新世纪、新阶段人口研究和人口工作

文章分析了低生育水平下实现全面建设小康社会人口研究和人口工作的课题,总结了人口工作成功的主要经验,考察了新时期的人口新情况,质疑传统人口转变理论最后阶段的历程,提出从承载力、城市化、就业与社会保障、人口管理制度、低生育水平下的计划生育、老龄化、新的人口研究领域等方面进一步拓展人口和人口工作。     

21世纪中国人口问题透析

江泽民总书记在全国人口、资源、环境座谈会上提出应该重视和研究人口问题 ,面对 2 1世纪经济全球化、信息化等社会和自然科学的发展 ,结合其对人口科学和人口管理带来革命性的影响 ,本文分析了人口总量控制与低生育水平下的生育政策、劳动人口数量的增长与就业等八方面的问题 ,从一种不同的视角来看待 2 1世纪中国人口问题 ,提出了自身独到的见解。     

生育政策调整对中国出生人口规模的影响——基于生育意愿与生育行为差异的视角

生育政策调整对中国出生人口规模的影响是本研究关注的主要问题。本文利用2013年中国家庭幸福感热点问题调查的原始数据,基于生育意愿与生育行为差异的视角,研究生育政策调整对中国出生人口规模可能产生的影响。研究发现:通过2011²013年的重复测量,中国目前意愿生育水平在1.86左右;育龄人群现行生育政策条件下的终身生育水平为1.59,生育政策完全放开后的终身生育水平也仅为1.68,都显著低于意愿生育水平;基于生育意愿与生育行为的差异,即使生育政策完全放开,中国20142013年的重复测量,中国目前意愿生育水平在1.86左右;育龄人群现行生育政策条件下的终身生育水平为1.59,生育政策完全放开后的终身生育水平也仅为1.68,都显著低于意愿生育水平;基于生育意愿与生育行为的差异,即使生育政策完全放开,中国2014²020年每年多出生人口规模也不超过324万。     

甘肃省适龄人口生育意愿的实证分析

本文选取不同年龄、不同级别城市和乡村的适龄生育人口,在问卷调查的基础上就甘肃省在实行“独生子女”政策时的生育行为和“全面两孩”政策下的生育意愿进行了分析.结果表明:相对于“独生子女”政策时的生育水平,单纯的“全面两孩”政策并不能有效地提高甘肃省的人口生育水平,且适龄人口的生育意愿与生育年龄呈显著负相关关系.因此,笔者认为应调整当前我国实施的人口控制政策,同时针对甘肃省的人口年龄结构失调、男女比例失衡及后续劳动力资源紧缺等问题提出了相应政策建议,以利于甘肃省及全国人口生育水平的提高.     

人口发展转向背景下中国人口学研究的重点领域及其展望

人口问题是新时代中国社会经济发展必须面对的基础性、全局性和战略性问题。近年来,随着社会经济的发展及人口政策的调整,中国人口发展发生重大转向,主要体现在四个方面:人口红利走向下行、老龄化不断加剧、生育水平持续降低和城镇化水平明显提高。全面与及时把握新时代人口发展转向背景下中国人口学研究的新动向、新特点与新走向,对战略、前瞻、有效应对国家人口趋势性变化及其对经济社会发展产生的深刻影响至关重要。本文通过检索并分析文献数据库中近年来收录的人口学重要文献,归纳出新时代我国人口学关注的核心议题为人口红利、老龄化、生育水平和新型城镇化,并对各核心议题的重点研究方向进行了详述。通过明确目前人口发展转向背景及人口学研究的核心议题,预计未来人口学研究主要关注以下六个方面:新时代中国特色人口理论体系的建构、人口红利的变化新特点及其轨迹、跨学科视角下的老龄研究及其顶层制度设计、生育政策调整与完善的走向及其配套措施、新型城镇化的质量及其内在动力以及人口分析技术方法的拓展和创新。在人口发展发生明显转向的新形势下,未来人口学研究将对社会经济发展过程中出现的人口问题予以持续的关注,从而促进我国人口长期均衡发展。     

“人口政策调整”有利于我国长期发展

全国人民期盼已久的生育政策调整终于在十八届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》（以下简称《决定》）中尘埃落定了。《决定》提出：＂坚持计划生育的基本国策,启动实施一方是独生子女的夫妇可以生育两个孩子的政策,逐步调整完善生育政策,促进人口长期均衡发展。＂这是我国进入21世纪以来生育政策的重大调整完善,是国家人口发展的重要战略决策。这一战略决策不仅符合广大人民群众的生育需求,更充分反映了我国人口形势发生根本性变化条件下经济社会发展的现实要求。中国人口转变用了世界上最短的时间。2010年全国第六次人口普查表明,     

1990年以来中国人口出生水平变动及预测

人口出生水平取决于生育水平、 生育模式以及育龄妇女比重.文章利用1980—2010年进入生育期的妇女的初育年龄对其终身生育率进行预测,并据此测算1990年、2000年以及2010年三个人口普查年份的人口出生率,结果表明,这三个年份的出生率估计值均能够以较小的误差接近由总和生育率计算得到的人口出生率真实值.在此基础上,文章进一步解释了1990年以来中国人口出生水平持续下降以及近十年来始终处于低水平的现象,是由30岁以下的年轻育龄妇女的生育水平、 生育模式(标准化年龄别生育率)和占总人口比重共同下降所致.考虑到二孩政策的全面放开,文章还模拟了高、 中、 低三种预测情景下2011—2050年中国人口出生规模的变化,指出即使在文章设定的高生育水平方案下,人口出生规模也只能在短期内实现回升.因此,为促进未来人口出生数量渐进增加,保持人口长期均衡发展,生育政策的调整目标仍须适当提高.     

21世纪中国人口面临的艰难抉择──生育率与人口规模·老龄化的前瞻

总人口、老年人口规模与生育率呈正向变化以及老龄化程度与生育率呈反向变化的矛盾, 决定了低生育率导致人口数量较少但高度老龄化; 高生育率导致人口规模扩大但老龄化程度较低,造成未来生育政策调整的艰难抉择。促进人口与社会经济、资源环境的协调发展和可持续发展是未来中国发展的最主要矛盾,继续坚持低生育率政策,坚持严格控制人口数量是首要任务     

我国生育政策演进与人口均衡发展——从独生子女政策到全面二孩政策的思考

我国在全国范围推行计划生育政策始于20世纪70年代早期,是在经济发展水平长期低迷和人口"爆炸"强烈反差下被迫做出的选择。计划生育政策根据人口、经济社会发展和资源环境形势进行动态调整是国家发展的需要,也是人口发展规律的要求。全面二孩政策是生育政策调整的延续,终止了紧缩性的生育政策,开启了相对宽松性的生育政策时代,其政策实施的人口效果预期利远大于弊。评判人口均衡发展要遵循人口发展的规律性。全面二孩政策和未来生育政策的进一步完善对人口长期均衡发展和人口与经济社会、资源环境协调可持续发展具有积极意义。促进人口长期均衡发展是我国需要坚持的发展战略。     

21世纪中国面临的人口问题再认识以及应对策略

人口规模巨大引发的社会经济矛盾、劳动就业压力与结构性短缺并存和人口老龄化双重影响、城市化下巨大乡-城人口转移压力、出生性别比偏高、低生育水平的惯性副作用是未来人口发展中突出的问题。在大力发展社会经济的前提下,调整过低生育水平,协调和稳定未来人口年龄结构是人口发展战略的必然选择。     

Differentials in divorce in maryland

The basic data needed for measurement of the risks of termination of the legal relationship of marriage by characteristics of the marital partners are not available at this time for the United States because the national divorce registration area includes less than half the States. Special studies based on selected census data or the records of marriages and divorces occurring in one State or community have provided much of the valuable but limited information at hand. Statistics for individual States are subject to substantial bias as a consequence of inter-State migration between time of marriage and time of divorce, but they must serve as a basic data source until national reporting has improved. A record linkage study was undertaken which tied marriages occurring in the State of Maryland in 1959 with divorces occurring in the State in the years 1959–66. Relative, not actual, divorce risks by race, age at marriage, and previous marital status were calculated for couples with at least one partner an in-State resident at the time of marriage. The dissolution rate was higher for whites than for nonwhites. Marriages contracted by persons at very youthful ages and by persons who had been married previously were found subject to greater than average risks of dissolution through divorce.     

城市计划生育技术服务方式创新--南京市玄武区政府购买计划生育技术服务的实践

建立政府牵头、计卫联手、资源共享的计划生育技术服务体系 ,开展以知识普及、知情选择、随访服务、咨询指导、健康促进为主要内容的计划生育避孕节育和生殖保健优质服务 ,最大限度地满足社区育龄群众在计划生育和生殖保健方面的需求 ,是城市计划生育技术服务改革发展的方向1 。近几年 ,南京市玄武区计划生育局在区委、区政府的领导以及省市计生委的支持下 ,根据新时期城市计划生育工作改革发展要求 ,积极推进政府计划生育部门的职能转变 ,探索计划生育技术服务方式的改革创新 ,尝试依托社区医疗卫生和妇幼保健服务网络 ,由政府购买计划生育…     

Major Tasks in Health and Family Planning in China in 2015

On January 12,2015,at the regular press briefing of National Health and Family Planning Commission(NHFPC),NHFPC reported the major tasks in health and family planning in China in 2015.The details are as follows:In-depth Development of Medical and Health System Reform In-depth Development of Medical and Health System Reform.     

Increases in childlessness in New Zealand

New Zealand’s fertility fell below the theoretical replacement level (2.1 births per woman) for the first time in recorded history in 1978. It has hovered at or below replacement level ever since. The result, an impression of relative stability, belies changes taking place. Data from the 1981, 1996 and 2006 censuses show a pattern of delayed childbearing and increased childlessness. In a little over 30 years, childlessness has shifted from being almost entirely a consequence of a couple’s infecundity to being as frequently a result of a woman’s life choices. The steady rises in childlessness recorded by successive cohorts suggest that childlessness is already having a significant effect on New Zealand fertility. Patterns in characteristics of those women choosing not to start families, as well as subtle differences in these patterns between New Zealand and other developed nations, suggest that there is a significant potential for childlessness to cause a more dramatic shift in New Zealand’s total fertility rate. This analysis examines growth in childlessness in relation to marital status, country of birth, ethnicity, regional and urban differentials, religion, and educational attainment of women who were childless at the 1981, 1996 and 2006 censuses.

Shifts in Reproductive Patterns in China

The People's Republic of China, during the second half of the twentieth century, has been repeatedly affected by social and political upheavals associated with government policies. These have produced strong but unexpected impacts on Chinese demographic patterns. Many of these policies are of the sorts that alter reproductive costs and benefits. This study examines patterns in Hebei, Shaanxi, and Shanghai, three provinces with differing ecological, geographic, and economic characteristics. Government policies affected the three populations differentially; this was evident at both aggregate and individual levels. The Great Leap Forward and subsequent famine created higher birth deficits and mortality among the largely rural populations of Hebei and Shaanxi than the more urban Shanghai. In contrast, the Cultural Revolution and family planning resulted in lower fertility levels for women in Shanghai. The population history of China during the second half of last century thus reflects strong state interventions in the lives of its citizens. Government policies, along with regional variations in geographic, social, and economic conditions, strongly influence individual access to resources in China. Variations in timing and intensity of women's reproductive patterns reflect differential access to resources and subsequent trade-offs.     

Materialism in Pedagogy Students in Chile

Many studies have used Richins and Dawson’s (J Consum Res 19: 303–316, 1992) Material Values Scale (MVS), applying it to different types of populations that exhibit a particular psychometric behavior, and showing little stability in their factorial structure. In the present study, 1,070 pedagogy students from the northern, central and southern regions of Chile answered the MVS. This sample was randomly divided in two. Using the first sub-sample (N = 539), an exploratory factorial analysis was carried out, from which a structure of nine items was grouped into two factors called “Social Success” and “Personal Happiness”, which presented adequate reliability. Later, with the second sub-sample (N = 531), the factorial structure indicated above was put to the test through a confirmatory factorial analysis. The data from the model show that the scale contains 8 items in total, grouped into two dimensions. The factorial loads are significant at the level of 1 %, which indicates that the 2-factor structure can be confirmed. Finally—using the proposed structure—the presence of the students’ material values was evaluated.     

论西部开发中的城市发展问题

本文在对近20年来我国城市发展进行回顾与反思的基础上,提出了西部制定城市发展战略和选择城市发展道路的基本原则以及若干城市发展对策措施.     

Trends in life expectancy in wellbeing

Objectives: This paper describes anddiscusses trends in life expectancy inwellbeing between 1989 and 1998.Methods: Data on wellbeing by theBradburn Affect Balance Scale is obtained fromthe Netherlands Continuous Health InterviewSurveys for the calendar years from 1989 to1998. Using Sullivan's method, life expectancyin wellbeing is calculated.Results: For males at the age of 16, lifeexpectancy in wellbeing increases significantlyfrom 52.7 years in 1989 (90.1% of the totallife expectancy) to 54.4 years in 1998(90.8%). This increase is almost completelycaused by the increase in total lifeexpectancy. For females at the age of 16, lifeexpectancy in wellbeing raises significant from54.4 years in 1989 (84.1%) to 56.2 years in1998 (86.3%). This increase is almostcompletely caused by a decrease in the numberof years in a state of distress.For both males and females at the age of 65,the significant increase of life expectancy inwellbeing exceeds the increase in total lifeexpectancy and is mainly caused by the decreasein number of years in distress.Conclusion: Contrary to life expectancyin good perceived health and to disability freelife expectancy – which show a decreasing trend– the overall wellbeing of the population isincreasing. It seems that aspects in human lifethat contribute to wellbeing or quality of lifeother than physical health are gaining inimportance. This makes life expectancy inwellbeing a less appropriate instrument tomonitor changes in population health, but auseful instrument to measure population qualityof life.     

Changes in Living Standards and Depopulation in Latvia in the 1990s

Social Indicators Research -     

"非典"期间全国农村地区跨省流入人口调查数据分析

在2003年抗击非典的关键时期,国家人口和计划生育委员会进行了全国农村地区跨省流入人口的调查.本文着重分析这项调查所获得的数据,并对数据的一致性做出说明.既揭示了我国农村流动人口的基本特征和非典时期农村人口流动的规模和流向特点,又反映了非典对这一时期全国人口的流动所产生的影响,同时展示了我国抗击非典工作在农村地区所取得的成绩.