从伦理之诚到本体之诚——李翱、周敦颐诚论与唐宋儒学之发展

唐宋时期儒学思想的演变,是探究儒学发展演变的重要进路。通过对李翱、周敦颐诚论的分析,可知唐宋儒学存在从伦理之诚上升至本体之诚的发展过程。李翱以“至诚”解释天道,使得天道内涵明确化,并赋予天道之诚以“定”“不动”“虚”等特征,致使天道之诚显现本体色彩。同时,李翱从以诚性为代表的道德之性与“诚”的道德修养工夫等方面着重对人道之诚进行阐发。周敦颐采取将人伦道德本体化为天道的方式,将伦理之诚归于天道提升为本体,又把本体之诚落实到具体的人性中,实现了天道与人道的真正贯通,并通过对“诚”作为道德规范、修养工夫及理想境界等问题的讨论,强化了本体之诚的地位。从李翱伦理之诚到周敦颐本体之诚,展现了儒学本体化的发展过程,也为汉唐注疏之学向宋代性理之学的发展指明了方向。     

理学、心(理)学与物(理)学——以贺麟的新心学为起点的中西体系哲学比较研究

古代中国的宋明理学三种形态和现代西方的欧陆“理学”各个流派代表了不同形式的体系哲学。前者围绕理、心、气三个本体概念，后者围绕神、心、物三个本体范畴进行体系建构，分别以自己的方式呈现出了理学、心(理)学和物(理)学之间的静态的逻辑秩序。贺麟先生通过“以中释西，以西释中”的方法展开的中西哲学研究，他在此基础上建构的可以溯源至宋明理学、尤其是陆王心学的新心学，为在两类体系哲学之间进行比较研究提供了诸多有益的资源和启示。我们进而可以勾勒出理学、心(理)学和物(理)学在欧陆现当代哲学中的逻辑演进，籍此理解体系哲学在西方是如何逐步走向解体的。     

马克思主义哲学和本体论

任何一种哲学理论都有一定本体论基础,马克思主义哲学也不例外,可是大家都知道,马克思和恩格斯在他们的著作中很少使用“本体”或“本体论”字眼,更没有明确规定自己的哲学本体论,他们实际上对本体论采取一种明显的回避态度,这究竟是为什么? 一　本体:“上帝” 本体是一个古老的哲学概念,在哲学发展进程中,其含义时有演变、损益,各家对它的理解和使用也不尽相同,以致很难用一句简单的话语把它的意思全部说清楚。但是,本体的一般意义又是不难把握的,人们对它的理解和使用也基本上是一致的:哲学上的本体,是指世界的最终本原,或世界的最高属性…     

从“功夫即本体”的命题看黄宗羲哲学思想的实质

本文从“功夫即本体”的命题入手,深入剖析了黄宗羲哲学思想的本质。认为“工夫”是黄宗羲哲学中的本体范畴,它意蕴着“理气合一。”的思想,黄宗羲正是籍此推演出他的整个哲学体系的。因此,把他哲学中“盈天地间皆气”与“盈天地间皆心”这两个命题割裂开来、对立起来的;做法,乃是对黄宗羲哲学的曲解。     

“自诚明”何以可能——张载思想中的“自诚明”与“自明诚”问题

“自诚明”与“自明诚”是张载工夫论中“成性”的两种方式,而以往研究多认为“自诚明”不可能或只具有理论上的可能性,即使是肯定“自诚明”的也多是从穷理与尽性、知与行相统一的角度来认识,但这并没有完全涵盖张载“自诚明”的内容.实际上对张载来说,伯夷、柳下惠即是“自诚明”的代表,他们通过致力于自身所禀赋的清和之气亦即“致曲”而成为圣人.但由于张载比较重视气质与习染对成德的负面影响,以及对以“致曲”方式而成圣的局限性的理解,所以他更强调“自明诚”.     

重塑本体论的现代诠释确立本体论的超验信赖

“追寻本体是哲学存在的根据”。“本体”的现代内涵应包括以下几个方面 :它是“可以说”与“不可说”的对应关系的存在 ;是“物———我”合一的澄明之境 ;是人对自身存在的一种信仰。哲学本体论的终极关怀是超验的。“超验”作为与“经验”相对称的哲学范畴和哲学规定 ,有着重大的本体论意义、人生意义和科学意义。确立“超验”的合法性 ,不仅必要 ,而且是一种事实。它不仅不应是马克思主义哲学的排斥对象 ,而且应是马克思主义哲学的必争之地。否则 ,在终极信仰上的阵地就只能拱手让给宗教和迷信。     

当下一念之别:阳明学现成良知之辨的关键问题——以王龙溪与聂双江、罗念庵的争论为中心

见在良知与圣人同异与否(圣愚之辨)是中晚明思想史上现成良知之辨的一个核心论题。从“体知”的视角深入分析争论双方对“当下一念”的不同指涉,龙溪以一念善端为依据,当下回溯至心体的一念之微并时时把持于此超越层的良知心体,一念之微与良知本体是同质同层的关系,即本体即工夫,发挥了阳明学向上一机的致知理路;而双江、念庵则是从经验层之可能被欲根遮蔽的一念善端来质疑现成良知的,一念善端与良知本体是同质异层的关系,从而开辟了体用有别、用工夫以复本体的渐修进路。     

孟子哲学是对子思子哲学的深化与发展——兼论子思子哲学及“慎独”与孔子的关系

子思子哲学是先秦儒家哲学的重要阶段。竹书《五行》以成德为主题,并在德之行的基础上子思子区分了“五行和”与“四行和”的两种道德境界,指明“为一”“慎独”是君子“为德”“为善”的工夫。孟子反省、深化和发展了《五行》思想,他所提出的人性善观念为四行成德提供了内在之“善”的本源。孟子又区分了君子和圣人的两种人格,并强调了四行为善说的重要性。在性善说和新四行说的基础上,孟子将子思子的忧思之心转变为四端之心,并以“尽心”为根本工夫。孟子对于《中庸》思想有所取舍,他放弃了慎独说和中和说,而选取了中庸说和诚身说。从宋明儒学来看,《中庸》的思想价值集中在中和说和诚身说上。从《缁衣》等篇的书写体例来看,子思子构造了一个二帝三王相承继及孔子传之的新王道说。孟子的王道论是先秦儒家王道论的高峰。此外,根据安大简《仲尼曰》,“慎独”本是孔子之学,其本义很可能同于《五行》的“慎独”观念;曾子和子思子不过传述和推阐了孔子的“慎独”说。     

社会存在是“关系”本体——解读卢卡奇《关于社会存在的本体论》的一个新视角

关于马克思哲学有无本体论以及是何种本体论的问题,中外学术界一直存有争议.对此,卢卡奇提出了他的看法.在其晚期《关于社会存在的本体论》一书中,他提出并论证了马克思哲学的本体论是劳动—实践本体论的观点.他通过对劳动形成的主客体关系的阐述,论证社会存在本体的关系属性,得出社会存在既不是实体本体也不是意义本体而是“关系”本体的结论.     

解释《中庸》:孔子是诡辩派还是亚里士多德派

本篇论证了安乐哲和郝大维最近对《中庸》的解释和翻译在中国和西方思维样式之间划了一条错误的对立二分法的界线。西方思想并不都是以一个永恒不变的本质为出发点的 ,而中国的思想也不总是基于一个无确定性的变化世界。孔子的概念像“诚”和“物”与亚里士多德的本体语言很相似 ,两者都基于一个能动存在体的世界 ;这些存在体自返地努力完善和实现它们自己固有的潜能。所以用古希腊的诡辩派的语言来翻译这些及其它有关的中国的词语在哲学上是使人误解和不恰当的。而正像在这篇文章里看到的 ,恰当理解的亚里士多德的本体语言才能对《中庸》原文作出准确的表达和描述。     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

Microinsurance: A short history

Twenty years ago, the International Social Security Review published an article that introduced a new term to the vocabulary of development and social protection: Microinsurance. Now, twenty years later, it is suitable to take stock of the contribution of microinsurance towards promoting coverage and social security. The article reviews the main insights gained from 20 years of implementation, including a clear expression of the value proposition of health microinsurance, understanding the demand for microinsurance, the business process for successful implementation, and conditions that must be satisfied for scaling and sustainable operations. It also explains the context that led to a considerable divergence in the microinsurance space. The article offers a discussion of unresolved issues and thoughts about the future of microinsurance. The conclusion of this article is that microinsurance can flourish when the necessary four pillars for its implementation exist, namely mainstreaming through political support, enhanced insurance literacy of the customers, technical assistance to self‐administer the schemes, and availability of seed capital. The sufficient additional condition is that customers perceive microinsurance as offering welfare gains that cannot be obtained by other means.     

Culture,Place of Origin,and Service Delivery for Latino Older Adult Immigrants: The Case of Puerto Rican Older Adults

ABSTRACT

A conceptual model for the design and implementation of effective social services for Latino older adult immigrants in the United States is proposed in this article. Built on the stage-of-migration framework (Drachman, 1992 Drachman, D. 1992. A stage-of-migration framework for service to immigrant populations. Social Work, 37: 68–72. [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), the model presented shows how the premigration service experience of Latino older adults can be used as a basis for service design and implementation in the country of immigration. The case of Puerto Rican older adult immigrants is used to illustrate how the model can be applied to understand present service utilization and develop future programs that are useful and culturally sensitive for Latino older adult immigrants.     

Identifying Themes Regarding the Benefits and Limitations of Caregiver Support Group Conversations

Support groups continue to be one of the most needed and desired forms of help for family caregivers to persons with dementia. Though the effects of caregiver support group participation have been examined, the benefits and limitations of the dynamics of support group conversations have been neglected. This study focuses on the perceived consequences of group dynamics. Three themes—balance, sameness, and individuality—emerged through analysis of open-ended interviews with support group members following observations of their meetings. The consequences of these themes are illustrated with a case study and the implications of these themes for practitioners are discussed.     

Sonic Armatures

ABSTRACT

This article traces the construction of an acoustic regime in Renaissance Florence that was based on the casting, placement, and ringing of civic bells. In confronting the formidable but mute power of the defensive towers that dominated the city's skyline in the late middle ages, successive republican governments regulated these private towers with legislative restrictions while transforming them into a speaking architecture. The new civic bell towers played a crucial, if hitherto neglected role in the struggle to create the Florentine republic, which was the political ground upon which the cultural phenomenon of the Renaissance was founded. In contrast to the more antagonistic urbanistic policies that Florentine governments used to combat their enemies, however, the ringing of civic bells exploited the unifying power of religious bells—a power embedded in their role in uniting people into spiritual communities—to integrate its ideals, laws, and institutions into the soundscape of the city. As a result, the sonic armature created by these bells can be read as an evolving attempt to bind the social body to its architectural environment and to create a universal civic society that transcended more localized loyalties and whose existence guaranteed the legitimacy of its ruling bodies.     

时间与海德格尔的“时间性”

本文不是试图对海德格尔进行解释 ,而是试图从文本本身的角度质疑《存在与时间》中概念的矛盾性。《存在与时间》建立了一种新的 ,关于时间始源性问题的学说。时间的始源 ,被海德格尔称为“时间性”。时间性在此在分析中有中心地位 ,对时间作出了新的解释。然而时间性本身却是一个矛盾概念。时间性源于死的本真性 ;死所以是最本真的 ,因为死是必须此在自己去承担的存在可能性。如果以是否自己去承担为标准 ,那么此在能承担的存在可能性并不只有死。所以死不可能是最本真的。因而 ,时间性也不可能是始源性的时间学说。文章通过对时间性的分析指出 ,时间性学说是建立在对于时间的一般理解之上的。