NASEM report changes term from MAT to medication‐based

The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) released a report last month that calls for medications to treat opioid use disorder. And the report flatly declares what many in the field have suspected for years: medication‐assisted treatment (MAT) is not the right term.     

陈薇:除了胜利,別无选择!

她带领科研团队研制的新冠病毒疫苗,成为国内首个进入临床获得专利权的新冠疫苗。在研发疫苗的关键时刻,她说:“除了胜利,别无选择!”她荣获了“人民英雄”国家荣誉称号。面对荣誉,她说:“这是军人的使命!”她是中国工程院院士、军事科学院军事医学研究院生物工程研究所所长、研究员陈薇。回顾她-路走来的经历,或许可以用三个关键词来概括,那就是“选择、坚持、使命”。     

Rural and Urban Differences in Economic Experiences,Anxiety and Support for the Post-communist Reforms in the Czech and Slovak Republics1

Abstract The economic experiences and economic anxiety of rural and urban residents of the Czech and Slovak Republics during the postcommunist reforms are compared and related to their support for the reforms. The analysis is based on five national surveys, 1992–1996, collected by the Sociology Institute of the now Czech Academy of Sciences. Net of controls, both Czech and Slovak rural respondents report more economic strain and unemployment, a difference that persists over the surveys. These experiences account for rural residents' greater economic anxiety, their fear of economic development and unemployment, which also persists over the surveys. These experiences and anxiety explain, in turn, their lower level of support for the reforms, and endorsement of a return to socialism and strong-hand government. Rural and urban respondents of the two countries have experienced the world differently since 1990, and this is expressed in their economic anxiety and political preferences.     

Toward Prevention of Obsolescence in Sociology

Abstract

This review article is based on Mineral Resources and the Environment, the main report of the Committee on Mineral Resources and the Environment of the Commission on Natural Resources, National Research Council. It is available from the National Academy of Sciences (LC 75–4176, ISBN 0-309-0243-2). Professor Catton, of Washington State University, is the author of From Animalistic to Naturalistic Sociology (McGraw-Hill, 1966), and is one of the founders of the section on environmental sociology of the American Sociological Association. [Eds.]     

GALILEO's CHILDREN: Italian Americans' Difficult Entry into the Intellectual Elite

We examine the possibility of ethnic exclusion by U.S. intellectual elites for the case of Italian Americans, a large, identifiable group that has assimilated into the mainstream during the last half century but is still the subject of demeaning stereotypes with wide currency. Membership in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a fellowship of nearly 4,000 members drawn from throughout the academic, scientific, and artistic worlds, is used as a window into processes of ethnic stratification among intellectuals and academics. The analysis establishes that Italian Americans are represented in the Academy at a level well below their percentage among college and university faculty. Their frequency of election has increased substantially in recent years, but we conclude that the evidence is consistent with continuing ethnic disadvantage.     

Materials relating to East European Jewish history and culture in the archives of the former Soviet Union

The Kiev Institute of Jewish (from the early 1930s “Proletarian”) Culture (Institut Evreiskoi Proletarskoi Kul'tury, IEPK), based at the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (UAS), was one of two such organisations in the inter-war period. This article discusses the fate of its archive, a rich source that included material from Leningrad and elsewhere, in the wake of two interventions; firstly, its sudden closure in 1936 by the Soviet authorities and, secondly, the Nazi occupation of Kiev in the Second World War. As a consequence, the archive was scattered to the winds, ending up in two continents.     

Investor Relations as a Public Relations Function: A State of the Profession in the United States

There are no majors, or even minors, in investor relations for undergraduate students in the United States. Yet, the association of investor relations professionals, the National Investor Relations Institute, has 4,300 members. The questions, then, become who works in the investor relations departments and investor relations agencies, where do they come from, and, more important, what does it mean for the status of investor relations as a profession? This study addresses these questions by conducting a random probability sampling of investor relations professionals to investigate their educational backgrounds, organizational structures, reporting relationships, and other variables. The study concludes that investor relations is still primarily a financial function: Investor relations professionals have financial or business backgrounds and report to the financial executives rather than to the communication executives or to the Chief Executive Officer.     

优化儿童成长环境是社会的重要责任——“儿童成长环境与社会责任”理论研讨会综述

儿童健康成长是中国社会的重要责任,当前,儿童成长环境中还存在一些不利于儿童成长的客观因素,比如家庭过度教育问题、教育机制导向问题、儿童安全问题、青少年犯罪及立法问题等。因此,必须加强儿童工作的力度,切实落实相关政策,为儿童的健康成长提供有利的保护。习近平总书记在2013年“六·一”前夕以一个大朋友身份来到北京市少年宫,向全国儿童祝贺节日的同时,勉励儿童既要学习书本知识,又要多学课外知识;既要勤于思考,又要培养创造精神。以此为契机,上海社会科学院青少年研究所举办了“儿童成长环境与社会责任”研讨会．就以上问题展开热烈讨论,并提出具体策略以供相关部门参考。     

中国城市家庭变迁的趋势和最新发现

本文以中国社会科学院社会学研究所2008年在广州、杭州、郑州、兰州和哈尔滨5个城市市辖区收集的城市居民的家庭数据为分析基础,以经过修正的发展的家庭现代化理论为理论起点,分析了最近十几年来中国城市家庭变迁的趋势,主要在婚姻成本、婚姻的独立性、妇女就业率与夫妻关系、核心家庭与亲属网络关系以及各个城市家庭变迁的独特性几个方面提出了我们的见解,着重指出在中国城市家庭变迁过程中,传统与现代因素之间不是对立的,而是相互融合,甚至相互补充的,在不同的情境下出现不同的组合,因此中国城市家庭的变迁模式和路径是多元的和多因素共同推进的。     

Sexual violence on the college campus: a template for compliance with federal policy

OBJECTIVE: The author introduces a template, the Model Policy for the Prevention and Response to Sexual Assault, to assist institutions of higher education to benchmark campus policy compliance with federal laws directed at sexual assault. The author presents a detailed review of policy criteria recommended by the National Institute of Justice. The author proposes 2 unique criteria not found in the National Institute of Justice report for consideration for a comprehensive campus sexual assault policy. CONCLUSION: The template provides an inclusive system to benchmark campus sexual assault policies. Conforming to the template provides compliance with federal laws and demonstrates that the campus fosters a climate that does not tolerate sexual violence.     

Get High and Get Stupid: The Effect of Alcohol and Marijuana Use on Teen Sexual Behavior

Numerous studies have documented a strong correlation between substance use and teen sexual behavior, and this empirical relationship has given rise to a widespread belief that substance use causes teens to engage in risky sex. This causal link is often used by advocates to justify policies targeted at reducing substance use. Here, we argue that previous research has not produced sufficient evidence to substantiate a causal relationship between substance use and teen sexual behavior. Accordingly, we attempt to estimate causal effects using two complementary research approaches. Our findings suggest that substance use is not causally related to teen sexual behavior, although we cannot definitively rule out that possibility.Research for this paper was supported by grant number 5 R01 DA12692 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse to the National Bureau of Economic Research. We are indebted to Inas Rashad and Nasreen Khan for research assistance. We wish to thank Donald Kenkel, Jody Sindelar, David Salkever, David Bishai, Eric Slade, and two anonymous referees for helpful comments and suggestions. Our research is based in part on the Add Health project, a program project designed by J. Richard Udry (PI) and Peter Bearman, and funded by grant PO1-HD31921 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development to the Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, with cooperative funding participation by the National Cancer Institute; the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders; the National Institute on Drug Abuse; the National Institute of General Medical Sciences; the National Institute of Mental Health; the National Institute of Nursing Research; the Office of AIDS Research, NIH; The Office of Behavior and Social Science Research, NIH; the Office of the Director, NIH; the Office of Research on Womens Health, NIH; the Office of Population Affairs, DHHS; the National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, DHHS; the Office of Minority Health, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, DHHS; the Office of Minority Health, Office of Public Health and Science, DHHS; the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, DHHS; and the National Science Foundation. Persons interested in obtaining data files from The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health should contact Add Health Project, Carolina Population Center, 123 West Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC 27516-3997 (email: addhealth@unc.edu). This paper has not undergone the review accorded to official NBER publications; in particular, it has not been submitted for approval by the Board of Directors. Any opinions expressed are those of the authors and not those of NIDA or NBER.JEL Classification: I10, I11     

Sexual Violence on the College Campus: A Template for Compliance With Federal Policy

Objective: The author introduces a template, the Model Policy for the Prevention and Response to Sexual Assault, to assist institutions of higher education to benchmark campus policy compliance with federal laws directed at sexual assault. The author presents a detailed review of policy criteria recommended by the National Institute of Justice. The author proposes 2 unique criteria not found in the National Institute of Justice report for consideration for a comprehensive campus sexual assault policy. Conclusion: The template provides an inclusive system to benchmark campus sexual assault policies. Conforming to the template provides compliance with federal laws and demonstrates that the campus fosters a climate that does not tolerate sexual violence.     

Stemming the Tide of Trauma Systemically: The Role of Family Therapy

The initial section of this article describes the frequency with which people are exposed to various forms of traumatic stressors and the limitations of linear thinking in both assessing and treating the consequences of traumatic exposure as reported by the Institute of Medicine. The middle section of the article identifies the research and theory that supports the utility of systemic thinking and action in working with traumatised systems, especially families. The final section includes an outline of a protocol for family therapists and other systems‐informed practices to help traumatised families and other systems. A critical part of the protocol is that it meets the standards of trauma‐informed practice reflected by the Green Cross Academy of Traumatology and the International Society of Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS) guidelines, and the six criteria for evaluating treatment approaches. These criteria include do no harm, exposure titration control, reciprocal inhibition tuning, quantity and quantity of training, fit and fidelity and evidence of effectiveness.     

Does It Cost Less to Live in Rural Areas? Evidence from New Data on Food Security and Hunger*

Abstract Rural‐urban differences in the association of food insecurity and hunger with income suggest that the cost of living is substantially lower in rural than in urban areas. This implies that the official poverty rate overstates rural economic hardship compared with that in urban areas. Geographic differences in cost of living implied by the association between food insecurity and income provide some validation of the cost of housing adjustment proposed by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) panel on improving the measurement of poverty, but suggest that the NAS adjustment generally overcorrects for cost of living and would be seriously problematic in some regions.     

Toward the ideal professional master's degree program

This report summarizes the building blocks, process and working documents used by volunteer members of the integrative team assigned to develop a model curriculum for a professional master's degree program in public relations/communications management during the July, 1998 Summer Conference sponsored by the National Communication Association.Using a variety of previous studies, the extensive academic and professional experience of the team members, exercises in nominal group technique and creative brainstorming, the team put forth its recommendations for the “ideal” graduate program.     

Trends in Bio-Behavioral Gambling Studies Research: Quantifying Citations

Both the National Gambling Impact Study Commission and the National Academy of Sciences have evaluated the current state of gambling studies research in general while making specific suggestions for future efforts in the psychological and biomedical areas in particular. Recognizing the importance of evaluating the state of the field on a macro level, this paper considers and categorizes several decades of psychological and biomedical gambling research. By examining the number of references to gambling in two major bibliographic databases, quantifiable trends and observations are presented about gambling-related psychological and biomedical research. Two trends in particular are salient: the rate at which gambling-related articles are published in scholarly journals is increasing, and the plurality of these articles deals with issues of cognition and personality as related to gambling.     

A New Model for Long-Term Care: Balancing Palliative and Restorative Care Delivery

ABSTRACT

Nursing homes have been mandated to maintain or promote the physical and psychological functioning of residents since the enactment of the 1987 Omnibus Reconciliation Act. Although this restorative approach to care has improved outcomes for some residents (Institute of Medicine, 2001 Institute of Medicine. 2001. Improving the quality of long term care, Washington, DC: National Academy Press.  [Google Scholar]), it ignores the reality that all permanently placed residents will die. A new model for long-term care, one that includes a simultaneous restorative and palliative approach to care delivery, is proposed. Palliative care principles provide a guiding framework for changing care delivery. Basic tenets, such as resident and family viewed as a unit of care, interdisciplinary teamwork, and interdisciplinary plans of care, provide a basis for specific operational suggestions. Operational strategies, such as psychosocial and spiritual support for family, resident decision making and participation in goal setting, expertise in aggressive pain and symptom control, and bereavement services following resident death, are described.     

Briefly Noted

A conference focusing on “value” — money well spent — in substance use disorder (SUD) treatment featured payment and reimbursement, and, in a refreshing twist, researchers instead of administrators and payers. Led by CHERISH (the Center for Health Economics of Treatment Interventions for Substance Use Disorder, HCV, and HIV, a collaboration of Cornell Weill Medicine, Boston Medical Center, the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and the University of Pennsylvania, funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse), the conference, held May 31 at the Leonard David Institute of Health at the University of Pennsylvania, featured speakers from the SUD treatment community who espouse medications. Topics and speakers included: ways to eliminate low‐value care (Joshua Sharfstein, M.D.), what value means (Colleen Barry, Ph.D., Brendan Saloner, Ph.D., and overcoming barriers to effective treatment (Michael Botticelli, Alexis Horan). It did give attendees the opportunity to network and interact directly, as researchers and policymakers, on how to overcome barriers to SUD treatment in communities. The bottom line: What works should be covered; what doesn't shouldn't.     

Videotape safaris: Entering the field with a camera

In this paper, I examine how video methods are used to record what people do as a basis for generating ideas, constructing data, testing hypotheses, and developing grounded theory. Fieldwork with a camera captures emergent social structure and processes that arise from human interaction. While the discovery of serendipitous findings through video methods provokes new theoretical questions, this intrusion into the lives of others also raises ethical and legal issues for the researcher. I conclude that video methods constructively reorient the investigator to the behavior being studied.This research was supported in part by DHEW-SRS grant number 16-P-56809/5-07 NIH and National Library of Medicine grant number 5 K10 LM 0063-02. My thanks go to Doctors Henry Betts and Byron Hamilton from the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago who offered strong support throughout the three years of this research effort. My appreciation also goes to Meredith Gould for editorial assistance with this paper and to Sean Keenan of the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago who made the cover photo possible.