leave their country of origin with the aim of seeking better economic opportunities elsewhere—and political migrants—those who are forced to leave their countries of origin for political or conflict‐related reasons. Our findings point to a consistently positive relationship between the diffusion of the Internet, migration intentions, and migration behaviors, supporting the idea that the Internet is not necessarily a driving force of migration per se, but rather an enabling “supportive agent.” These associations are particularly relevant for economic migrants, at least for migration intentions. Further analyses underscore the importance of the Internet in providing a key informational channel which helps to define clearer migration trajectories.     

Developing a Measure of Internet Well-Being: Nomological (Predictive) Validation

This paper reports on an effort to develop an Internet well-being measure for possible use by government agencies and industry associations that are directly involved with the promulgation of the Internet. Such measures can help officials gauge the social health of those Internet-related industries and institutional sectors, which in turn can guide the development of policies to enhance the quality-of-life impact of the Internet. The Internet well-being measure is based on the theoretical notion that the perception of the overall impact of the Internet on users of the Internet is determined by their perceptions of the impact of the Internet in their life domains such as consumer life, work life, leisure life, social life, community life, sensual life, among others. In turn, the perception of impact of the Internet in a given life domain (e.g., consumer life, work life) is determined by perceptions of benefits and costs of the Internet within that domain. We conducted a focus group to identify all the perceived benefits and costs within salient life domains of college students. We also conducted a thorough literature search to identify studies that examined the quality-of-life impact of the Internet in a variety of life domains. We then tested the nomological validity of the measure through two surveys at two major universities (one in the USA and the other in Korea). The statistical analysis allowed us to identify those measurement items that are most predictive, and therefore considered as nomologically valid. Policy implications of the study are discussed along with future research avenues.     

Effects of Internet Connectedness and Information Literacy on Quality of Life

The goal of this exploratory research is to examine the inter-linkage among Internet connectedness, information literacy, and quality of life. Results from a telephone survey, based on a probability sample of 756 Internet users, found that Internet connectedness is not related to quality of life. However, there is a significant relationship between Internet connectedness and information literacy, and a strong link between information literacy and life quality. These findings encourage further exploration of life quality that underlies the concepts of Internet connectedness and information literacy. The hope is that additional discoveries will aid curriculum design, both at the K-12 and university levels, and the future development of Internet applications and services so as to enhance overall life quality. In particular, the intent of the study was to determine what factors might have the most positive effect on quality of life.     

计划生育家庭福利政策改革思路研究

随着经济体制变革、社会结构变动、利益格局调整等不断深化,传统家庭功能面临严峻挑战,计划生育家庭问题尤为突出。家庭是国外为数不多的福利扩张领域,也应是我国福利"增长"的优先领域。计划生育家庭福利改革框架包括三个层面:一是针对因执行计划生育国策而产生的确定性风险或不足,在养老保障个人账户下建立计生子账户,实现国家补贴直接送达家庭;二是针对因特有概率事件而形成的不确定性风险建立政策性生育保险,并覆盖农村育龄群体;三是明确计划生育/生殖健康服务作为国家基本公共服务的属性。     

HIV Risk Behaviors in the U.S. Transgender Population: Prevalence and Predictors in a Large Internet Sample

To study the influence of gender on HIV risk, a sample of the U.S. transgender population (N = 1,229) was recruited via the Internet. HIV risk and prevalence were lower than reported in prior studies of localized, urban samples but higher than the overall U.S. population. Findings suggest that gender nonconformity alone does not itself result in markedly higher HIV risk. Sex with nontransgender men emerged as the strongest independent predictor of unsafe sex for both male-to-female (MtF) and female-to-male (FtM) participants. These sexual relationships constitute a process that may either affirm or problematize gender identity and sexual orientation, with different emphases for MtFs and FtMs, respectively.     

Readability of Menopause Web Sites: A Cross-Sectional Study

More women are frequently referring to the Internet for health information, yet the readability of information about menopause on the Internet has not been widely studied. To address this gap, this study examined the readability of information about menopause on 25 Internet Web sites. Findings included that information on the Web sites had a reading level higher than the recommended sixth-grade level, and culturally appropriate health information was lacking. Health educators and practitioners are in a pivotal role to help women understand information useful for healthcare decisions. Several criteria are discussed to help practitioners evaluate Web sites.     

Internet对劳动力市场的影响——基于中国家庭动态跟踪调查（Gyps）数据的实证研究

信息化对于劳动力市场的影响正引起越来越多的关注。本文利用2008年中国家庭动态跟踪调查（CFPS）数据,以Internet使用为例,估计了信息技术的工资回报率,并探讨了其在农村和非农村劳动力市场上的异质性。研究发现,在排除了年龄、性别、教育、民族和婚姻等因素后,Internet的使用仍然能够带来约60％额外收入。其中农村地区约为78％,非农村地区约为38％。如果采用上网变量其他度量方法,或者采取趋势得分法（PSM）,仍然得到基本一致的实证发现。这充分表明,信息化对于个人生产率具有显著的提升作用;与非农村相比,农村的提升效果更强。     

Internet Communication Versus Face-to-face Interaction in Quality of Life

This study seeks to understand the role of the Internet in quality of life (QoL). Specifically, it examines the question of whether Internet communication serves, like face-to-face interactions, to enhance quality of life. It is hypothesized that the use of the Internet for interpersonal communication can improve quality of life among Internet users, just like face-to-face communication in everyday life. Sample survey data were collected in four Chinese cities, namely Hong Kong, Taipei, Beijing, and Wuhan, to serve as replicates to test the hypothesis. The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) of Diener (1984) was used to measure quality of life in the four cities. It was found that contrary to our expectation, Internet communication cannot predict quality of life while face-to-face communication with friends and family members can. The result was the same across the four Chinese cities. Possible reasons for this finding are examined and discussed.     

Gender Role Identity in a Sample of Italian Male Homosexuals

ABSTRACT

Researchers have often considered the impact that online dating has had on gay communities; with some arguing that changes in social behavior may impact the spread of HIV. However, these conclusions are based on the premise that the Internet has fundamentally changed the way gay and bisexual men connect with their communities. Addressing this issue, we searched the PubMed and Web of Science databases for studies examining Internet use and interpersonal connectedness among gay and bisexual men to determine whether those who used the Internet to find sexual partners exhibited different patterns of community connectedness. Though sporadic, findings suggest that Internet use may be associated with lower gay identity, community attachment, and social embeddedness. However, recent reports have suggested that online sex seeking might be associated with greater, not less, interpersonal connectedness. We conclude that additional longitudinal analyses and consistent measurement of gay men’s social behavior are needed to draw more definite conclusions.     

Gay Community Involvement: Its Interrelationships and Associations With Internet Use and HIV Risk Behaviors in Swedish Men Who Have Sex With Men

We measured aspects of “community involvement” chosen for men who have sex with men (MSM) in Sweden (gay places, media accessed, Internet, gay festivals, and social engagement, measured as proportion of gay friends) in two Swedish Internet-based samples from 2006 (n?=?3,202) and 2008 (n?=?4,715). Data showed low to moderate reliability with a moderate (0.57) alpha coefficient. While there is moderate internal consistency, as might be anticipated from measures of actual community involvement, they can be treated as scales. The Internet scale indicated the lowest reliability, perhaps due to respondents having Internet sites of primary choice, rather than a high level of usage across several sites. A hypothesized lack of correlation between traditional domains of the gay community and the Internet did not appear: correlations between the Internet measure and the other measures were positive and significant, but among the lowest correlations obtained between the community measures, ranging from 0.06 to 0.24. Those who use the Internet extensively are less likely to be involved in other aspects of the community. Sexual risk was associated with high social engagement at sexual meeting sites and with Internet use. Gay community involvement, including the Internet community, may be complex and associated with both increase in HIV sexual risk behaviors (by measuring use of sexual risk sites) and preventive measures (HIV testing).