Características y explicaciones de los hábitos de salud de los jóvenes

Resumen

Se realizó un estudio correlacional sobre los hábitos de salud (HS) con 721 estudiantes de preparatoria. De entre los resultados obtenidos sobresalen la contradicción entre las actitudes, las intenciones y las conductas reales, tanto en lo referente al ejercicio como a la dieta en ambos sexos. Asimismo se encontró que existen practicas de ejercicio y alimentación claramente diferenciadas entre los géneros, los hombres tienden a hacer ejercicio y las mujeres prefieren cuidar su alimentación. También sobresale el índice de adolescentes que ingieren alcohol y tabaco.

Para indagar acerca de las representaciones de los hábitos de salud de los jóvenes, se llevo a cabo un segundo estudio (N= 336) en el que se les preguntó como explicaban ellos estos hábitos. Se encontraron dos representaciones claramente diferenciadas respecto al porque los hombres tienden a hacer ejercicio y porque las mujeres tienden al cuidado alimenticio. El objetivo final de este trabajo es proponer algunas ideas, basadas en estos resultados, para desarrollar programas educativos de fomento de actitudes y conductas positivas hacia la salud en los jóvenes.     

Predicting attitudes and behavioural intentions towards social entrepreneurship: the role of servant leadership in young people / Predicción de las actitudes y las intenciones conductuales hacia el emprendimiento social: el papel del liderazgo de servicio en los jóvenes

: Social entrepreneurship (SE) refers to the development of innovative projects whose main aim is not individual profit but the transformation of society. The issue is particularly important for promoting youth development and participation. This research offers insights from two studies designed from a multi-dimensional perspective analysing attitudes and behavioural intentions towards social ventures built upon the constructs of servant leadership and lifestyles. Results of Study 1 indicated that servant leadership is a key predictor of attitudes and behavioural intentions towards social entrepreneurship, while having a violent lifestyle is negatively associated with these attitudes and intentions. Study 2 showed that servant leadership style predicted attitudes towards social entrepreneurship over and above other types of leadership (i.e., transformational, transactional and laissez-faire). These studies demonstrate the importance of considering servant leadership and relational styles as key factors in predicting attitudes and behavioural intentions regarding social and active participation of young people. Limitations of the study and applications to designing interventions aimed at improving attitudes and behavioural intentions towards social entrepreneurship are discussed.     

Una evaluación de las dinámicas psicosociales relacionadas con la organización terrorista ETA y la política antiterrorista del gobierno español entre 2004 y 2008

Resumen

Este artículo analiza las principales iniciativas adoptadas en relación con la negociación con la organización terrorista ETA por parte del gobierno español entre 2004 y 2008 demostrando la relevancia que destacados mecanismos psicosociales tuvieron para la defensa de la política antiterrorista aplicada en ese periodo. El examen de las medidas políticas adoptadas expone una profusa utilización, por parte del gobierno y de otros actores democráticos, de técnicas orientadas a la conformación de opiniones mediante la distorsión de la realidad del terrorismo de ETA. La manipulación de la realidad, ejercicio similar al acometido regularmente por ETA y por otras organizaciones terroristas, llevó al gobierno y a diversos medios de comunicación a tergiversar los argumentos fundamentales sobre los que se diseñó la política antiterrorista del periodo objeto de análisis con el fin de obtener el respaldo de la opinión pública. Por tanto se estudiarán las variables psicosociales utilizadas para construir discursos con los que se argumentó a favor de la política gubernamental, analizándose también las racionalizaciones con las que se justificó a pesar de unos costes constantemente negados.     

Evolution of victimization,tolerance and detection of intimate partner violence among young Spanish women / Evolución de victimización,tolerancia y detección de la violencia de pareja entre mujeres jóvenes españolas

Intimate partner violence that takes place in first couple relationships has received increasing attention in recent years, leading our knowledge on different topics to grow remarkably. The objective of this study is two-fold: on the one hand, we compare levels of victimization and tolerance for two samples, from two waves of assessment; and on the other hand, we focus on coherence among victimization and the use of labels such as abuse, fear and feeling trapped in the relationship in both waves. A total sample of 3,844 women between the ages of 16 and 21 took part in the study, 18% in the first wave in 2003–05 and 82% in the second wave in 2011–13. Data were collected using the Cuestionario de Violencia de Novios (CUVINO), a questionnaire that provides information on the prevalence of and tolerance towards eight different kinds of abuse, along with self-labelling questions on the perception of abuse. Results showed a similarity in prevalence and labelling in both waves of assessment, with higher tolerance in the second wave. We discuss the implications of these findings for improving current prevention programs on dating violence.     

Intention of activism and radicalism among Muslim and Christian youth in a marginal neighbourhood in a Spanish city / Intención de activismo y radicalismo de jóvenes musulmanes y cristianos residentes en un barrio marginal de una ciudad española

The aim of this research is to assess the intended level of religious and political activism and radicalism in a sample of Muslim and Christian youth living in a marginalised neighbourhood in a southern city in Spain. Interrelations between activism and radicalism and other psychosocial factors potentially contributing to religious and political mobilisation processes are analysed, such as group identification, self-esteem, violent disinhibition, religious extremism and perceived oppression. Important differences in religious and national identification were found. Muslims scored higher in a statistically significant way on various indicators of religious extremism. Both perceived oppression and shared ideology inside the endogroup seem to be contributing factors to having an intention of radicalism in the Muslim group where social identity anchored in religion prevails. These results point to the fact that there is a polarisation that can serve as the threshold of conflict and radical mobilisation in the critical context analysed. The results are discussed within the framework of previous research into psychology of radicalisation and terrorism.     

From social representations to action: proximity and the relation between social representations of the development of intelligence and authoritative parenting style / De las representaciones sociales a la acción: proximidad y relación entre las representaciones sociales del desarrollo de la inteligencia y un estilo parental democrático

A well-established body of literature holds that the construction of social representations of intelligence is guided by the subjective inexplicability about the target-topic and by the social identities of subjects. Within the general framework of the sociogenesis of social representations, this article aims to explore the role of social positions in organizing an individual’s reported action towards the object of representation. A theoretical model which examines the relations between social representations of the development of intelligence, parental goals and the authoritative parenting style was tested in sub-samples of educators, which included 227 mothers, 117 fathers and 122 mother-teachers. Structural equation modeling procedures indicated, as hypothesized, that specific socio-cognitive dynamics are relevant in shaping the patterns of relations with the object of representation, suggesting that these dynamics are a result of the organization of multiple discourses where content, social positions and behavioural interaction are strongly intertwined. Theoretical contributions of findings are discussed.