马克思主义经典作家关于东方农民问题的论述

马克思、恩格斯、列宁、斯大林、毛泽东等马克思主义经典作家关于东方社会主义实践中农民问题的思想或理论，产生于不同的时代，是对不同国度社会主义实践中农民问题的分析和论述，他们的思想或理论既有各自鲜明的特点又有共同的价值取向。从理论上看，体现了继承与创新的关系。     

马克思主义经典作家关于东方农民土地问题的论述

马克思主义经典作家关于东方农民土地问题的理论内容十分丰富,由于形成于不同的时代、产生于不同的国度,因此他们关于农民土地问题的理论在不断丰富和发展,对东方革命产生了十分重要的影响。     

马克思主义经典作家关于东方农民合作经济理论的论述

马克思主义创始人关于东方农村合作经济理论是马克思、恩格斯在探讨俄国、中国、印度等国农村小农如何向社会主义过渡中提出来的。马克思、思格斯主张通过合作社实现农民由小私有制向公有制过渡,从小农经济向社会化大生产过渡;认为合作化必须坚持自愿、示范和为此提供社会帮助的原则。列宁继承和发展了马克思、恩格斯的东方农民合作经济理论,认识到社会主义条件下合作社的发展就是社会主义发展,重视农民流通领域的合作。斯大林继承了列宁的合作事业,但他只重视生产领域的合作,轻视流通合作,以农业的集体化取得了合作化。毛泽东在革命战争年代就认识到合作社运动对组织和解放农民、支援革命战争的重大意义,可以说是丰富和发展了马克思主义合作经济思想;新中国成立后,毛泽东亲自领导了规模巨大的农业合作化运动,留下了丰富的理论遗产。     

马克思主义视角下的农民问题研究

农民问题是无产阶级革命和建设的基本问题,马克思主义的经典作家及中国化的马克思主义者都很重视农民问题。概括和分析马克思主义理论体系中的农民问题,通过他们的实践以及他们在农民问题上所取得的经验和教训,可以使我们认识到:农民问题是中国革命与建设实践的一个重大课题,利益问题是农民问题的核心;在建设社会主义新农村的进程中,必须保护农民的利益,发挥农民在新农村建设中的主体作用。     

试论社会主义新农村建设中的农民舆情问题

社会主义新农村,建设主体是农民。农民的舆情变化,直接影响着社会主义新农村建设的深度和广度。本文用舆情理论,分析了新农村建设过程中农民舆情问题及产生的原因,并提出了相应措施。     

对马克思主义政治理论的发展——学习江泽民关于"政治文明"论述的体会

江泽民同志关于政治文明建设的新观点、新论断 ,赋予了马克思主义政治观当今的时代内容和现代特征 ,是对社会文明理论的极大丰富和发展 ,也是对马克思主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论的政治思想理论的新贡献。     

共产国际与毛泽东农民问题理论形成的关系

共产国际在指导中国革命过程中,特别是对中国农民运动的指导,加速了毛泽东农民问题理论形成的历史进程。同时,毛泽东对中国农民问题的艰苦探索反过来对共产国际调整并纠正其在指导中国农民运动中的失误产生了积极影响。在共产国际与毛泽东农民问题理论形成之间存在着互动关系。     

论马克思主义实践发展的若干特点

马克思主义哲学、政治经济学和科学社会主义理论都体现了解释世界与改变世界的统一,即理论与实践的统一。马克思主义在其长期的历史发展进程中,都会遇到理论上的对手,只有克服和战胜这些对手,马克思主义才能得到不断发展。马克思、恩格斯就是在克服和战胜旧哲学、旧政治经济学和空想社会主义的斗争中,形成了马克思主义科学理论,体现了理论创造与思想批判的统一,这一理论特点贯穿于马克思主义在一切时代的发展。作为注重实际的理论,马克思主义反对空想与空谈;作为面向未来的学说,马克思主义始终追求远大理想。     

前车之覆 后车之鉴——对苏东前社会主义国家改革失败原因与教训的再认识

苏东前社会主义国家的改革前后经历40余年,出现了三次浪潮,在取得巨大成就的同时却犯下了严重错误,最终走向失败.这主要是由于其实行了错误的改革路线,党内特权、腐败现象也导致了民心丧失,最终使改革失去了群众基础,同时也是西方敌对势力推行"和平演变"战略的结果.现有社会主义国家尤其是我们中国要吸取其教训,从改革的指导思想、策略原则、和谐环境构建等方面取得突破,确保改革顺利进行.     

长安东汉作家及其地域分布略考

东汉是中国古代文学发展的重要转型时期,东汉虽然已经建都洛阳,但长安文化仍然对东汉产生了重要影响。东汉长安作家是东汉地域文学的代表,通过爬梳有关史料,对东汉三辅京兆尹、左冯翊、右扶风39城、52位作家的创作事迹和地域分布做了考证整理,并进而总结了东汉长安文学四个方面的创作特征以及对后世的影响。     

Healthcare Financing in the African Countries of the Eastern Mediterranean

Healthcare financing is in crisis in most African countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region of WHO. In low-income countries, spending on health is very low and populations are not protected against financial risks. Middle- and high- income countries are suffering from inappropriate use of resources devoted to health and lack of use of economic tools in priority setting. As coverage by insurance is not well developed, concerns over equity in access are voiced in most countries. Planned policy changes or health sector reforms are designed to address these challenges. The approaches used are based on capacity building, institutional development and provision of needed expertise. International agencies are providing technical support to help in setting the reform agenda, in managing the planned changes and in monitoring the impact. Efforts are being made to strengthen national capabilities in developing national health account functions and in promoting the use of economic tools such as cost-effective analysis, costing and cost analysis in health system management. A particular interest is paid to the development and strengthening of health insurance, and particularly microinsurance for uncovered populations. Countries of the subregion are encouraged to make better use of their training and research institutions and to facilitate the development of networks of health professionals dealing with health system development, supported by international agencies and development banks.     

Party Politics in Socialist Countries: One Hundred Years of Exploration

Over the long history of political civilization, the 100 years of the party politics of socialist countries has emerged as a new form of politics. Exploration of the last 100 years of the party politics of socialist countries deals with the self-governance and national governance of Marxist ruling parties. It reflects intraparty relationships, interparty relationships, relationships between party and government and relationships between party and society, as well as foreign relations, and spans three historical periods, comprising the first establishment of party politics in Soviet Russia; the adoption of party rule in other countries, with concomitant setbacks; and the achievement by China, Vietnam and other countries of party political innovation and development. A review of the experience of the past hundred years shows that success in making party politics the basic system in socialist countries and in tapping its full potential is attributable to the efforts made by Marxist ruling parties to undertake fruitful theoretical reflection and grasp values, adhere to the truth and correct mistakes on the basis of exceptional strategic confidence and policy commitment, while constantly opening up new stages of theoretical understanding and practical development. The party politics of socialist countries in the 21st century drives their modernization and cultivates and improves their practice. The union of the two in the magnificent historical process of the sustainable development of socialist institutional civilization will have major and far-reaching significance for building a brighter future for humanity.     

论经学背景下的东汉归隐现象

汉武帝独尊儒术后,＂学而优则仕＂成为士人一种主要人生追求,但在经学兴盛的东汉,不少儒生却隐居不仕或暂时不仕。经学发达与隐居不仕这一表面上看似矛盾的现象,其实有着内在必然性,它与部分儒生清静无欲、专心经学有关,也是士人生存环境发生改变、汉代选官制度滞后的产物。这类士人或专心习经,或隐居教授,推动了东汉经学的发展;他们习经目的单纯,与当时社会上一些钻营者形成鲜明对比,无形中起了＂激贪厉俗＂的作用。东汉经学士子的隐逸,大多只是暂时的,并不表明学仕分途。     

Development Rates and the Optimum of Production Accumulation and Consumption in Socialist Countries

The rate of economic growth is a major problem of the socialist countries' economy. On this rate depend the period of time to achieve their socialist and communist transformations, as well as the outcome of their economic competition with the advanced capitalist countries. The development rates are inseparably linked with strengthening the economic and political power of each socialist country and the entire socialist system, as well as with their capacity to exert a decisive influence on the course of world history. Mankind's progress in each historical epoch has always been determined by new socio-economic relations which provide full scope for faster growth of productive forces and cultural potentialities, i.e., are progressive economically and politically.     

东盟国家保险业外资准入限制问题刍议

东盟国家保险业外资准入限制主要表现为：规定了高于东道国国内申请人的保险市场准入条件;限制外资机构形式：规定有限的开放地域和业务范围。在判断限制内容是否合法的基础上,我国应通过双边协议、区域性协议及WTO保险业开放规则约束东盟国家的一些不合理限制,并通过建立信息共享制度,引导投资企业正确应对限制规则。     

European Welfare Futures: The Views of Key Influentials in Six European Countries on Likely Developments in Social Policy

The welfare state, having reached maturity in most European countries, faces challenges from economic, social and political developments. Some studies argue that common pressures are likely to evoke similar responses; others suggest that the differences between welfare regimes both permit and require different policies. It is also suggested that the single European market will require convergence in tax regimes, social provision and entitlements to ensure fairer competition and to prevent "social dumping". Analysis of data from a survey of politicians, representatives of business, trade unions, civil servants and others shows some convergence in the recognition of problems in welfare policy and in ideas about finance. However, debate about the response to similar issues often differs, according to the detail of institutional structure and the pattern of interests it produces.     

国家和社会关系视野中的中国农民——20世纪下半期西方关于国家和农民关系的研究综述

西方学者研究中国国家和农民关系主要是在"国家—社会"二分的框架内进行,并受极权主义、多元主义和现代化理论的影响。文章在回顾20世纪下半期研究国家和农民关系的文献的基础上,从底层历史和日常生活叙事的角度,探讨了超越"国家—社会"二分的可能性。