Quality of the urban environment as perceived by residents of slow and fast growth cities

Through the vehicle of the Winnipeg and Edmonton Area Surveys of 1981 this paper compares perceptions of the city by its residents in two cities of dramatically different growth rates, holding constant the region of the country, the size of the city, the time of the analysis and the methodology used. The growth rate did influence the evaluations of the attributes of the city by its residents. However, this evaluation of growth was not a significant contributer to overall satisfaction with the city. While levels of satisfaction with the city were similar in the two cities, the contributing variables differed somewhat.     

Birth and death in cities in the developing world

City dwellers in Sub-Saharan Africa have increased roughly 600% in the last 35 years. Throughout the developing world, cities have expanded at a rate that has far outpaced rural population growth. Extensive data document lower fertility and mortality rates in cities than in rural regions. But slums, shantytowns, and squatters' settlements proliferate in many large cities. Martin Brockerhoff studies the reproductive and health consequences of urban growth, with an emphasis on maternal and child health. Brockerhoff reports that child mortality rates in large cities are highest among children born to mothers who recently migrated from rural areas or who live in low-quality housing. Children born in large cities have about a 30% higher risk of dying before they reach the age of 5 than those born in smaller cities. Despite this, children born to migrant mothers who have lived in a city for about a year have much better survival chances than children born in rural areas to nonmigrant mothers and children born to migrant mothers before or shortly after migration. Migration in developing countries as a whole has saved millions of children's lives. The apparent benefits experienced in the 1980s may not occur in the future, as cities continue to grow and municipal governments confront an overwhelming need for housing, jobs, and services. Another benefit is that fertility rates in African cities fell by about 1 birth per woman as a result of female migration from villages to towns in the 1980s and early 1990s. There will be an increasing need for donors and governments to concentrate family planning, reproductive health, child survival, and social services in cities, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, because there child mortality decline has been unexpectedly slow, overall fertility decline is not yet apparent in most countries, and levels of migration to cities are anticipated to remain high.     

International Migration and City Growth in the Global South: An Analysis of IPUMS Data for Seven Countries, 1992–2013

Evidence on the demographic components of city growth in the global South is scarce, and the role played by international migration is neglected. We analyze the importance of recent international migration in cities, compare it with that of internal movements, and evaluate the growth contribution across national contexts and the urban hierarchy. Combining individual-level census data and geographic master files of metropolitan areas with indirect demographic estimation techniques, we cover 377 cities in seven countries. It is found that, in almost one third of cities, population change and replacement has been mainly determined by migration. The international component was larger than the internal one in more than half of cities. Whereas internal migration tends to decrease with rising city size, international movements tend to increase. Positive net international migration substitutes for the net losses from domestic movements in large cities, but complements the gains in intermediate-sized cities.     

长春市人口迁移状况以及人口管理模式转变的思考

20世纪90年代以来,随着我国社会主义市场经济体制逐步建立和完善,市场机制在配置资源方面发挥的作用越来越大。长春市是东北老工业基地,尽管经济发展水平与东部地区有一定差距,但是作为特大城市的经济聚集能力和人口聚集能力仍然很强,人口迁移流动在市场机制的作用下呈加速增长趋势,经济因素是推动人口流动性增加的主要原因。     

青年流动人才的城市选择及影响机制——基于人才特征视角

文章利用2017年流动人口动态监测数据,构建多值Logit模型,从个体特征、流动特征、经济特征三个维度,探究青年流动人才选择流入Ⅱ型大城市、Ⅰ型大城市、特大超大城市影响因素差异。回归结果显示,女性、非农户籍青年流动人才大城市偏好明显,小家庭模式增加特大超大城市选择概率;流动年限越长、流动距离越远,流入城市规模越大,基于经济原因流动,特大超大城市选择概率下降;雇员倾向规模更大城市,雇主倾向规模更小城市,职业、单位正规性越好,社会声望越高,越倾向特大超大城市,就业收入、居住支出随城市规模扩大,影响由负转正。为提高城市人才引进效率,规范城市人才引进秩序,建议应加快户籍制度改革,扩大社会资源覆盖范围;减少公共服务使用限制,保障随迁人员福利;充分发挥城市比较优势,打造核心竞争力多维体系;突出城市行业特色,完善城市行业结构。     

Mobility where mobility is illegal: internal migration and city growth in the Soviet Union

This paper examines an important anomaly in the internal migration history of the former Soviet Union (FSU). While many cities were closed in the sense of explicitly limiting growth of city population from migration, it was difficult to assess the effectiveness of these controls. We analyze a sample of 308 Soviet cities to isolate the impact of closure regulations controlling for city size. We find that while there are pervasive patterns of city growth, the rate increasing through the 1960s and declining thereafter, there are also pervasive differences between controlled and uncontrolled cities, the later growing significantly faster in almost all cases, controlling for city size. Received: 17 July 1997/Accepted: 16 March 1998     

基于logistic模型的外来人口婚姻迁移的影响因素分析——以珠三角某地区为例

婚姻迁移是人口迁移的一个方面,且增多趋势愈见明显。动机研究是人口迁移相对集中的关注问题。但是关于以迁入地为基点对婚姻迁移的影响因素分析相对较少。本文试图以某地区为例,研究其外来人口中婚姻迁移行为发生的影响因素,主要包括个人、户籍、经济、就业和城市适应五大因素,并引入logistic模型对测量变量进行统计分析。结果表明,个人因素对婚姻迁移的贡献最大,除了就业因素外,其他因素的贡献相似。尤其指出的是随着外来人口的城市适应程度提高,婚姻迁移的可能性将会增加。由此说明,外来人口城市生活的再社会化程度将为他们的社会融合奠定基础。     

A study of urban population migration and urbanization in China]

Under the auspices of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and UN funding, a study was undertaken to assess Chinese urban migration and urbanization. A 2% random sample was taken of 74 cities of varying densities (divided into 5 categories ranging from "especially large city" to "town") from 16 provinces. This encompassed 23,895 households, 1,643 collectives and 100,167 people. Major data include: 38% of the subjects had migrated at least once; 7.58% lived away from home for at least 1 year; 23.98% were temporarily away from home at the time of the study; 3.6% were at home. With the exception of the "especially large city," which absorbed 46.5% of urban migrants, more migrants entered "towns" than they did "large city." Migration to the "especially large city" fell from 56.6% in the 1950s to 32.5% between 1981-86, whereas migration into the other categories increased. For example, population movement into towns jumped from 12.3% in the 1950s to 28.6% in 1981-86. In all 5 categories, intra-province migration was larger than inter-province migration. Over half of the urban migrants moved from villages to towns. More men migrated to cities than women, but slightly more women than men migrated from villages to cities (due to marriage customs). 56.6% of migrants were between 15-30 years; 23.34% were workers; 21.54% were farmers. Reasons given for moving were many, but the most often cited was work related. Work related moves often meant that such migration was dictated, rather than voluntary. Also, social, economic and political upheavals directly affected the pattern of urban migration from 1949-86. Current government policy is to develop smaller cities and to limit the growth of already densely populated areas. Until cities can provide adequate housing, food and jobs for its inhabitants, governmental intervention in some areas will continue to be necessary.     

Urban growth in Korea, 1970-1980: an application of the human ecological perspective

This study supports the ecological perspective proposed by Duncan (population, environment, organization, and technology) explaining urban population growth. Data were obtained from the 1970 and 1980 Korean Population Census and Korean Municipal Yearbook on cities with a minimum size of 20,000-50,000 people (108 cities and towns). Urban growth is most strongly influenced by indigenous labor surplus and the population potential of the city to be in contact with another city. Nine multiple regression variables explained just under 66% of the variance in urban growth. Net migration was influential among those aged 15-24 years. The extent of differentiation of industry affected net migration only among those aged 15-24 years and those aged 35-44 years. Population redistribution was more affected directly by changes in industrial organization, and migration was affected indirectly by environmental and technological effects on organization. Urban growth through migration of older age groups was affected by government expenditure on public works. Urban growth was not much affected by transportation/communication concentration, manufacturing concentration, urban labor surplus, population size, and site. Urban growth was viewed as the interaction between the unemployment rate and the urban wage, following Todaro's equilibrium models. In Korea, larger cities only grew faster during the 1960s. By the 1970s, upper middle-sized cities grew faster. Location was not a significant factor in explaining urban growth, but growth was rapid along a corridor within 100 km from Seoul and 50 km from Pusan, the second largest city in Korea. Caution was urged in interpreting Korea's ecological urban growth patterns as indicative of developing countries.     

教育发展差异对人口迁移的影响——基于城市化发展的视角

改革开放以来,在制度改革和经济转型的双重作用下,我国人口迁移规模不断扩大,在影响迁移的因素当中教育水平是一个非常重要的影响。研究结果表明:教育在我国人口迁移过程中确实发挥显著的作用。从全国总体来看,教育对人口的迁入与迁出均呈现反向作用关系;城市教育水平与迁入及迁出也均呈现反向作用关系;然而,县教育水平与迁入及迁出均呈现正向作用关系。这反映出,我国目前的人口迁移是一种层级递进式的迁移情况。这种层级递进的模式实质上是我国城市化进程的反映,在这个过程中教育的作用不可忽视。     

Urban Growth in Developing Countries: A Review of Projections and Predictions

Comparison of the United Nations' earliest and most recent projections to the year 2000 suggests that urban and city growth in developing regions has occurred much more slowly than was anticipated as recently as 1980. A modified “urban population explosion” in developing countries since the 1970s conforms to explanatory models of urban growth developed by economists around 1980. Trends in productivity and terms of trade, in particular, have been highly favorable to agriculture as compared to manufacturing, presumably slowing migration to urban centers. Increases in national population growth rates have produced less than commensurate increases in rates of city growth, further supporting an economic and migration-related explanation for unexpectedly slow recent urban growth. Despite the efforts of the United Nations to maintain reliable statistics on urban and city populations, urban population projections should be interpreted with caution because of inadequacies of the data on which they are based. Moreover, current projections that virtually all world population growth in the future will occur in urban areas of developing countries may be misconstrued, if the forces that have retarded urban growth in recent years persist.     

Race, socioeconomic status, and return migration to New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina

Hurricane Katrina struck New Orleans on the 29th of August 2005 and displaced virtually the entire population of the city. Soon after, observers predicted the city would become whiter and wealthier as a result of selective return migration, although challenges related to sampling and data collection in a post-disaster environment have hampered evaluation of these hypotheses. In this article, we investigate return to the city by displaced residents over a period of approximately 14 months following the storm, describing overall return rates and examining differences in return rates by race and socioeconomic status. We use unique data from a representative sample of pre-Katrina New Orleans residents collected in the Displaced New Orleans Residents Pilot Survey. We find that black residents returned to the city at a much slower pace than white residents even after controlling for socioeconomic status and demographic characteristics. However, the racial disparity disappears after controlling for housing damage. We conclude that blacks tended to live in areas that experienced greater flooding and hence suffered more severe housing damage which, in turn, led to their delayed return to the city. The full-scale survey of displaced residents being fielded in 2009–2010 will show whether the repopulation of the city was selective over a longer period.     

对90年代回流农村劳动力创业行为的实证研究

本文以 90年代安徽省农村劳动力由城市打工后返回本地创业的 193个个案调查为基础 ,对农村劳动力从外出打工到回乡创业的—般规律进行了实证分析 ,从动机、资源、资本等多角度阐明了外出打工与回乡创业之间的内在联系 ,探讨了回流农村劳动力的创业“机理” ,提出不发达地区政府应鼓励和支持有—定打工积累的外出农民回乡创业 ,以推动本地区的经济发展     

上海经济增长中的适度流动人口问题探讨

流动人口问题是我国改革开放以来各大中城市发展过程中所面临的重要问题之一。本文根据经济发展与流动人口的关系论述了现阶段在各大中城市对流动人口规模与结构进行适度控制的必要性 ,并以上海为例 ,借助于城市生产函数建立了一定时期内的适度流动人口规模模型 ,定量地分析、测算了与上海城市经济增长相适应的适度流动人口规模并提出了相关的政策建议。     

中国西部城市居民消费结构定量研究

实施西部大开发战略直接关系到扩大内需,促进经济增长,关系到民族团结、社会稳定和边防巩固,关系到东西部协调发展和最终实现共同富裕。随着国家西部大开发政策的实施,为了给西部经济住入了活力,促进西部经济的发展,研究此地区的消费水平对于了解其经济增长是很有必要的。本文运用主成分分析对我国西部12个省市的消费结构进行了分析,揭示了我国西部个省市消费结构及其特点,据此提出相应的建议。     

Population redistribution policy in Korea: A review

With its rapid industrial transformation over the last two decades, Korea has experienced a massive population shift from rural to urban areas. In particular, population concentration together with the concentration of economic and political power in the primate city of Seoul created spatial imbalances and a host of urban problems which are not uncommon to many developing nations. In response to these persisting imbalances and problems, the government of Korea has implemented various programs and measures since 1970. Korea's experiment with population redistribution, although it may not be easily replicated in other countries, provides a rare example with which we can examine some of the major issues involved in population distribution policies. The paper reviews Korean policies and programs for population redistribution, assesses their effects in redressing the three major spatial imbalances - between urban and rural, between regions, and between cities of different sizes - and draws lessons for policy formation in Korea as well as in other countries which are considering such a policy.     

中国人口城市化对全面建设小康社会的意义

全面建设小康社会是党的十六大提出的新时代的奋斗目标,人口城市化则是实现全面小康的一个重要环节,对中国实现社会公平、提高经济效率、解决二元经济结构矛盾以及实现社会和谐发展等方面有着重要的意义。但是,中国目前的人口城市化进程中存在着同经济发展不同步、大城市发展缓慢等诸多问题。因此,必须优化经济结构,加快城市基础设施建设,坚持大、中、小城市和小城镇协调发展。     

A comparison of patterns of urban deprivation between Canadian and U.S. cities

Recent research has indicated the existence of aggregate level differences between Canadian and U.S. cities. However, little attention has been given to possible socio-spatial differences between cities in the two nations. This paper attempts to address part of this issue by comparing a sample of paired Canadian and U.S. cities with respect to, (1) deprivation concentration levels within their inner cities, (2) the nature of areas of multiple deprivation, and (3) the proportion of their worst areas of multiple deprivation located within their inner cities. The study found that deprived groups were disproportionately represented in the inner-city areas of both nations. However, areas of multiple deprivation in U.S. cities contained more deprived groups than Canadian cities. Finally, the inner-city areas of both nations contained high proportions of their worst areas of multiple deprivation. In short, the extent of multiple deprivation is less in Canadian cities, but cities in both countries share an inner-city problem.     

Constituents of Quality of Life and Urban Size

Do cities have an optimal size? In seeking to answer this question, various theories, including Optimal City Size Theory, the supply-oriented dynamic approach and the city network paradigm, have been forwarded that considered a city’s population size as a determinant of location costs and benefits. However, the generalised growth in wealth that has been experienced over the last 50 years in developed countries has changed what have traditionally been seen as man’s needs. Thus, Inglehart’s post-materialist approach and Maslow’s theory of human needs force us to re-examine the traditional costs and benefits of cities. Here, we assume that costs and benefits enter the utility function of households through the quality of life concept. The relation between the constituents of quality of life and traditional and new theories of city size are considered here. Finally, we test these relations empirically in a specific dynamic, local framework: the city of Barcelona (Spain) in the period 1991–2000.     

Temporary Migrants in Shanghai Households, 1984

In China, temporary migration is defined as a change in place of residence without a concomitant change in household registration; such mobility therefore encompasses a more heterogeneous set of movements than is usually subsumed under this heading in other nations. Because of China's strict control of permanent migration to large cities, temporary migration has become an important strategy for adjusting to economic changes and to effecting family reunification. The Shanghai Temporary Migration Survey of 1984 focused on one segment of temporary migrants, the 58% living in the households of permanent residents. Multinomial logistic regression suggests the heightened probability that close relatives of the household heads come to Shanghai to visit or to live, and nonrelatives to work. Regression on current and expected duration shows that many intended to stay for a year or more, some for up to 20 years. Their presence in the city places added strains on infrastructure and raises questions about the continued efficacy of China's migration policies.