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1.
Using a national sample of public high schools, we find that bargaining spillovers play an important role in teachers’ labor
markets. The spillover variable consistently indicates a larger bargaining effect than does the collective bargaining coverage
dummy. We estimate that a 10 percent increase in the state density of teachers’ unions increases the highest teacher salaries
by 2.6 percent and the lowest by 0.2 percent. Consistent with prior research, teacher union density was most strongly associated
with highest salaries and had a nonsignificant positive association with lowest salaries. Teachers’ unions also affect the
structural determinants of teachers’ salaries, offering some additional evidence supporting a median voter model. The proportion
of unionized teachers with higher levels of education and experience (i.e., the highest paid) is positively related to highest
salaries. Finally, our results confirm the importance of demand factors in teacher wage determination.
The authors thank Shawn Windsor for his excellent research assistance and an anonymous referee for helpful comments on a previous
draft of this paper. The Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research provided the primary data set used
in this paper. The U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics compiled the original data set.
We gratefully acknoledge the assistance of Eric Hanushek and Lori Taylor who also provided data used herein. This research
was funded in part by a grant from the McGill Faculty of Management Research Committee. 相似文献
2.
Frank J. Dooley 《Journal of Labor Research》1994,15(2):169-190
Fifteen years after deregulation, labor relations in the airline industry returned to thestatus quo ante, as union power, particularly ALPA’s, still dominates. Without a long-term shift in bargaining power between the parties,
costs and productivity have not changed much. Labor accounts for 60 percent of the cost difference between strong and low-cost
carriers. American, Delta, United, Northwest, and USAir would require some combination of labor cost concessions or productivity
increases of $1.6 billion to match the productivity-adjusted labor costs for low-cost carriers’ flight crews. To remain competitive,
strong carriers and unions must develop strategies to deal with anachronistic work rules, provisions to contract out work,
and premium pay for airline employees. 相似文献
3.
As the AFL-CIO approached its twenty-fifth biennial convention in July 2005, seven unions formed a new Change to Win (CTW)
coalition to challenge the federation for lead position as the voice of the labor movement. These unions, most of which have
disaffiliated from the AFL-CIO, formed the CTW to demonstrate their unsparing discontent with John Sweeney’s leadership of
the federation. We examine the reasons for the current breach in the house of labor, the competing visions offered by the
AFL-CIO and CTW, and the likelihood that the CTW’s strategy will revive unions. We find that the gulf between the two factions
is philosophically deep and practically irreconcilable. The CTW advocates an “engineered breakthrough” approach to revitalize
labor whereas the AFL-CIO relies on a more conservative “accelerated evolution” path. There are no guarantees that the CTW’s
strategy will work. It presupposes an unmet demand for unions that can be tapped through vast new investments. If the current
model of unionism is lacking, as the CTW suggests, a viable replacement must be found. The CTW, with its limited resources,
will have to experiment until it finds the right model, if one does indeed exist. The task of rebuilding labor is daunting,
but it arguably requires a bold and fundamentally different course from what has been pursued. From this perspective, the
breakup seems a logical development. 相似文献
4.
Using a set of time-series (1972–1989) and cross-sectional data on eight two-digit Korean manufacturing industries, we examine
the variability of South Korea’s employee bonus system and the effect of the employee bonus on productivity. A test of the
variability of the bonus showed that the bonus rate (ratio of the bonus to the wage) was positively influenced by industrial
output, so the bonus is not merely a disguised wage. An augmented Cobb-Douglas production function estimation shows that the
bonus has a positive and significant productivity effect. Capital-intensive and laborintensive industries did not have significantly
different productivity effects due to the bonus. Lastly, Korean unions reduced labor productivity and negatively affected
the productivity effect of the bonus. Also, compared with the previous period, the productivity effect of the bonus has become
negative since the1987 Great Labor Offensive. 相似文献
5.
Teresa Ghilarducci 《Journal of Labor Research》1990,11(2):203-216
Pensions are contingent claims contracts that are often fashioned by collective bargaining under conditions of asymmetric
information and market power. Pensions are not an employer’s or a union’s optimal contract; they represent compromise. Employers
use pensions to minimize labor costs and to adjust to market changes. Pensions help unions improve and protect their members’
work lives and help unions to survive as institutions. When workers’ estimations of their pensions differ from their employers’
estimations a moral hazard can exist. Less mobile workers and those with less influence subsidize the pension benefits of
other workers or reduce an employer’s costs. Econometric results based on data from the President’s Commission on Pension
Policy show that certain workers, namely women, overvalue their plans, which provides an opportunity to lower labor costs
and redistribute benefits. Unions have a contradictory effect on information.
The author thanks participants in the Cornell University Collective Bargaining workshop and the Harvard Labor Economics workshop.
I especially thank James Medoff for his comments. 相似文献
6.
Joseph D. Reid 《Journal of Labor Research》1982,3(3):277-294
Study of labor unions again is moving to the forefront of economists’ attention. This resurrection of interest stems from
two sources. First, econometric studies indicate that the impact of unions on wages is varied. Further, the absence of theoretical
foundation for analysis of labor unions now is appreciated widely. But recent developments in theories of agency, of public
choice, and of property rights promise progress toward a better model of labor unions. That model built, the impacts of unions
can be ascertained.
Allen Dalton and Don Leavens provided able research assistance. 相似文献
7.
Mitchell Langbert 《Journal of Labor Research》1995,16(4):455-465
ERISA’s equitable remedies limit employees’ access to the courts. The law fails to protect workers with short tenure and low
wages, for example female workers, because trial costs often exceed damages. In single-employer plans, unions improve access,
but in multiemployer plans they do not. The reason is that in single-employer plans unions bargain at arm’s length with plan
sponsors while in multiemployer plans they do not. Plaintiffs’ win rates are approximately 50 percent in singleemployer union
ERISA cases but are significantly below 50 percent in nonunion and multiemployer cases.
The author thanks Ann Bartel, John Delaney, James Kuhn, an anonymous referee, Victor Goldberg, Eli Noam, Donna Sockell, Kim
Ditty, and David Lewin. 相似文献
8.
John Merrifield 《Journal of Labor Research》1999,20(3):377-391
Employers can exploit individuals with high moving costs when local labor markets are not competitive. Along with nurses and
university faculty, teachers are sometimes in such a disadvantageous situation. Teachers’ price elasticity of supply may
be quite low in many regions, and their geographic mobility may be low when they are their household's second wage earner.
Their occupational mobility is often low because of the scarcity of alternate employers within commuting distance. Nearly
96 percent of Texas' teachers work in tax-financed school districts, and many regions have only one district. An econometric
model developed from school district data from 48 South Texas and 48 North Texas counties supports the hypothesis that teachers
are paid less in less competitive labor markets. In Texas, teachers’ salaries are not determined by collective bargaining
between district officials and teacher unions. That relatively unique feature of Texas makes it especially well-suited to
the task of disentangling monopsony effects from other labor market forces. 相似文献
9.
Unions in the electric utility industry consistently won a greater percentage of elections between 1970 and 1989 than did
unions in other industries. Several factors significantly affected union victory rates at electric utilities: when the election
was held, the union involved, the size of the utility, the percent of the state’s labor force unionized, the number of eligible
voters, whether the election involved multiple-unions, and whether the election was Regional- or Board-directed. 相似文献
10.
This paper studies unfair labor practice charges filed against unions and employers in two-digit manufacturing industries.
Such cases were found to follow distinct and consistent patterns across industries, suggesting that litigiousness in labor-management
relations is, among other things, part of the relationship’s culture. Cases against employers and unions by individuals appear
to be unrelated to many of the factors studied, thus supporting the view that such cases are the product of workers’ unrealistic
expectations. 相似文献
11.
This paper analyzes the evolution of American unions’ attitudes and policies concerning employee ownership that coincided
with the rapid growth of employee stock-ownership plans during the 1980s. From an initial position of opposing employee ownership
and viewing it as a threat, many major unions have come to accept, and in some cases to promote, stock ownership for their
members. Among the factors driving this change of view have been economic necessity, evidence that many of the labor movement’s
traditional concerns about employee ownership are largely unfounded, and the growing realization among unions that employee
ownership is a potentially useful strategic asset. 相似文献
12.
J. R. Shackleton 《Journal of Labor Research》1998,19(3):581-605
Important changes to British industrial relations law were undertaken by the Thatcher and Major governments. A succession
of legislative measures narrowed the scope of labor union action in pursuit of a dispute, made unions financially responsible
for torts committed by their members, removed government support for collective bargaining, abolished the closed shop, and
reformed unions' internal structures. At least in part as a result of these measures, union density and the coverage of collective
bargaining have fallen; strikes have become rare; and Britain’s productivity performance has improved. The unions and the
Labour Party have largely become reconciled to measures which they initially fiercely opposed, and the influence of these
reforms is likely to endure even though the Conservatives have lost office. 相似文献
13.
We estimate the effects of unions on productivity and compensation in the automotive engine and non-ornamental body parts
manufacturing industry using data obtained from a detailed questionnaire and a series of personal interviews. We find no significant
union productivity effect but a significant 30 percent compensation premium in firms organized by the United Auto Workers.
Individual personnel policies were shown to differ significantly in the expected manner between the union and nonunion sectors.
Finally, we use data on bankrupt firms to show how the failure to correct for sample selection bias might yield upwardly biased
estimates of the union productivity effect.
We would like to thank Elizabeth Savoca and an anonymous referee for their helpful suggestions. 相似文献
14.
Michael H. Leroy 《Journal of Labor Research》2001,22(4):723-737
Conclusion and Implications My result cast doubt on normative assessment of NLRB performance. To illustrate, Gross concludes that the Dotson Board’sdecisions
caused the labor movement to atrophy. If the Dotson Board ruled for unions in roughly the same proportion of striker replacement
cases as the Gould Board, however, Gross’ conclusion is questionable. 相似文献
15.
A changing labor relations climate has caused many national unions to merge with smaller independent unions in recent years.
One aspect of the merger process concerns the willingness of independent union members to support affiliation with a national
union (Chaison, 1986). This article examines the determinants of indivudual-level voting behavior using data gathered from
members of an independent union who rejected a proposed affiliation with a national union in a membership referendum. Logistic
regression results indicate that affiliation supporters perceived the affiliation as improving union effectiveness, were influenced
by social support among co-workers in favor of the merger, and perceived the saliency of the independent union’s support for
the affiliation proposal. Conversely, affiliation opposition was influenced by the employer’s “vote no” campaign and by perceptions
that affiliation would lead to an increased probability of strikes and to future increases in dues. 相似文献
16.
Approximately two-thirds of the nation’s elementary and secondary schoolteachers are represented by the American Federation
of Teachers or the National Education Association. Surprisingly, however, relatively little is known of the impact of teachers’
unions on student achievement. The authors offer evidence on this point by estimating “college entrance exam production functions”
for a national sample of 2,360 students. Of particular importance, the estimation includes a correction for the selectivity
bias inherent if the analysis considers only the performance of test-takers. Results indicate that students in a unionized
environment score about 4.7 percent higher on their college entrance exams (SAT and ACT) than their counterparts from a nonunion
environment.
This study was partially supported by the Joint Council on Economic Education through funding provided by the J. Howard Pew
Freedom Trust. Additional support was provided by the Dean’s Office and the Division of Business Research, College of Business
and Industry, Mississippi State University. The authors thank Margaret Ray for her assistance. 相似文献
17.
Mark J. Ahlseen 《Journal of Labor Research》1990,11(3):337-346
This study examines the effect of unions on labor’s share of income. Because economic conditions within each industry are
important in addressing this issue, this analysis incorporates a more disaggregated approach than has been previously used.
Cross-sectional data for the 1950s — a period of more stable unionization — permit an examination of the long-run effect of
wage increases on labor’s share. The empirical analysis suggests that higher labor prices have no long-run impact on labor’s
share in manufacturing. 相似文献
18.
Much research has focused on the direct effect of unions on production efficiency given set technology and plant scale. However,
another path through which unions may influence productivity has received virtually no attention: the indirect productivity
effect that unions may exert on the firm’s choice of plant size. We present a model in which firms explicitly consider the
positive correlation between the probability of being unionized and plant scale in choosing plant scale and show that unions
may prevent firms from fully exploiting economies of scale by their threat of organizing. Although it may be difficult to
directly estimate this effect, there is ample casual empirical support that union status and plant scale are positively related. 相似文献
19.
Current research offers two potentially competing perspectives on union strength: membership and financial/political resources.
We update and broaden the research on the financial and political resources of nine major public sector unions in the U.S.
by reporting these unions’ financial assets, net worth, revenues, and political action committee (PAC) receipts during the
1980s and the early 1990s. We find that unions may expand their financial and political resources even though membership levels
stagnate or decline. Overall, the unions have amassed larger asset bases, even though some have actually lost members. On
a per member basis, federal executive branch unions do not appear as financially weak as the level of their financial resources
suggests. Postal unions as a group are clearly the strongest in terms of per member financial and political resources. Federal
executive branch unions have experienced a striking reduction in their PAC activity, while the postal and the state and local
union PACs have grown substantially. Our analysis indicates that union membership may not adequately measure union strength. 相似文献
20.
Terry H. Wagar 《Journal of Labor Research》1997,18(1):163-174
I investigate the relationship between labor-management climate and perceptions of productivity, product!service quality,
and customer!client satisfaction using a regional and national sample of Canadian organizations and a regional sample of local
unions. Overall, the ordered probit results reveal a strong relationship between labor-management climate and measures of
organizational performance with a more positive labor-management climate associated with more favorable scores on the performance
variables.
This study was funded by grants from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and the Social Sciences
and Humanities Research Council of Canada/Saint Mary’s University Matching Grants Fund. 相似文献