以人为本--人类学最基本的眼光和价值取向

走进任何一门学科,人们首先要解决的问题之一就是这门学科的"眼光"问题,即这门学科是以怎么样的角度来看问题、解决问题.简而言之,就是要解决这门学科的方法论问题.而方法论又离不开价值观.一门学科的价值取向往往就决定了这门学科的方法论.因此,人类学的眼光问题与其价值取向是一致的."以人为本"是当今人类学发展最基本的价值取向,也是人类学最基本的眼光.也就是要从人出发,去探讨人的生存策略,人与人的关系、人与自然的关系、人的心理等,从人出发去观察一切,并最后回到人;要尊重他者,做任何事情都要设身处地为别人着想.这一点,可以由人类学的研究对象(包括与其他学科研究对象的比较以及人类学分支学科研究内对象的特点)和人类学在具体操作上的原则和方法的特点得以体现和突显.     

人的文化文化的人--学习文化人类学的一点体会和认识

文化人类学是从"人的文化、文化的人"这个角度来探讨人及其文化发展的脉络、规律,研究人类在文明发展过程中人与自然、人与社会、人与人、群体与群体、人与自我之间的互动关系等课题的综合性学科,是一个研究范围极其广泛的学科,用徐杰舜先生的说法,文化人类学就是一个"千手观音",也正因为如此,现在文化人类学的分支学科,越来越多,呈现出一派生机盎然的景象,是当今世界的一门显学.既然文化人类学是从"人的文化、文化的人"这个特殊角度来研究文化和人的学科,所以,我认为,弄清楚到底什么是文化、什么是人,对于学习文化人类学的人以及文化人类学工作者来说,无疑都是很重要的,也是相当基础的问题.     

中国民族学学科设置叙史与学科建设的思考——兼谈人类学的学科地位(上)

本文以民族学学科发展史为线索,对民族学传入中国后90年来的学科定义与学科设置展开讨论,辨析了民族学与文化人类学"相当"或"等同"的普遍认知,就民族学与人类学的关系及其在中外科学领域的各种学科分类进行比较,针对民族学研究对象的局限性和学科母体萎缩等问题,对建设中国特色民族学必须立足本土、放眼世界、坚持民族学学科母体地位的问题给予了论述。在此基础上,根据习近平在哲学社会科学工作座谈会上讲话的精神,对当代中国特色民族学的研究对象、学科理论、分支学科设置及其内涵作出了示例性解释,其中也包括人类学学科地位的一些思考。     

中国民族学学科设置叙史与学科建设的思考——兼谈人类学的学科地位(下)

本文以民族学学科发展史为线索,对民族学传入中国后90年来的学科定义与学科设置展开讨论,辨析了民族学与文化人类学"相当"或"等同"的普遍认知,就民族学与人类学的关系及其在中外科学领域的各种学科分类进行比较,针对民族学研究对象的局限性和学科母体萎缩等问题,对建设中国特色民族学必须立足本土、放眼世界、坚持民族学学科母体地位的问题给予了论述。在此基础上,根据习近平在哲学社会科学工作座谈会上的讲话精神,对当代中国特色民族学的研究对象、学科理论、分支学科设置及其内涵作出了示例性解释,其中也包括人类学学科地位的一些思考。     

异中求和：政治人类学与政治学的共同观照——兼论政治人类学的“中国之治”最切关怀

当今中国的政治人类学研究取得了明显进步。尽管其学科地位与学术建制存在不少争议,其作为人类学而非政治学的分支学科也已得到了更多认可。但是,这并不妨碍发展中的中国政治学将该学科视作自身的对话伙伴与理论之友。文章梳理了西方人类学的五大范式,并以国家研究与政治文化研究两个领域为例来剖析政治人类学与政治学的区别及联系,揭示学科内在逻辑、演变历程与发展趋势,立足学科之间的互补性,呼吁以开放的心态接纳彼此,实现融合创新。有必要将历史的想象力与民族志的精微相结合,在现代化、经济全球化与生活在地化并存的当代加强政治人类学学科话语,拓宽"中国之治"的问题域并提高研究能力。     

理论创新:人类学民族学学科发展的新进路

本文就人类学民族学理论及其分支学科的基础理论创新作了简要的论述。以例证形式提出了人类学民族学哲学理论缺失、"田野调查"研究范式老化及我国生态人类学研究重心等问题。上述问题的存在,充分证明了人类学民族学及其分支学科的基础理论研究跟不上当下社会所面临的理论需求和指导。学科的基础理论创新是学术的一个增长点,是促进人类学民族学创新的新路径。     

关于"人类学"与"民族学"的关系问题

关于"人类学"和"民族学"这两个学科名称的关系问题,学术界有不同的理解,国内有关部门的分类也较为混乱.本文认为,"民族学"这一学科的形成以1839年巴黎民族学会的成立为标志.早期的"民族学"学科是广义的,既研究文化,也研究体质.19世纪下半叶后,"民族学"由广义变为狭义,主要研究文化.而"人类学"这一学科名称在早期则是狭义的,主要研究体质.后来"人类学"由狭义变为广义,既研究体质,也研究文化.在当代中国,"民族学"又有广义和狭义之分,广义的"民族学"是具有中国特色的学科,狭义的"民族学"与"文化人类学"和"社会人类学"基本相同.把广义的"民族学"与"人类学"并列为一个一级学科,比较符合学科发展的历史和当前中国的现实.     

网络人类学:网络空间与人类学的互动

网络人类学是人类学的一个新的分支学科,它以网络空间的人与文化为研究对象.本文对该学科的研究领域、目前发展状况及一些研究成果进行了介绍.     

艺术人类学的生成及其基本含义

艺术人类学是艺术与人类学之间的离合关系的产物,它经历了很长时间才成为一门有系统的学科.旧式的"艺术人类学"主要以研究无文字社会的艺术为己任,而新的艺术人类学在时间性和地区性上有其更大的范围,因为它要重建迄今为止世界上所有民族的艺术性的生活方式,它不但承诺要对全景式的人类艺术景观作出更加广泛的、全面的观察,而且寻求对艺术和人生的真理作出自己的理解.     

人类学泛非协会简介

人类学泛非协会作为温纳尔-格伦(Wenner-Gren)最高基金于1989年9月成立。它是在喀麦隆雅温得人类学家会议上为在非洲教授人类学和实习而倡议的。其目的是为。1.促进人类学各种分支学科中教师和研究人员之间的相互影响;2.促进人类学有关学科的研究工作和教学;3.鼓励和协调区域间跨学科的科学研究;4.推进、协调并承办出版该学科的科学报告;5.确保人类学科学适应那些能解决非洲发展的问题;     

Meeting / Derrida

In August 1999, Jacques Derrida gave a number of lectures and seminars in Melbourne and Sydney. The seminar of 13 August, held at Sydney's Seymour Centre Theatre, was open to the public. It consisted of a question-and-answer session with Genevieve Lloyd, David Wills, Paul Patton and Penelope Deutscher. Its title, 'Themes from Recent Work', reflected interests in the work from Specters of Marx (1994) onwards which some, including Paul Patton, have referred to as deconstruction in its affirmative phase. What follows is a by-no-means verbatim record of the event. Rather it is but one member of the audience's account of what transpired in the seminar – an account which is therefore necessarily selective and pressed through the grid of my own quasi-philosophical interests. Following this account of the seminar, I offer some marginal notes on the open discussion following the seminar, then, finally, some reflections on a particular matter discussed at the dinner which followed that – madness.     

Defining ‘real India’: representations of authenticity in independent travel

As an alternative to the stereotypical mass tourism, independent travellers – travellers who travel for extended periods on low budgets while ostensibly avoiding formalized tourist activities and locales – are invested in constructing ‘authentic’ travel experiences. Practices such as ‘off-the-beaten-track’ travel and cultural engagement provide the means by which independent travellers are able to make claims to such authenticity. Authenticity is constructed by travellers through idealizations of intimacy and non-commodification. These idealizations are tangled in narrative representations of ‘real’ India and ‘real’ Indians, their ‘real’-ness typified by an absence of other travellers, tourists and, more generally, Western contamination. In these ways, ‘authentic’ travel is dependent upon actively constructed binaries of Western travelling subjects and exotic Indian objects. Yet travellers' fantasies of the Other are fragile and subject to collapse at moments in which so-called Others articulate their subjectivity in a way that is inconsistent with travellers' expectations. Through a focus on travellers' narratives of their experience, both the requirement for an Orientalist dichotomy as well as the ruptures that continually challenge this dichotomy, will emerge.     

Oestrogen Rising 2016: Ireland’s stained and bloodied cloths

A weaver, seamstress, laundress and artist, in this essay I shall spin a yarn, tangle a web, and construct a text(ile) of the inter-weave of narrative and identity that I define as my intellectual, textual, somatic and material/visual practice obsessions. My work explores ‘the places in-between’ in the entanglements of Irish and Northern Irish gender and identity, and in the abject fabrics of death and of desire. As an Irish feminist, sense-making of the complexities, conundrums, challenges and contradictions of my land, my cloth, my body and my culture owes much to Irish women before me who fought for female suffrage, and Irish women now – north and south of the border that divides the island of Ireland – who still struggle for equality of citizenship, social justice, human rights, and full reproductive autonomy. My contention is that when we accept that Ireland herself is a many-layered cloth, a stained and bloodied cloth, a cloth marked irreversibly by history, conflict, denial and abuse, stained by its own repression, marked through denial of all its people’s rights and needs, and bloodied by its greatest export, the haemorrhage of its people, then – polemical, didactic or reflective, with more compassion, empathy, humility and heart – we just might make peace with our past.     

The changing configurations of self-(m)other dialogue in North Cyprus

This paper deals with issues of identity, nationalism, postcolonialism, and self-other relations with a focus on a period of transformative events in North Cyprus. It notes how nationalism has been the dominant means of identification for Cypriots in their modern history, and argues that unless weakened and supplanted by a radically pluralist democracy, nationalism imagines one's identity as an indivisible unity and has no place for different others within the nation. However, a pressing relationship with others and otherness is no stranger to Cypriots either, which makes it clear that the border that defines the ‘we’ of such nationalism is, at the same time, the line that divides the self intrinsically, indicating the otherness of the self or its alterity. Subjectivity involves subjection to the other.     

Changing patterns of mobility,citizenship and conflict in Indonesia

ABSTRACT

Mobility and migration are inherent ingredients of Indonesian cultures. In an archipelago with thousands of islands of various size, character and nature, mobility is an important means to make a living and to survive by migration. The right to free movement in Indonesia is constitutionally granted. It can create mobility and give expression to equal citizenship rights at the same time as it can trigger the enforcement of borders among cultural groups and the ethnification of local and regional politics. Mobility thus always comes along with immobility. Physical mobility of one group of people might cause immobility of another group or it might create cultural and political immobility in the same group. In places such as Eastern Indonesia, people have developed reciprocal means to integrate newcomers. Whereas the immigrants are usually disadvantaged citizens with regards to land and customary rights, those living in the area for generations have nonetheless become integral parts of quite peaceful local settings, one way or the other. The advancement of decentralization, democratization and direct elections of political representatives can lead to political empowerment, the promotion of ethnicity as election capital and changing patterns of belonging. This paper illustrates these ambivalences by looking at mobility in Indonesia more generally and how changing national policies and laws lead to reinterpretations of mobility patterns and trigger changes in relations between local population groups and existing mechanisms of cultural and political inclusion and exclusion. Butonese migrants in Maluku will here serve as a case study.     

三江源自然保护区生态旅游开发的SWOT分析

本文就三江源自然保护区开发生态旅游产品的可行性及发展潜力,运用SWOT分析模式进行客观分析,并得出三江源开发生态旅游产品是实现该地区可持续发展的最佳途径。     

热贡鲁若中"玛泽"与藏族历史的渊源关系

文章从历史学、宗教学、民俗学等角度,将流行于黄南藏族自治州同仁县隆务河流域的六月会主体节目之一"玛泽"的文化内涵进行了新的探讨,并就"玛泽"节目的历史和宗教渊源关系,民俗形成过程,以及对军事、生产活动中的意义提出了自己的看法.     

‘Both an Arab and a woman’: gendered,racialised experiences of female Palestinian citizens of Israel

Following feminist and postcolonial discourses, this paper uses the concept of ‘everyday experience’ as a tool to trace the social world of educated Palestinian women in Israel. The term refers to the complex array of these women's experiences in racialised and gendered social sites, as well as within the class, religious, and ethnic contexts in the subordinated group and its relations with the dominant Jewish group. Based on 108 in‐depth interviews with Palestinian women citizens of Israel, the paper claims that educated Palestinian women are located in a ‘third place’ between cultural, gender, class, national and racial structures that generates a continual ambivalence. Within this marginal, ‘unhomely’ space women negotiate their own identities and challenge dominant social definitions. Women create various modes of interim spaces and multi‐dimensional, shifting identities for themselves. The ambivalent attitudes generated by the women's experiences expose the possibility of shedding categorising markers. The omnipresent existence of the gendered, racialised regime of knowledge makes every place a potential site of subversion and resistance.     

羌族宗教信仰与藏文化的关系考察研究

岷江上游羌族宗教信仰是多元混杂的,导致这种现象的产生,既有历史的因素,又有现实的因素.历史的因素可追溯到古羌人时代,从那里我们可寻羌族宗教信仰之渊源的一些踪迹;现实的因素可从羌族地处藏彝走廊,受汉藏文化影响的现状中去采撷一些实际的表现.本文拟就羌族原始宗教信仰中的藏文化因子,羌族天神信仰与藏族民间宗教信仰的渊源,羌族和藏族有关人类起源传说的相似与区分,羌族原始宗教信仰与佛教文化的糅合等方面对羌族宗教信仰与藏文化的关系作一较为深入的考察分析.     

Identification,the exercise of democracy and the fear of the Other – the June EU referendum in the UK

ABSTRACT

The focus is the oscillation among leave voters in the EU referendum from the exercise of rights - an act of dis-identification – towards the assertion of identity as members of a British community. This was mediated by voters acting in an association of citizens calling on the equalising agency of the British people whilst claiming membership of a locally circumscribed community, perceived as injured, through entanglement with the Other prominent among them Europeans. Hence the recovery of the injured community as the object of the denunciators’ desire for identity coupled with the fear of the Other. Predicated on this was the resumption of class, gender and ethnic roles reflected in division among voters. The denunciation of togetherness with Europeans served leave voters to substitute the exercise of rights with a longing for identity. Instrumental in this was the lack of deliberation in the plebiscite to articulate the will of individual voters through a general will. The ‘direct power’ exercised enabled many to cast away their role as citizen in an attempt to claim their privileges as members of a racially and culturally demarcated British community. Paradoxically, the voters’ unashamed disavowal of their agency as citizens by seeking to restore a divided social world as the source of their identity was represented as an exercise in democracy. To some playing on words was supplemented by the use of force removing the gap between the discursive exclusion of the Other and the continued physical presence of bearers of different races and culture.