否定辩证法:导论(上)

被称为“天书”的《否定辩证法》是阿多尔诺最重要的哲学著作,也是法兰克福学派最重要的哲学著作之一.“导论”是《否定辩证法》的精华,也是理解《否定辩证法》的关键.在“导论”中,阿多尔诺建构了“反体系的”否定辩证法“体系”.其中,非同一性是其理论基础；反概念、反体系、反传统是其基本特征；“被规定的否定”是其理论核心；“瓦解的逻辑”是其理论结局.这样,试图为早期批判理论奠定规范基础的否定辩证法,由于自身的否定性而使这个基础建立在“沙滩”上,致使后人在力捧否定辩证法的同时对之也有所诟病.     

辩证法还是“系统论”——评《马克思主义的社会发展辩证法还是“社会系统理论”?》

这种二者必择其一的提问方法立刻就会引起误解:难道辩证法排除科学理论的系统性吗?因为辩证法本身就是以必然的转化而彼此联结成范畴的系统.另一方面,难道"系统论"排除辩证法吗?按照本书作者、东德哲学家们的意见,一般说来是不排除的.然而不存在抽象的真理,真理永远是具体的,无论是在一定条件下、还是从对辩证法和"系统论"的一定认识上看,实     

同一性的瓦解与否定辩证法的建构

在《否定辩证法》中,阿多尔诺对传统形而上学的同一性思维进行猛烈抨击,认为同一性原则构成了整个西方理性主义哲学体系以及当代资本统治世界的基础,成为现代社会人们普遍遭遇的生存异化的深层根源.因此,阿多尔诺在对传统形而上学的彻底清算中建构了他的否定辩证法.在他看来,哲学应该是一种异质性的经验；否定辩证法就是关于非同一性的一贯认识,就是要破除人们对同一性的迷信,清除对概念和体系的崇拜,从而使辩证法成为概念的星丛.然而,他的否定辩证法在彻底否定的过程中也宣布了自身的灭亡,最终成为一种“瓦解的逻辑”.他的星丛理想也仅仅成为了一幅虚幻而美丽的图景而已.     

罗素论否定事实

在罗素的相关哲学著述中,我们可以根据事物"是否具有"某种特定属性,这些特定属性是否"被知道"以及是否为主体所"感兴趣"等标准,分别从本体论、认识论和价值论角度将事实区分为肯定事实与否定事实两类。事实的逻辑结构是:事实=事物±属性;F=±G(a)或F=±R(a,b)。事实的逻辑结构决定命题的逻辑结构。事实是命题的真值制造者:真的肯定(否定)命题因指向肯定(否定)事实而真,假的肯定(否定)命题因指离肯定(否定)事实而假。因此,肯定事实是真的肯定命题之真与假的否定命题之假的制造者,否定事实则是真的否定命题之真与假的肯定命题之假的制造者。与肯定事实一样,否定事实也是人们决策和行动的客观依据。由于罗素没有将时空状态作为事实分类的标准,没有揭示出否定事实的发现机制,因而对许多否定命题的真假无法做出有效证明,他的否定事实理论有待于进一步完善。     

资本主义“自我毁灭”的历史辩证法

马克思对资本主义制度批判的基本原理,是从黑格尔那里继承下来的"辩证法"原理。通过对黑格尔的作为"一般运动形式"辩证法原理的唯物主义"颠倒",马克思在《共产党宣言》中论证了资本主义"自我毁灭"的三个历史辩证法原理:"阶级自否定"的辩证逻辑;"生产力自否定"的辩证逻辑;"必然王国自否定"的辩证逻辑。正是通过这三个层面的"自否定"的辩证逻辑原理,马克思揭示了资本主义必然灭亡的客观规律。     

否定的辩证法与批判理论的逻辑终结——阿多诺《否定的辩证法》解读

在<否定的辩证法>中,阿多诺批判了传统哲学的同一性、体系化的特征,黑格尔的辩证法与海德格尔的存在论,是同一性哲学的两种不同表现方式.这种同一性、体系化的哲学体现了高度发达的商品社会的特性和要求,同一性哲学对具体经验的否定,正如商品交换对质性的否定.阿多诺认为,哲学应该是一种异质性的经验,真正的哲学是非同一性的哲学.这需要从同一性的辩证法走向否定的辩证法,以非同一性的"星丛"结构为基础采探索新的哲学模式.阿多诺将批判理论的逻辑推向了极限.同时也更加揭示出批判理论的内在困境,即在激进的哲学批判背后,缺乏走向现实实践的理论中介.这是哈贝马斯理论转向的一个重要原因.     

辩证法:在"拒斥"与"拯救"之间——分析马克思主义方法论的内在张力及其根源

就分析马克思主义而言,其独特之处在于方法论,尤其在于对辩证法的态度.分析马克思主义方法论的起点就是拒斤辩证法.从表面看来,分析马克思主义的领军人物对辩证法持批判和拒斥态度.他们所拒斤的包括三种形式的辩证法:作为"特殊的马克思主义的方法论"的辩证法;作为"黑格尔式"的辩证逻辑或辩证律;作为由黑格尔式辩证逻辑或辩证律所支撑的马克思主义理论的分析框架.但是,为了重建历史唯物主义,他们又不得不试图"拯救"某种经过分析了的、有意义的辩证法概念.科亨构建了一种"适度的"辩证法概念用以说明自由问题;埃尔斯特则从形式逻辑与辩证逻辑争论的"困境"中"拯救"出一种以意向性和因果性为框架的"矛质"现念.对辩证法的矛盾态度构成了分析马克思主义方法论的内在张力.进而,由于实证主义与历史主义在马克思主义哲学传统中的对抗导致了分析马克思主义方法论的非历史主义.     

辩证法:瓦解的逻辑 --《否定的辩证法》解读

阿多诺"否定的辩证法"布展的基本前提是,反对"第一哲学"、拒绝总体性和反对"实践第一"等传统哲学的理论建构原则.特别是最后一点,是阿多诺开启"后马克思"思潮的重要逻辑命意.     

否定的辩证法：在自然与历史的关联中

法兰克福学派否定的辩证法是其社会批判理论的哲学基础。法兰克福学派在规定辨证法的基本性质时否定辩证法的本体论性质，否定辩证法是自然界的普遍法则，认为辩证法只存在于主体与客体、人与自然的相互作用之中，真正的辩证法只能是历史辩证法，是与人类史前史相联系的历史方法。本文对上述思想进行了阐述和评论，在关于辩证法的一些基本问题上提出了自己的见解。     

“自由的科学”可能吗?——关于经济学上的客观主义与主观主义

现代经济学不是建立在有明确认识的特定"方法"之上的,当然对此不仅不应否定,相反应予肯定,因为这保证了理论的灵活性和广泛的适用性.这就是方法的模糊性的功效,因为方法的僵化会造成学术思想的贫乏.实际上所谓的方法,就是在实践中获得的一些很有说服力的理论;是在应用这些理     

Race,Color, Ethnicity,and Class

The issues of race, color, ethnicity, and class present many challenges for goup workers leading adolescent counseling groups in culturally muted urban areas. These issues are examined in detail in the context of a school-based group work program for middle school teenagers. The role of the group leader in working with this population is discussed, and guidelines are offered for developing biculturalism in group members and for addressing race, color, ethnicity, and class as they arise in bicultural group processes.     

Gender,work, and childcare in Kazakhstan,Mongolia, and Russia

The current study seeks to understand the nature of gender relations within a post‐Soviet welfare model in Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and Russia. On the basis of the analysis of key labour market indicators, parental leave, and childcare policies, it finds that the welfare models in the three countries are hybrid, and neither authoritarianism in Kazakhstan and Russia nor democracy in Mongolia lead to substantive gender equality outcomes. Persistent gender inequality in these countries is underpinned by the neo‐liberal approach to welfare provision, conservative social norms, and limited agency of civil society to influence the policy agenda. Nonetheless, these states have distributed to the population with an emphasis on working mothers, and this policy choice has been driven by economic, demographic, and political considerations, which ultimately serve to support, rather than transform, the patriarchal power structure in these societies.     

Civilization,Culture, Technology,and the Market

The largest, the cruelest empire in the history of mankind is rapidly disintegrating. But we must not be deluded. The ruins of great empires do not yet mean the emergence of a new, happier, and wiser society. The empire has not yet disintegrated entirely. But even when it does, this will not mean that the people inhabiting one-sixth of the earth's surface will live better, that life will become happy, and that our countrymen will be freer, richer, healthier, better educated, and more humane. Even the cessation of the activity of the CPSU does not mean that the destructive force of lawlessness, militarism, the suppression of human dignity, stagnation, conservatism, the terrible discomfort of everyday life, unprecedented exploitation, general incompetence, parasitism, and technological backwardness is a museum relic forever consigned to the past.     

Opportunity,outlook and coping in poor,urban, African American,late-age,female adolescent contraceptors

This article explored the concepts of resilience, equal opportunity, and coping within a person-process-context model among urban Black adolescents in the US. Data were obtained from narrative accounts and interviews among 20 pregnant and 16 nonpregnant Black female adolescents aged 17 and 19 years. Respondents were recruited from prenatal and family planning clinics of a large metropolitan hospital and were representative of a low-income community with many female household heads and at-risk behaviors. The instruments included a 24-item structured interview of demographic data, and the 56 item semi-structured Pregnancy Adulthood Negotiation of Status Interview (PANSI). The interview elicited responses based on concrete experience, dialogue for assessing knowledge, and an ethic of caring and personal accountability. Contextual analysis revealed seven themes: adulthood preparation, role model formulation, decision-making, protective sensibility, sex and gender role commitment, opportunity mobility, and mate selection. All females shared similar demographics. Most resided in female-headed households and were high school graduates. The subsample differed in behaviors and attitudes on church affiliation, college attendance, registered voter status, sense of care and protection of self and others, self expectancies of social mobility, dating, and mate selection. Nonpregnant females were more likely to have part-time work experience and have mothers with post-high school achievement. Low-income nonpregnant adolescents were effective contraceptors and had social mobility aspirations. Narratives suggest that nonpregnant adolescents had an inner strength and belief, and commitment to advancement of career and vocational goals. The affiliations acted as social supports. These women used skillful coping mechanisms. Clinical social workers should reinforce resilience and work values.