Earnings adjustment of temporary migrants

The strong incentives of migrants to invest into human capital and the positive selective character of migration are the main explanations for the rapid decrease of the earnings gap between migrants and natives, and, in some cases, the cross-over of migrants' earings profiles with those of native workers, as found in a variety of empirical studies on migration to the USA, Canada and Australia. The present paper shows that in the case of temporary migration the optimal investment into country specific human capital should be lower than in the case of permanent migration. Investments may not be sufficient to allow migrants' earnings to catch up with those of native workers. Furthermore, it is shown that migration is positively selective only under certain labor market conditions. Empirical findings support the hypothesis that the migrant's length of stay in the host country has an effect on his investment into human capital and, consequently, on his earnings position. The results strongly suggest the need for carefully differentiating between temporary and permanent migration when investigating migrants' learnings assimilation.I am grateful to Augustin Maravall, John Micklewright, Graham Mizon, Christoph M. Schmidt, Dennis Snower and two referees for comments and suggestions made on previous drafts of this paper. All remaining errors are, of course, mine.     

Time preference and capital mobility in an OLG model with land

This paper examines the pattern of capital mobility in a two-country overlapping generations world in which production uses three inputs: capital, labor and land. The steady-state welfare consequences of opening countries to financial capital or labor mobility are then compared. In particular, it is shown that capital mobility does not equalize standards of living across countries. To achieve this goal, one has to rely on labor mobility. Received: 8 January 1996 / Accepted: 6 June 1996     

Population aging, health care, and growth: a comment on the effects of capital accumulation

In a recent paper, Hashimoto and Tabata (J Popul Econ 23:571–593, 2010) present a theoretical model in which the increase in the rate of dependence due to aging of the population leads to a reallocation of labor from non-health to health production and, as a consequence, to a decline in economic growth. We argue that these results rely heavily on assumptions of a “small economy” and perfect capital mobility, which tie down the amount of capital. In this paper, we proceed by analyzing the case of an economy in which the availability of capital is endogenously determined by domestic savings. We find that the new “capital accumulation effect” is opposite to the previous “dependency rate effect,” leaving the effect on economic growth ambiguous. In particular, if the former prevailed, population aging would foster economic growth, a result that finds support in recent empirical work.     

中国人口结构变动与制造业出口结构优化

本文首先从理论上分析了人口结构变动对出口比较优势的影响，然后利用中国2001—2010年28个制造业和人口结构数据，采用交叉项方法实证研究了人口结构少子化和老龄化变动趋势对出口结构优化的影响。结果发现少子化使未来劳动力供给和消费减少、储蓄和投资增加；老龄化使劳动效率下降，居民预防性储蓄增加。人口结构变动使资本素变得相对充裕，劳动素相对稀缺，促使出口结构实现优化升级，由劳动密集型商品出口为主向资本密集型商品转移。     

劳动力流动与第三产业的内生性研究——基于新经济地理的实证分析

根据新经济地理学理论构建劳动力流动与第三产业的联立方程,系统分析2006～2009年中国各省市劳动力流动与第三产业发展的影响因素及两者之间的内生性关系。研究发现,流入地的经济收入、第三产业的发展水平和经济开放度是吸引劳动力流入的主要动力;随着农村净收入的提高,城乡收入差距缩小,劳动力的流动性随之降低;资本、劳动力和市场因素会促进第三产业的发展,但过多的政策管制却阻碍了第三产业的发展,而且城市化策略在不同区域的不同发展阶段其效果不同;劳动力流动与第三产业发展是相互作用的,从而引起劳动力在东部的聚集效应和在中西部的分散效应。     

Age structure and capital dilution effects in neo-classical growth models

Economists often over estimate capital dilution effects when applying neoclassical growth models which use age structured population and depreciation of capital stock. This occurs because capital stock is improperly characterized. A standard model which assumes a constant depreciation of capital intimates that a population growth rate equal to a negative constant savings ratio is preferable to any higher growth rate. Growth rates which are lower than a negative constant savings ratio suggest an ever growing capital/labor ratio and an ever growing standard of living, even if people do not save. This is suggested because the natural reduction of the capital stock through depreciation is slower than the population decrease which is simply unrealistic. This model overlooks the fact that low or negative growth rates result in an ageing of the capital stock, and this ageing subsequently results in an increase of the overall rate of capital depreciation. In that overly simplistic model, depreciation was assumed independent of the age of the captial stock. Incorporating depreciation as a variable into a model allows a more symmetric treatment of capital. Using models with heterogenous capital, this article explores what occurs when more than 1 kind of capital good is involved in production and when these various captial goods have different lengths of life. Applying economic models, it also examines what occurs when the length of life of capital may vary. These variations correct the negative impact that population growth can have on per capital production and consumption.     

城市外来务工人员的工作和居住环境及其健康效应——以深圳为例

20世纪80年代以来,我国快速的人口流动与事实城市化对城市环境与人口健康提出了严峻的挑战。本研究通过在深圳市开展的调查,分析了城市外来务工人员的工作、生活环境特征与身心健康状况,初步检验了环境因素对外来务工人员身心健康的净效应。研究发现,相对于其他社会经济因素而言,居住环境和工作环境对外来务工人员的健康具有更为突出的影响。改善外来务工人员的工作和居住环境、倡导良好的保健行为和生活习惯,对于改善其健康状况具有重要意义。     

论西部民族地区人力资源的开发与人力资本的形成

人力资本积累是经济发展最重要的推动力 ,而西部民族地区的总体人力资本水平还很低 ,与沿海发达地区的“知识差距”在不断扩大。通过制定缩小知识差距的发展战略 ,注重人力投资的制度创新 ,加大人力投资强度 ,调整人力资本投资结构 ,加快西部民族地区劳动力市场建设 ,促进劳动者的自由流动 ,改革人才配置制度 ,就能有效地促进西部民族地区人力资源的开发和人力资本的积累。     

Race and exits from white collar jobs: Differences in downward mobility processes among African American, Latino, and White males

Does race affect the route to downward mobility from white collar occupations? Data from Panel Study of Income Dynamics are used to assess the minority vulnerability thesis, which maintains there are race-specific processes of down ward occupational mobility among males from white collar occupations. Findings indicate that, consistent with theory, a racialized continuum exists across six years of the work-career. For Whites, the path to downward mobility is relatively narrow and structured by traditional stratification-based causal factors, namely, human capital, back ground socioeconomic status, and job/labor market characteristics. For African Americans, the route to downward mobility is broad-based and not captured by traditional stratification factors and Latinos occupy an intermediate ground between Whites and African Americans. Further, as predicted by theory, the racial gap in mobility processes between Whites and racial minorities is pronounced at the lower-tier of white collar employment. Finally, implications of the findings for understanding labor market inequalities on the basis of race are discussed.     

劳动力流动与地区经济增长差距研究

文章借鉴巴罗、萨拉伊马丁和德拉柯兹有关带移民的经济增长模型,并在此基础上对劳动力流动与地区内、地区间经济增长差距的内在关系进行理论推导发现,劳动力流动加快了中国发达地区经济增长收敛速度,而降低了欠发达地区的经济增长收敛速度。通过考察地区间因劳动力流动而导致的人力资本存量变动及相应的潜在产出外溢与滴漏效应冲击,印证了劳动力流动拉大地区差距的结论。作者还估算了近年来劳动力省际流动状况,并进行实证研究。     

人口老龄化的经济效应研究综述

面对高速而来的老龄化时代，国内外学者分别从社会经济各个方面研究了人口老龄化的影响，其中关于人口老龄化对经济增长的影响尤为显著。本文以经济增长中各要素贡献度的大小为依据，从储蓄、劳动生产率、人力资本等几个方面入手。对这一领域的研究进展进行概括，并总结了其中的焦点与分歧问题。     

Business visits,knowledge diffusion and productivity

We investigate whether labor mobility can be a distinct source of growth by studying the productivity impact of business visits (BVs), vis-à-vis that of other well-known drivers of productivity enhancement. Our analysis uses an unbalanced panel—covering on average 16 sectors per year in ten countries during the period 1998–2011—which combines unique and novel data on BVs sourced from the US National Business Travel Association with Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) data on R&D and capital formation. We find that mobility through BVs is an effective mechanism to improve productivity, being about half that obtained by investing in R&D. This relevant finding invites viewing short-term mobility as a strategic mechanism and prospective policy tool to overcome productivity slowdowns and foster economic growth.     

The new labor market: Immigrants and wages after IRCA

We examine the effect of the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) on migrants' wages using data gathered in 39 Mexican communities and their U.S. destination areas. We examine changes in the determinants of wages before and after the passage of IRCA, as well as the effects of its massive legalization program. Migrants' wages deteriorated steadily between 1970 and 1995, but IRCA did not foment discrimination against Mexican workers per se. Rather, it appears to have encouraged greater discrimination against undocumented migrants, with employers passing the costs and risks of unauthorized hiring on to the workers. Although available data do not permit us to eliminate competing explanations entirely, limited controls suggest that the post-IRCA wage penalty against undocumented migrants did not stem from an expansion of the immigrant labor supply, an increase in the use of labor subcontracting, or a deterioration of the U.S. labor market.     

Immigration Selection and the Educational Composition of the US Labor Force

Immigration policy is often viewed as an important regulator of the flow of labor and human capital into the labor market. In the US context, this perspective underlies efforts to raise the educational levels of newly admitted US immigrants, which has been proposed through a variety of mechanisms. Yet it remains unclear whether and under what circumstances such changes would significantly raise the educational level of the US labor force. We use a microsimulation model to evaluate the effects of various policy proposals that would seek to admit more highly educated immigrants. Results suggest that adopting a Canadian-style admissions policy that explicitly selects immigrants based on educational attainment would lead to a better educated labor force, especially among immigrants and their descendants. Eliminating all unauthorized immigration or family reunification and diversity admission categories, however, would have minimal impact. Additionally, the effects of all policy scenarios on the educational composition of the entire labor force are likely to be modest and would be conditional on the continuation of intergenerational mobility and high levels of immigration.     

跨国人才外流与中国人力资本积累--基于出国留学的视角

人才的跨国外流,究竟是促进了本国的人力资本积累,还是导致了本国人力资本的净损失？回答该问题,对中国在开放经济条件下实施合理的人才开放政策以推动经济增长具有重要意义。本文在开放经济框架内,将人才外流引入人力资本积累的内生决定模型,从理论上探讨了人才外流与本国人力资本积累的关系。在理论分析的基础上,本文进一步使用世界上60个国家和地区2000－2010年的面板数据进行了计量估计。实证结果表明：人才外流与中低收入国家和地区的人力资本积累呈倒“U”型关系,但与高收入国家和地区的人力资本积累线性负相关;人才外流对本国人力资本积累的影响受到本国技能劳动占比和其所生产产品替代弹性的影响。进一步鼓励和合理引导人才尤其是高层次人才的国际流动对提升中国的人力资本水平意义重大。     

中国省际人口流动与 人力资本流动差异性分析

人力资本流动与人口流动相关却不相同,本文采用2010-2016年全国流动人口动态监测数据,从流动方向和流动强度两方面对我国省际人口流动引致的人力资本流动现象加以研究。结果表明从流动方向分析,各省人口净流动方向基本呈现时间一致性并且流入流出区域具有稳定性。在调查期间人口净流出省份为16个,人口净流入省份为15个,没有明显变化。人力资本净流向与人口净流向完全一致,但省际人口净流向与高级人力资本净流向并不完全一致,山西、广西、重庆等省市的高级人力资本净流向始终与总人力资本净流向相反。本文采用流出流入比率和迁移选择中心两种指标测算人力资本流动强度,结果基本一致。人力资本流动中心与人口流动中心分布均较为固定。2010年人力资本流动强度最大的省份在2016年的流动强度也更强,流动强度在省际呈现惯性和马太效应。人力资本流入最强地区包括北京、天津、上海三个直辖市,人力资本流出最强省份始终包括安徽、四川、河南等省份。以人力资本流出弹性衡量人力资本流出强度与人口流出强度的相对强弱,东部地区、东北地区省份人力资本的流出强度始终大于人口流出强度,西部地区省份差异较大。考虑各省近五年经济增长状况,人口流动或者人力资本流动对经济增长的影响是非线性的。     

数字经济时代资本三大构成变化及其对劳动报酬占比的影响

近年来,在以互联网、大数据、人工智能为核心生产要素和以创新驱动为战略支撑的数字经济逐步上升为国家战略的过程中,中国经济增长和劳动生产率提高颇为显著,资本技术构成始终保持稳步上升,而资本有机构成与资本价值构成出现了新的变化,均呈现波动式下降。劳动报酬占比在国民收入分配格局中长期处于低水平稳定且增长缓慢状态,如何提高劳动报酬占比越来越成为经济高质量发展的瓶颈。理论分析资本三大构成与劳动报酬占比的关系,并在此基础上就数字经济时代我国资本三大构成新变化对劳动报酬占比的影响进行研究发现,资本技术构成受到劳动生产率与就业数量的影响进而影响劳动报酬占比;资本价值构成对劳动报酬占比的影响与工资水平密切相关;资本有机构成随着经济发展水平的变化对劳动报酬占比的影响也会出现差异,因此需在提高劳动生产率的同时结合三大产业吸纳就业的特征,制定精准的差异化就业政策;形成中间大两头小的橄榄型分配结构,扩大中等收入群体比重并增加低收入群体报酬;探索物质生产资料和精神生产资料"双重"所有制结构变革,结合资本有机构成变化特点合理分配劳动与资本两要素;促进公共服务均等化,加大普惠性人力资本投入,在经济高质量发展中促进共同富...     

Free trade versus community: Social and environmental consequences of free trade in a world with capital mobility and overpopulated regions

Free trade based on comparative advantage is a widely accepted economic doctrine. The pure logic of comparative advantage, within the context of its assumptions, is unassailable. However, in a world characterized by demographic explosion, ecological stress, and free capital mobility, free trade does not serve the interests of wage-earners in countries with a relatively higher standard of living; it tends to undermine the national community that embraces both labor and capital.For a more extended discussion of some of the issues raised here, see Herman E. Daly and John B. Cobb, Jr. (1989).For the common good: redirecting the economy toward community, the environment, and A sustainable future. Boston: Beacon Press.     

Internal migration: why do Filipinos move?

The rapid movement of Filipinos from 1 part of the Philippines to another is not a new phenomenon, but mobility has been increasing. A study conducted by Peter C. Smith revealed that interprovincial lifetime mobility of the national population increased from 15.8% in 1960 to 17.6% in 1970, while interregional mobility increased from 12.7% to 13.4%. People still disagree as to whether the size and rate of growth of the population are excessive, but there seems to be total consensus as regards its spatial imbalance. Because internal migration appears to be an important factor in national development, a need exists to examine different aspects of internal migration, such as the directions taken by migration flows, the migrants' reasons for moving, the migrants' characteristics, the migrants' success or lack of success at their places of destination, the social problems accompanying internal migration, effforts to deal with the problems caused by internal migration, and the implications of migration trends for policy and for the country's development programs. The most dominant migration trend in the Philippines in recent years has been toward the urban, or more accurately the suburban, areas adjacent to Metropolitan Manila. The city of Manila itself suffered a net outflow, further pointing to the trend toward suburbanization. Migration flows are primarily caused by economic reasons. About one half the sample of a Filipinas Foundation Study moved to provinces other than the province of birth in the pursuit of employment and other economic opportunities. A study of the country's migrant population age 15 and older showed that 53% of migrants were female. For male migrants, age ranges from 20-40; it ranges from 15-35 for females. Where cash income is concerned, migrants in Pernia's study of rural urban migration were better off than nonmigrants. Migrants were, on the average, as well off as native urbanites or metropolitanites. Among the more significant points raised by scholars and researchers are the following: urbanization is an inevitable and irreversible process, and it is wise to plan for it; the problem is not rapid urbanization but unbalanced urbanization, i.e., the concentration of urbanization in Metro Manila; steps to alter national urban patterns might include establishing a migration guidance office; the need exists for an explicit, firm, and consistent population distribution policy; and solutions that anticipate problems having to do with internal migration and prevent these problems from arising will, in the long run, be more effective than curative solutions.     

城市流动人口的社会融合:文献述评

通过文献综述,对影响流动人口社会融合的主要因素进行一些理论性的述评,并总结提出4方面的基本结论:第一,移民过程中的每一个环节都受到移民社会资本或社会网络的影响,社会资本影响着流动人口在城市的生活、发展和融合;第二,以户籍制度为依托的流动人口管理制度,以及一系列与户口相关的社会福利制度对流动人口的限制与排斥,对流动人口的社会融合有着根本性的影响;第三,教育、培训,以及工作经历,是流动人口人力资本积累的重要方式,并促进其社会融合;第四,流动人口在劳动力市场的地位和处境,是他们社会融合状况的表现,也影响其社会融合的能力。