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1.
2.

Problem

Clinical practice guidelines indicate that over 80% of women with a previous caesarean should be offered a planned vaginal birth after caesarean (VBAC), however only one third of eligible women choose to plan a VBAC. To support informed choices for birth after caesarean, it is necessary to understand the factors that influence women’s decision-making.

Aim

The goal of this study was to explore attitudes towards and experiences with decision-making for mode of delivery after caesarean from the perspectives of Canadian women.

Methods

In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 women eligible for VBAC in three rural and two urban communities in British Columbia, Canada, during summer 2015. Constructivist grounded theory informed iterative data collection and analysis.

Findings

Women’s decision-making experiences were a process of “seeking control in the midst of uncertainty.” Women formed early preferences for mode of delivery after their primary caesareans and engaged in careful deliberation during their inter-pregnancy interval, consisting of: reflecting on their birth, clarifying their values, becoming informed, considering the feasibility of options, deliberating with the care team, and making an actual choice. Women struggled to make trade-offs between having a healthy baby and social attributes of delivery, such as uninterrupted bonding with their newborn.

Conclusions

Women begin decision-making for birth after caesarean earlier than previously reported and their choices are influenced by personal experience and psychosocial concerns. Future interventions to support choice of mode of delivery should begin early after the primary caesarean, to reflect when women begin to form preferences.  相似文献   

3.

Background

Health-related quality of life of women in the postpartum period may depend on the mode of birth. However, previous findings are contradictory.

Aim

To explore health-related quality of life of women at the sixth week and sixth month postpartum by mode of birth.

Methods

We performed a longitudinal prospective study in Spain that included 546 healthy primiparae aged 18 to 45 years who gave birth to a healthy newborn. At the sixth week and sixth month postpartum, we analysed sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and compared health-related quality of life (measured using the SF-36) by mode of birth (normal vaginal, forceps, vacuum-extraction, elective caesarean section, emergency caesarean section). In addition, we analysed the change in health-related quality of life between the two time points for each mode of birth.

Findings

We did not find differences in health-related quality of life by mode of birth at the sixth week or sixth month postpartum. At the sixth week postpartum, regardless of the mode of birth, women with postpartum urinary incontinence reported lower health-related quality of life. Between the sixth week and sixth month postpartum, health-related quality of life improved for all modes of birth.

Conclusion

While mode of birth is not directly associated with health-related quality of life, it does have an indirect relationship in the short term. Women who reported the lowest health-related quality of life were those with postpartum urinary incontinence. Most women with postpartum urinary incontinence were in the forceps group.  相似文献   

4.

Problem

Rates of medical interventions in childbirth have greatly increased in the Western world.

Background

Women’s attitudes affect their birth choices.

Aim

To assess women’s attitudes towards the medicalization of childbirth and their associations with women’s background as well as their fear of birth and planned and unplanned modes of birth.

Methods

This longitudinal observational study included 836 parous woman recruited at women’s health centres and natural birth communities in Israel. All women filled in questionnaires about attitudes towards the medicalization of childbirth, fear of birth, and planned birth choices. Women at <28 weeks gestation when filling in the questionnaire were asked to fill in a second one at ~34 weeks. Phone follow-up was conducted ~6 weeks postpartum to assess actual mode of birth.

Findings

Attitudes towards medicalization were more positive among younger and less educated women, those who emigrated from the former Soviet Union, and those with a more complicated obstetric background. Baseline attitudes did not differ by parity yet became less positive throughout pregnancy only for primiparae. More positive attitudes were related to greater fear of birth. The attitudes were significantly associated with planned birth choices and predicted emergency caesareans and instrumental births.

Discussion

Women form attitudes towards the medicalization of childbirth which may still be open to change during the first pregnancy. More favourable attitudes are related to more medical modes of birth, planned and unplanned.

Conclusion

Understanding women’s views of childbirth medicalization may be key to understanding their choices and how they affect labour and birth.  相似文献   

5.

Problem and background

Despite a generally affluent society, the caesarean section rate in Switzerland has steadily climbed in recent years from 22.9% in 1998 to 33.7% in 2014. Speculation by the media has prompted political questions as to the reasons. However, there is no clear evidence as to why the Swiss rate should be so high especially in comparison with neighbouring countries.

Aim

To describe the emerging expectations of giving birth of healthy primigravid women in the early second semester of pregnancy in four Swiss cantons.

Methods

Qualitative individual interviews with 58 healthy primigravid women, were audio recorded, transcribed and subjected to thematic analysis. Recruitment took place through public and private hospitals, birth centres, obstetricians and independent midwives. The main ethical issues were informed consent, autonomy, confidentiality and anonymity.

Findings

The three main themes identified were taking or avoiding decisions, experiencing a continuum of emotions and planning the care.

Discussion

Being pregnant was part of a project women had mapped out for their lives. Only three women in our sample expressed a wish for a caesarean section. One of the strongest emotions was that of fear but in contrast some participants expressed faith that their bodies would cope with the experience.

Conclusion

Bringing together the three languages and cultures produced a truly “Swiss” study showing contrasts between a matter of fact approach to pregnancy and the concept of fear. Such a contrast is worthy of further and deeper exploration by a multi-disciplinary research team.  相似文献   

6.

Background

During the last decades, there has been an alarming and dramatic increase in the number of cesarean births in both developed and undeveloped countries. This increase has not been clinically justified but, nevertheless, has raised an important number of issues.

Aim

The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors associated with the high cesarean section rates in Lebanon.

Methods

This study is based on a sample of 29,270 Lebanese women who were pregnant between 2000 and 2015. Among these, 14,327 gave birth by cesarean section and 14,943 gave birth vaginally. To identify the risk factors of cesarean section, logistic regression was applied as a statistical method using the SPSS statistical package.

Findings

Of the 29,270 pregnant women included in the study, 49% had cesarean sections while 51% gave birth vaginally. Repeat cesarean section accounted for 23% while vaginal birth after cesarean accounted for only 0.2% of deliveries. In addition, weekdays were associated with a preference of providers to carry out more cesarean sections. According to an analysis of our data using logistic regression, the risk factors associated with the increase in cesarean section rates were advanced maternal age, elective cesarean section, malpresentation of fetus, multiple birth, prolonged pregnancy, prolonged labor, and fetal distress.

Conclusion

Based on these results, it is recommended that a new health policy be implemented to reduce the number of unnecessary cesarean deliveries in Lebanon.  相似文献   

7.
8.

Background

The prevalence of fear of birth has been estimated between 8–30%, but there is considerable heterogeneity in research design, definitions, measurement tools used and populations. There are some inconclusive findings about the stability of childbirth fear.

Aim

to assess the prevalence and characteristics of women presenting with scores ≥60 on FOBS-The Fear of Birth Scale, in mid and late pregnancy, and to study change in fear of birth and associated factors.

Methods

A prospective longitudinal cohort study of a one-year cohort of 1212 pregnant women from a northern part of Sweden, recruited in mid pregnancy and followed up in late pregnancy. Fear of birth was assessed using FOBS-The fear of birth scale, with the cut off at ≥60.

Findings

The prevalence of fear of birth was 22% in mid pregnancy and 19% in late pregnancy, a statistically significant decrease. Different patterns were found where some women presented with increased fear and some with decreased fear. The women who experienced more fear or less fear later in pregnancy could not be differentiated by background factors.

Conclusions

More research is needed to explore factors important to reduce fear of childbirth and the optimal time to measure it.  相似文献   

9.

Background

Estimated date of birth (EDB) is used to guide the care provided to women during pregnancy and birth, although its imprecision is recognised. Alternatives to the EDB have been suggested for use with women however their attitudes to timing of birth information have not been examined.

Aims

To explore women’s expectations of giving birth on or near their EDB, and their attitudes to alternative estimates for timing of birth.

Methods

A survey of pregnant women attending four public hospitals in Sydney, Australia, between July and December 2012.

Results

Among 769 surveyed women, 42% expected to birth before their due date, 16% after the due date, 15% within a day or so of the due date, and 27% had no expectations. Nulliparous women were more likely to expect to give birth before their due date. Women in the earlier stages of pregnancy were more likely to have no expectations or to expect to birth before the EDB while women in later pregnancy were more likely to expect birth after their due date. For timing of birth information, only 30% of women preferred an EDB; the remainder favoured other options.

Conclusions

Most women understood the EDB is imprecise. The majority of women expressed a preference for timing of birth information in a format other than an EDB. In support of woman-centred care, clinicians should consider discussing other options for estimated timing of birth information with the women in their care.  相似文献   

10.

Background

The 10-item Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (BSS-R) is being increasingly used internationally. The use of the measure and the concept has gathered traction in the United States following the development of a US version of the tool. A limitation of previous studies of the measurement characteristics of the BSS-R is modest sample size. Unplanned pregnancy is recognised as being associated with a range of negative birth outcomes, but the relationship to birth satisfaction has received little attention, despite the importance of birth satisfaction to a range of postnatal outcomes.

Aim

The current investigation sought to evaluate the measurement characteristics of the BSS-R in a large postpartum sample.

Methods

Multiple Groups Confirmatory Factor Analysis (MGCFA) was used to evaluate a series of measurement and structural models of the BSS-R to evaluate fundamental invariance characteristics using planned/unplanned pregnancy status to differentiate groups.

Findings

Complete data from N = 2116 women revealed that the US version of the BSS-R offers an excellent fit to data and demonstrates full measurement and structural invariance. Little difference was observed between women on the basis of planned/unplanned pregnancy stratification on measures of birth satisfaction.

Discussion

The established relationship between unplanned pregnancy and negative perinatal outcomes was not found to extend to birth satisfaction in the current study. The BSS-R demonstrated exemplary measurement and structural invariance characteristics.

Conclusion

The current study strongly supports the use of the US version of the BSS-R to compare birth satisfaction across different groups of women with theoretical and measurement confidence.  相似文献   

11.
12.

Background

Accessibility of water immersion for labour and/or birth is often dependent on the care provider and also the policies/guidelines that underpin practice. With little high quality research about the safety and practicality of water immersion, particularly for birth, policies/guidelines informing the practice may lack the evidence necessary to ensure practitioner confidence surrounding the option thereby limiting accessibility and women’s autonomy.

Aim

The aims of the study were to determine how water immersion policies and/or guidelines are informed, who interprets the evidence to inform policies/guidelines and to what extent the policy/guideline facilitates the option for labour and birth.

Method

Phase one of a three-phase mixed-methods study critically analysed 25 Australian water immersion policies/guidelines using critical discourse analysis.

Findings

Policies/guidelines pertaining to the practice of water immersion reflect subjective opinions and views of the current literature base in favour of the risk-focused obstetric and biomedical discursive practices. Written with hegemonic influence, policies and guidelines impact on the autonomy of both women and practitioners.

Conclusion

Policies and guidelines pertaining to water immersion, particularly for birth reflect opinion and varied interpretations of the current literature base. A degree of hegemonic influence was noted prompting recommendations for future maternity care policy and guidelines’.

Ethical considerations

The Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of South Australia approved the research.  相似文献   

13.
14.

Problem

Often, there is a sense of shock and disbelief when a mother murders her child.

Background

Yet, literary texts (plays, poems and novels) contain depictions of women experiencing mental illness or feelings of desperation after childbirth who murder their children.

Aim

To further understand why a woman may harm her child we examine seven literary texts ranging in time and place from fifth century BCE Greece to twenty-first century Australia.

Methods

A textual analysis approach examined how the author positioned the woman in the text, how other characters in the text reacted to the woman before, during, and after the mental illness or infanticide, and how the literary or historical critical literature sees the woman.

Findings

Three important points about the woman's experience were revealed: she is represented as morally ambiguous and becomes marginalised and isolated; she is depicted as murdering or abandoning her child because she is experiencing mental illness and/or she is living in desperate circumstances; and she believes there is no other option.

Conclusion

Literary texts can shed light on socio-psychological struggles women experience and can be used to stimulate discussion by healthcare professionals about the development of preventative or early intervention strategies to identify women at risk.  相似文献   

15.

Problem

Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is an increasingly commonly diagnosed disability. People with ASD commonly report challenges in social interaction and a heightened sensory perception. These challenges may be particularly difficult for women during pregnancy, birthing and beyond.

Background

Very little is known about the experiences and needs of birthing women who have ASD. There is a large body of literature about women who have autistic children, but almost nothing about women who may have this disability themselves. Internet blogs provide some insights and suggest that birthing women with ASD may have particular challenges related to communication, decision making and sensory overload.

Question

This study explores the particular issues and experiences of birthing women who have ASD, through pregnancy, birth and early mothering.

Method

This qualitative research used a case study approach, with in-depth interviewing and email exchange providing the data for the study. This data was verified, transcribed and analysed thematically.

Findings

The findings of this case study identified three key issues: communication and service difficulties; sensory stress and parenting challenges.

Discussion and conclusion

Findings suggest that women with ASD may face particular challenges during pregnancy, birthing and early mothering. These challenges evolve from perceptions of the woman about her midwives and other caregivers. If a woman perceives that her midwife is judgemental about her, then she may withdraw from the care and support she and her baby need.  相似文献   

16.

Background

Maternity care is facing increasing intervention and iatrogenic morbidity rates. This can be attributed, in part, to higher-risk maternity populations, but also to a risk culture in which birth is increasingly seen as abnormal. Technology and intervention are used to prevent perceived implication in adverse outcomes and litigation.

Question

Does midwives’ and obstetricians’ perception of risk affect care practices for normal birth and low-risk women in labour, taking into account different settings?

Methods

The research methods are developed within a qualitative framework. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analysed thematically. A purposive sample of 25 midwives and obstetricians were recruited from three maternity settings in Ireland. This included obstetric-led hospitals, an alongside midwifery-led unit and the community.

Findings

Midwifery is assuming a peripheral position with regard to normal birth as a progressive culture of risk and medicalisation affects the provision of maternity care. This is revealed in four themes; (1) professional autonomy and hierarchy in maternity care; (2) midwifery-led care as an undervalued and unsupported aspiration; (3) a shift in focus from striving for normality to risk management; and (4) viewing pregnancy through a ‘risk-lens’.

Discussion

Factors connected to the increased medicalisation of birth contribute to the lack of midwifery responsibility for low-risk women and normal birth. Midwives are resigned to the current situation and as a profession are reluctant to take action.

Conclusion

Improved models of care, distinct from medical jurisdiction, are required. Midwives must take responsibility for leading change as their professional identity is in jeopardy.  相似文献   

17.

Problem

Adolescent mothers and their children are at high-risk for depression and the associated negative educational, social, health, and economic outcomes.

Background

However, few pregnant adolescent women with depression receive psychiatric services, especially low-income or racial/ethnic minority adolescent women.

Aim

This qualitative study explores perceptions of depression, psychiatric services, and barriers to accessing services in a sample of low-income, pregnant racial/ethnic minority adolescent women. Our goal was to better understand the experiences of depression during pregnancy for these vulnerable adolescent women, and thereby improve their engagement and retention in services for perinatal depression.

Methods

We recruited 20 pregnant adolescent women who screened positive for depression from 2 public health prenatal clinics in the southeastern United States. Participants were low-income and primarily racial/ethnic minority women between 14 and 20 years old. Data were collected through individual in-depth, ethnographically informed interviews.

Findings

Generally, participants lacked experience with psychiatric services and did not recognize their symptoms as depression. However, participants perceived a need for mood improvement and were interested in engaging in services that incorporated their perspective and openly addressed stigma.

Discussion

Participants reported practical and psychological barriers to service engagement, but identified few cultural barriers. Family perceptions of psychiatric services served as both a barrier and support.

Conclusion

Adolescent women are more likely to engage in psychiatric services if those services reduce practical and psychological barriers, promise relief from the symptoms perceived as most meaningful, and address underlying causes of depression. Culture may affect Latina adolescent women’s perceptions of depression and services.  相似文献   

18.
19.

Issue

Indigenous women in many countries experience a lack of access to culturally appropriate midwifery services. A number of models of care have been established to provide services to women. Research has examined some services, but there has not been a synthesis of qualitative studies of the models of care to help guide practice development and innovations.

Aim

To undertake a review of qualitative studies of midwifery models of care for Indigenous women and babies evaluating the different types of services available and the experiences of women and midwives.

Methods

A meta-synthesis was undertaken to examine all relevant qualitative studies. The literature search was limited to English-language published literature from 2000–2014. Nine qualitative studies met the inclusion criteria and literature appraisal – six from Australia and three from Canada. These articles were analysed for coding and theme development.

Findings

The major themes were valuing continuity of care, managing structural issues, having negative experiences with mainstream services and recognising success.

Discussion

The most positive experiences for women were found with the services that provided continuity of care, had strong community links and were controlled by Indigenous communities. Overall, the experience of the midwifery services for Indigenous women was valuable. Despite this, there were still barriers preventing the provision of intrapartum midwifery care in remote areas.

Conclusion

The expansion of midwifery models of care for Indigenous women and babies could be beneficial in order to improve cultural safety, experiences and outcomes in relation to pregnancy and birth.  相似文献   

20.

Background

Despite the promotion of hospital-based maternity care as the safest option, for less developed countries, many women particularly those in the rural areas continue to patronise indigenous midwives or traditional birth attendants. Little is known about traditional birth attendants’ perspectives regarding their pregnancy and birth practices.

Aim

To explore traditional birth attendants’ discourses of their pregnancy and birthing practices in southeast Nigeria.

Method

Hermeneutic phenomenology guided by poststructural feminism was the methodological approach. Individual face to face semi-structured interviews were conducted with five traditional birth attendants following consent.

Findings

Participants’ narratives of their pregnancy and birth practices are organised into two main themes namely: ‘knowing differently,’ and ‘making a difference.’ Their responses demonstrate evidence of expertise in sustaining normal birth, safe practice including hygiene, identifying deviation from the normal, willingness to refer women to hospital when required, and appropriate use of both traditional and western medicines. Inexpensive, culturally sensitive, and compassionate care were the attributes that differentiate traditional birth attendants’ services from hospital-based maternity care.

Conclusion

The participants provided a counter-narrative to the official position in Nigeria about the space they occupy. They responded in ways that depict them as committed champions of normal birth with ability to offer comprehensive care in accordance with the individual needs of women, and respect for cultural norms. Professional midwives are therefore challenged to review their ways of practice. Emphasis should be placed on what formal healthcare providers and traditional birth attendants can learn from each other.  相似文献   

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