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1.
Yoshihiro Yamada 《Researches on Population Ecology》1990,32(2):365-379
1. | Analysis of life tables of the oriental moth,Monema flavescens, obtained for 8 generations over 4 years, disclosed that the cocoon parasitoid,Praestochrysis shanghaiensis, acted as a density-disruptive factor. |
2. | The density of the host cocoon remained stable (max./min.=3.2), whereas that of the host adult varied (max./min.=14.3) although both showed similar fluctation patterns. |
3. | Stability of the host population was associated with the density-dependence in the ratio of first generation cocoons to overwintered generation moths, which was the key factor for the rate of change throughout the year. Chrysidid parasitism among the first generation cocoons ranged from 37.7 to 70.1%, and that among the second generation cocoons from 16.7 to 63.2%, each showing an inverse density-dependence and acting as the main determinant (key-factor) of the between-year variation in the density of the adult moths. |
4. | The density-dependence of the rate of change from overwintered generation adults to first generation cocoons was so strong that the parasitism on the second generation hosts had not effect on the cocoon density of the first generation. On the other hand, the density-dependence of the rate of change from first generation adults to second generation cocoons was weak, and the parasitism on the first generation hosts became the key factor for the between-year variation of the second generation cocoons. |
5. | It is suggested that the stability of the parasitoid-host system will be disrupted without three parasitism-restricting factors: asynchrony in the parasitoid attack on the second generation hosts, high mortality among parasitoid larvae of the second generation, and the high proportion of those first generation parasitoids that enter diapause. These factors are considered to be effective only in cooler parts of the distribution of the parasitoid. |
2.
Following four hypotheses on the production of soldiers were tested in thePheidole fervida colonies collected in the natural field:
The present test suggested that the last idea was most likely to the wild colonies ofP. fervida. 相似文献
1. | The proportion of new soldiers is primarily dependent on the population size of old workers. |
2. | The abundance of old soldiers reduces the proportion of new soldiers. |
3. | The production of sexuals reduces the proportion of new soldiers. |
4. | The number of soldiers is correlated with the size of defense zone. |
3.
1) | In this study, we have developed a new method to estimate population parameters and applied it to a concrete example on the situation that there are two fisheries resources which are depleted only by catch, and that these two resources are not caught equally because of the difference of prices. |
2) | Switching function, which is originally used to describe the effort allocation that one predator eats two preys, has been introduced. We have constructed a model of fishery in which each fisherman pursues economical optimum. |
3) | The population size of two species at the beginning of the fishing season, catchability coefficient and parameters of switching function are estimated by the criterion of minimum error sum of squares between CPUE (catch per unit effort) of data and that by model. |
4) | We have applied it to the diver fishery of abalone in Ojika Island, Nagasaki Prefecture. The model describes well the situation during the season that CPUE of the less expensive species increases gradually as the population of the other species is depleted. |
4.
Shun'ichi Makino 《Researches on Population Ecology》1989,31(1):1-10
1. | Losses in workers and reproductives due to the ichneumonid parasitoidLatibulus sp. were determined in a haplometrotic, temperate paper wasp,Polistes riparius, during a 5-year study. |
2. | Fifty-four to 79% of pre-emergence nests were parasitized on worker brood, resulting in a worker loss of 25–31% on average. Worker brood reared in outer cells were much more often parasitized than those in central ones, possibly because outer cells are more accessible to the parasitoid. Infestation of worker brood was not random but aggregated among nests. |
3. | Seventy-eight to 100% of nests were parasitized on reproductive brood, and lost 10–34% of reproductives. |
4. | The number of emerged workers positively correlated with that of reproductives produced and that of cells made during the season. This suggests that worker loss reduces reproductive output of colonies. Hence, the parasitoid can reduce colonial reproductive output not only by killing reproductive brood but by reducing worker force. |
5.
Edward Groenland 《Social indicators research》1990,22(4):367-384
The paper reports on a study of indicators of well-being, including objective indicators of well-being, global, affective indicators of well-being, and indicators of socio-economic well-being. Socioeconomic well-being is (narrowly) defined as that part of the individual's universal well-being which is strongly related to money and material means.It was hypothesized that these 3 classes of indicators of well-being have different meanings for the various groups of people on social security. Therefore, data were collected from a Dutch, nationally representative sample of 3 categories of individuals drawing benefits, namely: people receiving social benefits; unemployed, and disabled people, and a group of people in work. Hypotheses were tested regarding the following issues:
相似文献
1. | the structure of the concept of well-being; |
2. | predictors of happiness; |
3. | well-being and social security. |
6.
Of the biotic factors potentially affecting the foraging behavior of pit-building antlion larvae,Myrmeleon bore
Tjeder, we focussed on the density effects and examined experimentally influences of larval density on pit construction behavior,
spatial distribution and pit relocation rate. Moreover the mechanism of mutual interference among larvae was examined.
相似文献
1. | After releasing 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 third instar larvae ofM. bore at the center of each container (30×30×10 cm3) filled with sand, we measured number of pits, pit diameter and position of pit base. |
2. | More than 80% of antlion larvae at each density always constructed pits, and the rates of larvae that had not constructed pits rose in proportion to the density. Pit size was approximately constant independent of the density. |
3. | The density ofM. bore larvae clearly affected the residence time of the pits, i.e. more larvae frequently relocate pits with increasing larval density. |
4. | To analyze the spatial distribution pattern of the larvae in a container, nearest neighbor distance (NND) was measured. Comparison between the observed NND and the expected value for NND in random distribution obtained from computer simulation suggested that high larval density produced a uniform distribution owing to their mutual interference. |
5. | The result of an experiment to examine the mechanism of mutual interference among larvae showed that frequent dropping of sand into a pit tossed by neighbor antlion larvae causes a pit-relocation. |
7.
1. | The effects of larval rearing density and species relative proportions on life-history parameters of two necrophagous Diptera,Hemipyrellia ligurriens (Wiedemann) (Calliphoridae) andBoettcherisca formosensis Kirner and Lopes (Sarcophagidae), were investigated in mixed cultures. Larval rearing density had a significant effect on larval to adult survivorship, duration of immature development, adult size and relative performance (measured by the composite index of performance,r′) of both species. However, species relative proportions affected adult size of both flies and the duration of immature development ofB. formosensis only. |
2. | B. formosensis had a higher survivorship thanH. ligurriens in all mixed cultures and showed a similar survivorship pattern to that in pure cultures. By contrast, survivorship ofH. ligurriens was lower in mixed than in pure cultures. |
3. | H. ligurriens adults reared from mixed cultures were smaller than those from pure cultures of comparable density, butB. formosensis adults from pure and mixed cultures were of similar size. |
4. | The results suggest that competition betweenB. formosensis andH. ligurriens larvae was asymmetric and the former was the superior competior. |
5. | At low larval densities in mixed cultures, the presence ofH. ligurriens enhanced the performance (as measured byr′) ofB. formosensis, a consequence of suspected interspecific facilitation of larval growth. |
8.
Unemployment rates, as well as income per capita, differ vastly across the regions of Europe. Labour mobility can play a role
in resolving regional disparities. This paper focuses on the questions of why labour mobility is low in the EU and how it
is possible that it remains low. We explore whether changes in male and female labour participation act as an important alternative
adjustment mechanism. We answer this question in the affirmative. We argue that female labour participation is very important
in adjusting to regional disparities.
相似文献
Ashok Parikh (Corresponding author)Email: |
9.
The changing nature of wage inequality 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Thomas Lemieux 《Journal of population economics》2008,21(1):21-48
The paper reviews recent developments in the literature on wage inequality with a particular focus on why inequality growth
has been particularly concentrated in the top end of the wage distribution over the last 15 years. Several possible institutional
and demand-side explanations are discussed for the secular growth in wage inequality in the United States and other advanced
industrialized countries.
相似文献
Thomas LemieuxEmail: |
10.
This study reviewed three philosophical accounts of happiness, and then tested those accounts with the Asiabarometer surveys
conducted in six Confucian societies during the summer of 2006. Statistical analyses of these surveys reveal that East Asians
tend to experience happiness to a greater extent when they experience enjoyment together with achievement and/or satisfaction.
The preponderance of such multi-dimensional conceptions in all those societies poses a direct challenge to a single dimensional
account of happiness in the West. The analyses also reveal that positive assessments of interpersonal relationships matter
more than the amount of knowledge or wealth in living a happy life in Confucian societies.
相似文献
Doh Chull Shin (Corresponding author)Email: |
Takashi InoguchiEmail: |
11.
Empirical studies in the migration literature have shown that enclaves (networks) negatively affect the language proficiency
of migrants. Most of these studies do not address the choice of location as a function of language skills. Using data on Mexican
migration to the US, we show that migrants choose smaller networks as their English language proficiency improves.
相似文献
Ira N. Gang (Corresponding author)Email: |
12.
This paper analyzes the effects of population aging on the preferred legal retirement age. What is revealed is the crucial role that the indirect ‘macro’ effects resulting from a change in the legal retirement age play in the optimal decision. Two social security systems are studied. Under a defined contribution scheme, aging lowers the preferred legal retirement age. However, under a defined pension scheme, the retirement age is delayed. This result shows the relevance of correctly choosing the parameter affected by the dependency ratio in the design of the social security programme.
相似文献
Francisco Lagos (Corresponding author)Email: Fax: +34-95-8249995 |
13.
How important is homeland education for refugees’ economic position in The Netherlands? 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
We use data on refugees admitted to The Netherlands that include registration of education in their homeland by immigration
officers. Such data are seldom available. We investigate the quality and reliability of the registrations and then use them
to assess effects on refugees’ economic position during the first 5 years after arrival. The most remarkable finding is the
absence of returns to higher education.
相似文献
Aslan ZorluEmail: |
14.
Maria Gutiérrez-Domènech 《Journal of population economics》2008,21(1):83-110
This paper investigates how education and the labour market affect Spanish individual decisions on the timing of marriage
and births, using a Cox hazard approach. It disentangles men and women, and two groups, Cohort 1945–1960 and Cohort 1961–1977.
Results show that female employment delays marriage in Cohort 1945–1960, but it has a reverse effect in Cohort 1961–1977.
We also find evidence that employment is a barrier for family formation since employed women postpone births in both cohorts.
The precarious Spanish labour markets, captured by female unemployment rates, delay family formation, especially by putting
off marriage. Male unemployment, at the individual level, impacts negatively on fertility only through delaying marriage.
相似文献
Maria Gutiérrez-DomènechEmail: |
15.
Labor market institutions and demographic employment patterns 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Giuseppe Bertola Francine D. Blau Lawrence M. Kahn 《Journal of population economics》2007,20(4):833-867
We study collective bargaining’s effect on relative employment for youth, women, and older individuals. Our model of collective
wage setting predicts that unionization reduces employment more for groups with relatively elastic labor supply: youth, older
individuals, and women. We test this implication using data from 17 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD) countries over the 1960–1996 period. We find that time-varying indicators of unionization decrease the employment–population
ratio of young and older individuals relative to the prime-aged, and of prime-aged women relative to prime-aged men, and unionization
raises the unemployment rate of prime-aged women and, possibly, young men compared to prime-aged men.
相似文献
Lawrence M. Kahn (Corresponding author)Email: |
16.
A discrete choice model for labor supply and childcare 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A discrete choice model for labor supply and childcare for mothers of preschoolers is presented. The mothers are assumed to
make choices from a finite set of job possibilities and from a finite set of childcare options. Options in the markets for
childcare are characterized by opening hours, fees and quality attributes. Similarly, jobs are characterized by a fixed wage
rate, working hours and a number of variables related to job satisfaction. In the estimation of the model, we take into account
that the number of options available might vary across work/care combinations and that some mothers are rationed in the market
for care at day care centers. The model is employed to simulate the female labor supply effects of the Norwegian home care
allowance reform.
相似文献
Thor O. ThoresenEmail: |
17.
There has been a rich debate in development studies on combining research methods in recent years. We explore the particular
challenges and opportunities surrounding mixed methods approaches to childhood well-being. We argue that there are additional
layers of complexity due to the distinctiveness of children’s experiences of deprivation or ill-being. This paper is structured
as follows. Sections 2 and 3 discuss the nature of mixed methods approaches and tensions. Sections 4 and 5 apply these debates
to researching childhood well-being in particular, in both Northern and Southern contexts. Section 6 concludes and discusses
future work.
相似文献
Andy Sumner (Corresponding author)Email: |
18.
Casual employment is extensive and has been increasing for more than two decades in Australia. The concept of casual employment
used in the Australian context is unusual, but it is directly linked to benefit and rights exclusion within the regulatory
framework governing employment. The expansion in casual employment has spread across all sectors, industries and occupations.
Casual employment is associated with various forms of insecurity including income and employment insecurity. There are a number
of ways in which the insecurity associated with casual employment could be reduced.
相似文献
Iain Campbell (Corresponding author)Email: |
19.
Are there gender and country of origin differences in immigrant labor market outcomes across European destinations? 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The 1994–2000 waves of the European Community Household Panel are used to study the earnings of immigrants as compared to
native workers in 15 European countries. At the time of arrival, there is a significant negative partial effect of foreign
birth on individual earnings compared to the native born in the destination of around 40%. These differences vary across origins
and destinations and by gender. Immigrant earnings catch-up to those of the native born after around 18 years in the destination.
Schooling matters more for earnings for women, whereas, language skills are relatively more important for men.
相似文献
Barry R. ChiswickEmail: |
20.
Scott Alan Carson 《Journal of population economics》2009,22(3):739-755
The use of height data to measure living standards is now a well-established method in economic history. By using a new source
of nineteenth century Texas state prison records, the present study contrasts the heights of comparable blacks and whites
between the Civil War and Reconstruction in the American South. White stature exceeded black stature. Between 1850 and 1870,
black stature declined by more than 1 cm but recovered toward the end of the nineteenth century. Postbellum white stature
declined by more than 1 1/2 cm over the same period yet never recovered.
相似文献
Scott Alan CarsonEmail: |