创业团队身份异质性对团队冲突过程与结果的影响——基于团队断裂带的多案例研究

社会认同理论提出团队成员的身份主张对其认知和行为模式有深远影响.基于此,团队冲突的根源可能不是简单地因为成员的观点不同,而是因为在深层次上他们拥有不同的社会身份.然而,以往研究并未对创业团队成员身份的异质性如何影响团队冲突给出明确解答.本研究通过对四个创业团队的多案例分析,刻画了身份异质的创业团队的互动过程.研究发现,团队成员身份异质性会诱发团队内形成断裂带,并依据子团队相对规模可以划分为平衡型和非平衡型断裂带.其中平衡型断裂带使创业团队容易产生合作式冲突,提高了团队成员间的凝聚力,从而降低了团队成员的更迭概率;而因团队成员身份异质形成的非平衡型断裂带使创业团队容易产生让步式冲突,进而导致了团队成员更迭的发生.本研究拓展了有关团队异质性以及团队断裂带的研究,并在创业情境下对身份异质性如何影响团队冲突和结果提供了解释.     

基于非理性预期的团队合作问题研究

将行为金融理论应用于解决团队合作问题,在考虑团队成员非理性预期的条件下,通过建立合作模型,研究各成员的博弈行为、团队价值以及团队监督,并分析了非理性预期对团队合作的动态影响.结果表明,面对未来的不确定性,过度预期成员会增加团队合作道德风险,使团队绩效降低,对其应加强监督;而保守预期成员则能减少团队合作道德风险,提升团队价值,对其应削弱监督.此外,随着工作经验的丰富,团队成员将趋于理性,非理性预期对团队合作的影响会逐渐减小.该结论在选拔团队成员和实施团队监督等方面的运用,能够有效促进团队合作.     

博弈视角下的单位激励合作机制探析

单位良性合作机制能够有效提升发展力,而合作机制构建需要激励机制的中介作用。引入博弈模型对薪资结构、剩余利益分配、单位绩效评估三种激励方式,在不同情境下对于单位合作机制构建的作用机理进行分析,提出完善的合作机制构建路径:培养掌握隐性知识的单位成员、关注创新人员的心理需求、加强单位成员之间的协同与互补、以激励机制促进合作机制。     

虚拟科研团队中成员个性与知识贡献关系的实证研究

虚拟科研团队已经成为跨国校际研究合作的一种发展趋势。在远距离虚拟科研团队中,成员是否愿意分享本地知识将关系到整个团队项目的成败。本文借用社会交换理论,提出团队成员的个性差异变量会影响知识共享行为的假设,并通过对21个虚拟科研团队151名成员的问卷调研发现:与经典的组织理论假设相反,在虚拟科研团队中,成员交换意识越强,经济收益和社会收益对知识贡献行为的正面影响越弱。这一研究启示了虚拟科研团队在选择激励机制时应重视激励因素与成员个性因素的交互作用,避免负面影响。     

临时团队的知识共享问题研究——以快速信任为研究视角

如何在临时团队中构建起信任机制以便促进组织知识管理,是备受关注的热点问题。本文围绕临时团队这一新型团队形式,简要介绍了其成因和特征,并且从快速信任的角度分析探讨了临时团队知识共享的问题,研究结果表明,快速信任对于临时团队的知识共享有决定性的影响作用。最后针对如何在临时团队中迅速构建起有效的快速信任机制,本文提供了一系列指导性的方案。     

基于交互记忆系统的团队发展状况分析方法

通过对团队发展状况进行分析,可以了解团队的发展状态,评价团队的发展过程,为团队建设提供必要的决策依据.本文从知识视角,依照交互记忆系统理论,指出交互记忆系统可以作为团队知识的表示模型之一,并提出了基于交互记忆系统对团队发展状况进行分析的方法.首先,对成员的知识构成进行分析,针对成员的交互记忆中差异知识,提出了成员的交互记忆-差异知识模型(TM_DKM);其次,通过整合所有成员的差异知识得到交互记忆系统,提出了用交互记忆系统表征团队知识的交互记忆系统模型(TMSM);再次,在TM_DKM和TMSM基础上提出了团队发展状况分析方法;最后,结合一个实例对上述模型和方法进行了验证,并对实例中该团队的发展状况进行了评述.本文提出的方法可用于创新团队的状态评价和发展过程评价以及问题诊断等,比如教育部创新团队、国家创新群体以及更广泛的团队分析之中.     

团队社会资本与知识转移关系的实证研究:交互记忆系统的中介作用

团队社会资本被认为是促进团队知识转移的关键因素,但已有研究对社会资本如何影响团队知识转移的作用机理还缺乏系统的理论分析和实证研究。本文引入交互记忆系统作为中介变量,对社会资本是否通过交互记忆系统对团队知识转移产生影响进行实证研究。基于对23家软件外包承接企业的93个项目团队的问卷调查数据,通过结构方程模型方法发现,交互记忆系统在社会资本与团队知识转移的关系中发挥显著的完全中介作用,团队通过社会资本促进交互记忆系统的形成,是提高知识转移绩效的有效途径。     

绩效管理的取向对团队绩效影响的实证研究

基于个人的绩效考核是一种必要的管理工具,但同时它可能对团队合作和绩效产生负面影响.为解决这个问题,本文提出并实证检验了员工发展取向的绩效考核能够促进员工的合作,进而有利于形成正向的人际互动和提高团队绩效;相反,评估对比取向的绩效考核会增加员工的竞争,从而带来负向的人际互动关系和降低团队绩效.本研究在拓展现有理论的基础上,对企业如何在团队中有效实施基于个人的绩效考核制度提供借鉴.     

以德服人：伦理型领导与创业团队成员的变动

基于信号理论,探讨了领头创业者伦理型领导对创业团队成员变动的影响.研究一通过联合实验法,分析领头创业者伦理型领导对潜在创业团队成员加入意愿的影响.研究二采用问卷调查法,探究领头创业者伦理型领导对现有创业团队成员退出意愿的影响.结果表明,领头创业者伦理型领导会促进潜在团队成员的加入意愿,且上述影响受到新企业外部融资的负向调节及潜在团队成员诚实-谦恭的正向调节.此外,领头创业者伦理型领导会抑制现有团队成员的退出意愿,且这一关系受到创业团队独立导向伦理氛围和现有团队成员道德认同的正向调节及自利导向伦理氛围的负向调节.本文丰富了创业团队成员变动领域的研究,拓展了创业团队新成员加入的研究视角,深化了信号理论在创业情境的应用,对于创业团队成员的调整优化具有一定的借鉴意义.     

软件外包项目发包方对承接方团队绩效的影响——基于交互记忆系统的行为特征

本文针对软件外包项目团队承接方如何进行有效知识转移以提高团队绩效的问题,引入交互记忆系统(Transactive Memory System,简称TMS)理论,在专长度、可信度和协调度三个行为特征维度框架下,对TMS的协作行为如何影响软件外包项目团队绩效进行了深入分析和探讨.基于对28家软件外包承接企业项目团队的调查访谈以及124个软件外包团队的问卷调查数据,本文运用结构方程模型方法发现,可信度对知识转移和项目成功有显著的积极影响,协调度对知识转移和项目成功有显著的积极影响,专长度则对项目成功有显著的消极影响,数据分析结果表明TMS是一种有效的知识协作机制,研究结论有助于理解软件外包项目团队中知识转移的协作机制,为我国软件外包承接企业在项目开发中积累知识并提高项目成功率提供理论支持与范式参考.     

Getting New Staff to Stay: The Mediating Role of Organizational Identification

Newcomer turnover is a major cost to organizations, and the quality of new employees' experiences in the first few months is critical in determining whether they decide to stay or leave. In a study that focused on the first stage of newcomer socialization, we investigate the impact of perceptions of social validation from the team and the team leader, and perceived fairness of treatment on newcomers' identification with their work team and the organization, specifically measuring the group self‐investment components of identification. The mediating role of these levels of group self‐investment and of the imbalance (i.e. difference) between levels of self‐investment on turnover intentions was also tested. New staff (N=569) joining a large public‐sector organization completed a questionnaire about their socialization experiences in their first 6 months of their employment. Structural equation modelling revealed that social validation by the team and team leaders, and fairness of treatment, predict increased investment with the organization and with the team. Organizational‐level self‐investment and an imbalance in favour of investment with the organization over that of the team mediated decreases in turnover intentions. We conclude that organizations should provide newcomers with validation that promotes identification with their organization during this critical stage of socialization.     

Mitigating the Impact of Functional Dominance in Cross‐Functional Process Improvement Teams

Manufacturing process improvement teams often draw upon cross‐functional expertise. However, teams dominated by a single or few functions often do not achieve the desired interdisciplinary learning and cooperation, which in turn could negatively affect the performance of that cross‐functional team. Through an empirical analysis of 149 manufacturing process improvement teams in six SIC industrial categories, we show that even after controlling for several factors such as team size, number of functions, gender diversity, ethnicity, number of management levels, and geographic dispersion of team members, psychological safety of work environment fully mediates the relationship between functional dominance and team performance. We also confirm that a team leader possessing high interpersonal justice mitigates the deficiency of dominated teams and improves team performance by fostering a psychologically safe work environment. Our recommendation therefore is that when a dominated team is unavoidable due to the needed skill sets or other organizational considerations, to ensure success it is imperative that the firm chooses a team leader who can promote psychological safety by being just, and who can effectively encourage input from all functional team members and give them objective feedback.     

新创企业高管团队的团队过程与战略决策绩效 ——认知的调节作用

新创企业的成败很大程度上取决于战略决策绩效,具有决策权力的高管团队在创业情境下的认知和行为过程对战略决策绩效具有重要影响。本文结合创业研究和高管团队研究的现有成果,以122家新创企业为研究对象,从内部团队过程和外部团队过程两个维度考察高管团队的团队过程对战略决策绩效的影响,并从认知的视角分析新创企业高管团队认知需要和认知能力对团队过程与决策绩效关系的调节作用。研究结果表明,新创企业高管团队的内部团队过程和外部团队过程与决策的质量和满意度均有显著的正相关关系,且认知需要和认知能力对这种关系具有调节作用,在认知需要和认知能力较高的情况下,内、外部团队过程对决策质量和满意度的正向影响更强。     

产学研合作对学术团队建设影响的实证研究——团队特征差异的调节效应检验

本文从学术团队核心能力建设的动态角度,利用广东省高校学术团队的数据,从产学研合作的广度和深度两个维度,研究探讨了产学研合作对学术团队核心能力影响的作用机理,深入剖析了学术团队的研究偏好、成员的互补性等团队特征的差异性特征对该影响作用的调节效应。研究结果表明,产学研合作对学术团队的建设具有积极的影响,产学研合作会对学术团队建设的正式化和学习能力产生正向的影响,而产学研合作的深度较广度相比,会对学术团队的学习能力影响更为突出。当进一步考虑到学术团队特征的异质性时,产学研合作对学术团队建设的影响效应也将随学术团队特征的异质性而体现出内在的差异性。其中,学术团队的研究偏好与产学研合作项目越匹配,产学研合作将有助于提升团队的学习能力。而学术团队人员的互补性越强,产学研合作广度的增加将有利于形成团队的互动与逐渐正式化,随着团队产学研合作深度的增加,其对学术团队文化氛围的影响也就越有利。     

Resilienzf?rdernde M?glichkeiten der Teamsupervision bei Changeprozessen

Supervisors frequently are confronted with emotional and social effects of efficiency-driven restructuring and process optimizations. Using case studies as well as conceptual ideas, the article explores whether and how the resilience of affected employees can be fostered in the frame of supervision. Promoting resilience within supervision is not to be mistaken as a further attempt to stretch employees?? limits. Rather, we conceive of it as an attempt to make employees aware of the centrifugal powers of every day working routines and to promote decisions for joint investment in cooperation??to make team work worthwhile, even in strenuous times.     

The Role of Group Member Affect in the Relationship between Trust and Cooperation

It is widely acknowledged that trust greatly affects work group functioning. Whereas trust may facilitate cooperation, distrust may impede it. Insight into when distrusters may be prompted to cooperate may therefore be of importance. Empirical studies point to several moderators of the effect of trust on cooperation. Unfortunately, these studies largely ignored the potential role of group member affect. Our study shows that group members' affective displays (particularly the activation level of the displays) have a substantial impact on the relationship between trust and cooperation. First, a scenario experiment (n=80) revealed that low trusting individuals were more willing to cooperate when confronted with group members who display high (versus low) activation affective states, whereas for more high trusting individuals cooperation was not contingent on other group members' affective displays. Second, a laboratory experiment (n=78), employing a social dilemma paradigm, replicated these findings and indicated that this effect is explained by the extent to which others are expected to cooperate. The discussion focuses on theoretical implications and managerial ramifications. Our study testifies to the significant role that affect may play in keeping up cooperation in organizations and work groups when trust is withering.     

公平偏好下双代理人激励契约设计研究

具有多个代理人的机制设计问题通常讨论代理人之间的竞争关系,并且假设代理人的行为不受情感因素的影响和代理人的偏好只追求自己收益最大化而不考虑他人的收益。然而在实践中存在大量多个代理人之间可能合作的现象,并且代理人行为受情感因素影响和采用公平偏好。本文考虑人的行为受情感因素影响下,探讨信息不对称下具有公平偏好的双代理人选择竞争或合作行为时的委托代理问题。给出了激励代理人竞争或合作的条件、提出了代理人选择合作后的分配方式以及分析了人的情感因素和公平偏好对信息租金的影响。在不同偏好下得到如下结论:(1)代理人选择竞争时均有更大的最优努力水平。(2)激励代理人竞争或合作的条件会随着公平偏好而发生改变。(3)竞争系数、单位产出带来的收入、自豪强度越大,信息租金减少量越大;嫉妒强度、同情强度越大,信息租金减少量越小。(4)外部环境不确定性增加将促进代理人合作。研究结论可以应用于解决实际社会生产生活中委托人需要激励代理人去竞争或合作的两类委托代理问题。     

Negotiating Density and Financing Public Goods in Vancouver and New Taipei City: A Development Rights Perspective

ABSTRACT

This article examines two density-based value-capture mechanisms – community amenity contributions (CAC) in Vancouver, Canada, and transfer of development rights (TDR) in New Taipei City, Taiwan – that planners use to finance public goods. To understand the differences in the design of the mechanisms, negotiating dynamics, actors involved, and types of public goods financed, we propose three perspectives on development rights: absolute ownership, bundle of rights, and public asset. We find that the public asset perspective underpins Vancouver’s CAC, whereas in New Taipei City’s TDR development rights are treated more as a commodity, a concept rooted in the absolute ownership perspective.     

Corporate social responsibility: an assessment of the enlightened self-interest model

Much recent discussion of corporate social responsibility has concerned operationality. Many activities subsumed under corporate social responsibility can be shown to be public or partially public goods. The theory of public goods can clarify and explain some complex problems of operationalizing the social responsibility doctrine. An examination of philanthropy provides some behavioral applications.     

NORMS MAKE PREFERENCES SOCIAL

We explore the idea that prosocial behavior in experimental games is driven by social norms imported into the laboratory. Under this view, differences in behavior across subjects is driven by heterogeneity in sensitivity to social norms. We introduce an incentivized method of eliciting individual norm‐sensitivity, and we show how it relates to play in public goods, trust, dictator, and ultimatum games. We show how our observations can be rationalized in a stylized model of norm‐dependent preferences under reasonable assumptions about the nature of social norms. Then we directly elicit norms in these games to test the robustness of our interpretation.