单位党建和社区党建的互动是构建和谐城市社会的重要途径

当前我国城市社会出现了单位和社区并存的组织结构。单位和社区的分立及其矛盾,作为城市诸多社会矛盾的表现和复合体,将成为构建和谐城市社会的主要障碍。与此同时,我国城市基层党建领域也出现了单位和社区两种党建模式并存的局面,并且与单位和社区分立的社会结构具有很强的同构性。所以,要构建和谐的城市社会,必须有执政党基层党组织体系内的和谐;要克服城市社会基本结构中的“二元化”状态,就必须实现单位党建和社区党建的互动。在当前单位和社区互动乏力的情况下,两种党建模式的互动将成为克服单位和社区组织“二元化”状态的重要动力,成为构建和谐城市社会的重要途径。     

二元社会结构对构建和谐社会的影响

我国城乡二元社会结构的存在,严重影响并制约着和谐社会的构建。二元社会结构形成的原因在于:计划经济时期,我国实施“以农补工”的策略,通过工农业产品价格“剪刀差”将资本从农业转向工业。与之相伴随的是,限制农业人口向城市转移,在财政金融政策上大幅度向城市倾斜。鉴于此,统筹城乡发展,构建和谐社会,必须实行工业反哺农业,以工补农、以工促农,实现工业与农业、城市与农村协调发展,良性互动。同时,大力推进社会主义新农村建设。     

论人力资本视角的新生代农民工教育福利

新生代农民工是我国新兴产业工人的主力军,他们有着日益强烈的市民化和城市化倾向,而且已经成为＂事实移民＂,并出现＂常住化＂、＂家庭化＂趋势,但他们属于城乡二元结构中的＂边缘人＂、无归属群体。其中主要原因除了政策体制性因素外,新生代农民工的人力资本状况是影响他们能否适应城市,能否实现在城市发展的关键性因素。实施选择性教育福利政策,强化对新生代农民工的教育投资,促使新生代农民工教育培训政策的转型,既可以提升他们的人力资本、城市适应能力、自我发展能力,也能重塑新生代农民工主体性,改变其身份认同的模糊感,形成他们的城市归属感,实现社会和谐发展,同时能提升我国整体竞争能力,实现人力资源强国战略。     

论人力资本视角的新生代农民工教育福利

新生代农民工是我国新兴产业工人的主力军,他们有着日益强烈的市民化和城市化倾向,而且已经成为"事实移民",并出现"常住化"、"家庭化"趋势,但他们属于城乡二元结构中的"边缘人"、无归属群体。其中主要原因除了政策体制性因素外,新生代农民工的人力资本状况是影响他们能否适应城市,能否实现在城市发展的关键性因素。实施选择性教育福利政策,强化对新生代农民工的教育投资,促使新生代农民工教育培训政策的转型,既可以提升他们的人力资本、城市适应能力、自我发展能力,也能重塑新生代农民工主体性,改变其身份认同的模糊感,形成他们的城市归属感,实现社会和谐发展,同时能提升我国整体竞争能力,实现人力资源强国战略。     

角色理论视角下的年青人的身份认同

中国社会一直以来存在着明显的城乡二元结构分化问题,对于中国的城市社会与乡土社会来说,赋予个体的角色和身份认同就是在传统观念的影响下形成的.通过对角色理论和身份认同的分析,来解读文化观念对人的影响.     

角色理论视角下的年青人的身份认同

中国社会一直以来存在着明显的城乡二元结构分化问题，对于中国的城市社会与乡土社会来说，赋予个体的角色和身份认同就是在传统观念的影响下形成的。通过对角色理论和身份认同的分析，来解读文化观念对人的影响。     

当代都市人格与乡村人格的对峙

本文从对中国城乡社会的二元型结构分析入手，揭示了现代化过程中城乡人格变迁转型中的二元人格特征，并运用社会心理学理论对城乡二元人格的特质差异从价值取向、心理需求、个性气质、角色认知、日常行为方式五个方面进行了对比分析。文章还论述了当今社会众多融城乡双重人格特质于一体的“边际人”现象成因与趋势。最后，在探讨“双向城市化”的基础上，文章对现代化中“边际人格”的二元性整合提出了富有新意的见解。     

生态学视角下的流动儿童心理健康研究

随着大量的农民工进入城市,许多原本生活在农村的儿童也随其父母进城成为城市中的“流动儿童”。流动儿童群体在城市生活融人过程中受到来自不同群体及环境的排斥,从而出现了身份认同困境。身份认同困境会阻碍流动儿童的健康发展,也会产生一系列的社会问题。因此,社会工作者有义务和责任对流动儿童采取扶持措施。     

从“同城同待遇”到“同城同待遇指数”——中国的三元社会结构与人口城镇化政策

中国人口城镇化政策必须超越城乡二元的概念框架和理论体系,充分认识中国已经并将长期处于市民、农民、移民(流动人口)三元社会结构的客观现实,一揽子谋划解决市民、农民、移民三大群体的待遇问题.在现有的生产力发展水平下,追求“同城同待遇”,并不是指生活在一座城市中的市民、农民、移民享有完全相同的具体待遇,而应该是“同城同待遇指数”,即同一座城市的市民、农民、移民的待遇指数基本相同.要围绕市民、农民、移民三大群体的待遇问题做好人口城镇化的政策设计,在定量分析测评待遇指数的基础上,采取“完善市民待遇、提升农民待遇、落实移民待遇”的路径,不断缩小不同群体、不同区域的待遇指数,最终实现“同国同待遇指数”和共同富裕.     

城市社会的隐忧─—国有、集体企业的二元用工制度

本文指出，当前我国公有制企业普遍存在二元用工现象。企业一方面背负着沉重的城镇劳动者冗员的压力；另一方面却又成为进城农村劳动者的主要吸收者。造成这一矛盾的根本原因在于制度性障碍促使城市社会中城乡两个劳动力市场的分割与交织运行。二元用工制度和双重劳动力市场使二元社会结构由城乡分隔变为城乡交织互错，一方面某种程度上延缓了城镇劳动者隐性失业显性化所可能带来的社会振荡；另一方面却又为城市社会带来了新的隐忧，即城镇劳动者的优越感和乡村劳动者的相对被剥夺感同步增长，使社会不平等显性化，成为引发新的城市社会冲突的潜在根源。     

Boris Raux,olfactory narcissism,and environmental risk

This article develops the concept of “olfactory narcissism” through an analysis of Boris Raux’s multi-media artworks. Approaching narcissism through the sense of smell, Raux frames the self in insistently material, trans-corporeal terms. His olfactory projects thus explore questions about the porous self and the ethical and environmental stakes of “deodorization” and olfactory self-fashioning. The paper explores how olfactory aesthetics can contribute to a deeper understanding of modernity’s atmospheric practices as well as their implications for subject formation, social relations, and environmental health.     

情感劳动中的积极体验:深层表演、象征性秩序与劳动自主性

情感劳动研究的一个重要取向是从组织心理学的视角探究情感劳动对从业者造成的负面影响及形成原因，但对其可能带来的积极体验没有给予足够关注。本文以月嫂为例，从文化社会学的视角探索情感劳动从业者如何通过边界工作创造积极的工作体验。研究发现，能够获得积极体验的月嫂会采用“深层表演”策略主动破除边界，将工作关系拟亲属化，并进行一定程度的“慈善”劳动。她们还通过打造“育儿专家”的形象来建立象征性秩序，以便在与雇主的互动中争取主动。这两种策略都是劳动者通过构建象征性边界来挑战社会性边界的过程。本文认为，情感劳动的“自主性”应纳入关系视角，关注劳动者建立平等而有意义的社会关系的能力，而非仅强调边界清晰的独立“自我”和对劳动过程的自主控制。     

芝加哥舞女、中国洗衣工与北平囚犯:都市中的陌生人

本文指出，受齐美尔“陌生人”命题启发的“边缘人”概念，体现了形式社会学与美国实用主义在芝加哥学派理论中的交融，并催生了以考察个体生命史为核心的研究方法。通过比较二十世纪初芝加哥学派的学者运用生命史的视角对三类都市陌生人（芝加哥舞女、中国洗衣工与北平囚犯）的研究，本文考察不同人群的新旧历程及其进入都市新生活的不同状态。研究发现，无论是身处异国的中国洗衣工，还是背井离乡进入城市生活并沦为罪犯的中国农民，都不能以“边缘人”抛弃乡土与家族的个体化方式进入都市生活。文章最后尝试以帕克对“文明”的讨论来解释现代个体进入都市生活时呈现的不同状态。     

大学毕业生“啃老”现象原因探析

大学毕业生的“啃老”现象被视为一道灰色“风景线”,令人深思。本文重点从个体、家庭及社会三个维度探讨其原因所在,以期为有效化解这一问题提供理论参考。个体层面的“不想长大”与“精英”情结,家庭层面的“责任伦理”与“孩子=学生”,社会层面的教育弊端与双二元结构,是催生“啃老”现象的主要因素。     

The Inequality Effect of Urbanization and Social Integration

On the basis of the China Social Survey (CSS2011) and related urban statistics, this article conducts an analysis of the “unequal” effects of urbanization and of problems in rural migrants’ social integration with urban residents in the course of their urbanization. We found that although the increased rate of population urbanization did not produce a significant difference between “rural migrants” and “city people” in terms of income, migrants fare considerably worse than city people with regard to social security, cultural life, psychological acceptance and status identification. This kind of inequality transforms the original urban/rural dual structure into a new dichotomy that divides urban dwellers into the migrant population and residents with urban household registration, thereby impeding social integration. This finding will help us understand the causes of the social barriers in current urbanization and may provide theoretical and empirical reference material for “new-type urbanization,” particularly as it relates to the transformation of the rural migrant population into urban citizens.     

The Breakdown of the Hegemonic Representation of Madness in Africa

Social science has recently examined the dramatic increase of witchcraft and magic in everyday contemporary African. A study, which took place in the 1970's, on the representation of madness in postcolonial Congo, contributes to the elucidation of such an outgrowth. In line with the first version of La Psychoanalyse, it aimed at identifying variations in the images, beliefs, and attitudes associated with groups whose social positioning differed in relation to modernity. Sixty old men were interviewed. The respondents provided a representation in the making that neither reflected Western knowledge nor faithfully echoed local patterns. The Western elements were anchored in a strongly objectified local belief system. For “traditional” informants the meaning attributed to madness testifies to the transformation of a hegemonic representation into a polemical one since it addressed the question of their identity shaken by modernity. An emancipated representation emerged within the most educated group. A secondary analysis of the data contributes to current theoretical debates within social representations theory in focusing on tolerance/intolerance to alternative representations through semantic barriers. It brings more evidence to the fragmentation of the hegemonic system of belief and confirms how social—identity content and relations mediate knowledge construction.     

Constructing Core Values within the Framework of “Complex Modernity”

中国正处于“现代化运动与中华文明复兴”、“社会主义与资本主义”、“民族国家与全球化趋势”三大张力之中。这三大张力彰显出确立中国未来发展方向所面临的三大难题,是我们认清中国在当代世界历史中的位置,把握中国发展历史趋势的思想坐标。为解决难题,需要建立“复杂现代性”理念,并以此作为分析中国面临挑战的分析框架和探寻中国未来发展方向的方法论原则。同时,需要建立与“复杂现代性”相应的思维方式,建构当代中国社会发展的核心价值。     

Unfinished modernity or another modernity? The South Korean case

South Korea has experienced “compressed capitalist development” over the last five decades, characterized by unprecedented levels of industrialization and democratization, with other distinctive features. This development experience causes some scholars to view the country as a site for a new modernity, following the Western prototype. Concerning the underlying nature of emerging modernity in South Korea, however, there have been controversial insights: some scholars argue that the country is now experiencing a Western type of modernity, and others refute this, saying that it has not at all been modernized. This paper investigates the dynamics and contradictions of capitalist development in South Korea from a perspective of vertical modernization. It considers the origins, process, and outcomes of modernization mainly in terms of democracy, economic growth, and welfare. We assume that there are “different sites and forms of modernity” in the world, and that South Korea would be a good candidate to examine for non-Western modernity. Yet it is our contention that the country’s modernity has been distorted and unbalanced in the development of society, culture, politics, and economy. Historically, South Korea has progressed through traditional unmodernity, colonial undermodernity, and Western modernity. A clear examination of the country’s development experience reveals to no small degree the complex nature of modernity, in that tradition, modernity, and postmodernity coexist in the present time. We conclude that South Korean modernity is an incomplete project still in progress.     

Trust,Capitalism and Contract in English Economic History: 1500-1750

As most market transactions involved the extension of informal credit because of a lack of ready cash, this meant that interpersonal trust was of central importance, and, as a result, a reputation for honesty and fair dealing in the community was vital to being successful. Money was used only in a limited number of exchanges, and credit, in the form of household reputation, was a “cultural currency” of trust used to transact most business. Trust, belief, and credit all went together, and no distinction was made between economic and social credit, as credit produced wealth and status of the middling sort. As the market expanded in the late sixteenth century, networks of credit became more intertwined over longer geographical distances, and thus trust became more problematic, and disputes over debts led to contention. These produced an enormous amount of litigation as the common law was increasingly used to enforce contracts. This led to much downward mobility through over-indebtedness, which reinforced the social importance of having good credit, and consequently the culture of credit became increasingly legalised. Although competition for credit together with the need to maintain household profitability put stress on the social maintenance of trust in the market, the economy could not work without it. As a result, the increase in commerce was seen as an essentially sociable activity because it required trust. Trust gradually came to be interpreted as the basis of justice, and the necessity of keeping promises, as the foundation of all social organisation. But by 1750 litigation had collapsed to a very low level, and self- control and politeness on the part of rational individuals came to play a more important role in dispute settlement than legal means. Whereas in the early modern period conflict occurred and was dealt with after its occurrence, self-control aimed to prevent inter-personal conflict and litigation before they happened. As a result, the concepts of “capital” and “savings” developed in the eighteenth century, and the structure of credit networks was changed.     

城里的“飘飘”：成都本地同性恋身份的形成和变迁

中国当代社会和经济的变迁，促进了同性恋身份及其身份社区的出现。本文根据在成都市所进行的田野调查，从建构主义的视角，考察了本地语境下三种男同性恋身份——“飘飘”、“同志”和gay的形成和变迁。尽管今天成都的男同性恋者在日常生活中交替使用上述三个身份称谓，但是三个称谓隐含了不同的文化参照和政治内涵。笔者认为“飘飘”身份在本地的同性恋历史传统和现代同性恋身份之间起到了一个承上启下的作用，而“同志”身份则极大地推动了中国当代同性恋者的表现形式从行为向身份的转变，促进了同性恋社区的形成和壮大。