新疆城镇贫困及反贫困研究

新疆目前的贫困是农村地区的贫困。随着改革开放事业的逐步深入,新疆城镇出现了大量的贫困群体,他们对新疆的社会稳定和经济发展的影响比较大,其消极影响不能忽视。造成新疆城镇贫困的主要原因是就业不足、市场机制不完善和城镇社会保障制度不健全等。为解决城镇贫困问题,我们必须以人为本,扩大就业,逐步完善社会保障制度,政策上采取各种优惠措施,尽量保证城镇贫困群体的根本利益。     

90年代中后期我国城镇贫困与反贫困问题探讨

从我国扶贫重点在农村地区和农村贫困迅速减轻，以及城镇贫困日趋严重而成为不容回避的社会问题入手，分析了目前我国城镇贫困人口的基本构成和形成贫困的多方成因，并依据城镇贫困形成的过程性和人群的低素质性两大基本特征，讨论了消除城镇贫困必须实现扶贫工作的三大转变和需要采取的战略措施     

西北地区城镇居民贫困程度的测度与实证分析

西北地区五省是我国西部大开发战略的重点发展省份,作为欠发达地区,城镇居民的贫困问题阻碍了城镇功能的充分发挥,成为制约地方发展的重要因素。通过对西北五省FGT贫困指数的测算发现,陕西贫困状况改善最为明显;甘肃和宁夏也有比较明显的减贫效果;青海成为目前西北五省中贫困问题最严重的省份;新疆贫困控制效果差,贫困问题突出。与全国相比,西北地区仍然是城镇贫困问题较严重的地区。实证分析的结果显示,经济增长和财政支出能够有效地降低城镇贫困,收入分配不均却加重了贫困程度。对西北地区而言,减贫不仅要追求经济效应,更应关注社会公平。     

我国城镇贫困人口现状分析

分析城镇贫困人口的现状是解决城镇贫困问题的必要前提。我国城镇贫困人口规模大,增长速度快,行业特征、地域特征明显,结构性、阶层性贫困人口并存,大部分属于相对贫困,但自救能力较差。与这些特征相适应,应该从提高劳动者素质等七个方面着手解决城镇贫困人口问题。     

民族地区城镇贫困动态演化与经济增长益贫性研究

本文利用FGT贫困指数对2000-2011年民族地区城镇绝对贫困和相对贫困进行了测度．分析了民族地区城镇贫困的动态演化特征。并利用减贫的收入、分配弹性以及贫困指数的Shapley分解。研究了民族地区经济增长益贫性问题。结果表明,民族地区城镇绝对贫困持续缓解,但受收入分配格局变化的影响,相对贫困问题开始凸显。经济增长的减贫效率体现出较为显著的阶段性和外部冲击敏感性。在制定和实施同质性减贫政策的同时．应该凸显贫困人口内部的异质性。同时,构建对本地城镇贫困人口更为包容和稳健的经济发展方式是未来民族地区实现城镇减贫的关键。     

城镇化进程中的人口流动与城镇新增贫困人口问题分析

在城镇化的过程中,农村人口净流向城镇。这一方面推动城镇和农村的发展,另一方面带来城镇贫困人口的增加。由农村流入城镇的人口其贫困发生率大致在3%以上。为预防和保障人口流动中的城镇新增贫困人口,应该采取措施分类引导人口的城镇化,建立和完善进入城镇农民的社会保障体系,积极发展城镇服务业等第三产业,避免过度的城市化带来城镇贫困问题的扩大。     

城镇贫困的因素分析及反贫困政策建议

文章主要以浙江省城镇贫困的实证分析为例,探讨城镇反贫困的有效政策。作者测定了近两年的浙江省城镇居民收入贫困线和有关贫困指数、1997年以来相对贫困的变动轨迹、低保规模和标准,分析了影响浙江省城镇贫困的若干原因,在此基础上提出了城镇反贫困的若干政策建议。     

中国城市贫困与反贫困问题研究述评

近年来中国城市贫困的严重程度日益受到学术界及政府的高度关注,文章首先从贫困的度量、当前城市贫困的规模、城市贫困群体的特征及城市贫困的原因等方面对学者们研究的主要观点进行了概述。在此基础上作者指出,现行的城镇反贫困机制尽管已具雏形,对缓解和消除城镇贫困现象发挥了非常重要的作用,但由于认识上的缺陷和相关制度的不完善,因而从总体上看还存在一些问题,有必要进行总结和反思。     

西北地区贫困人口问题研究

长期以来,西北地区贫困人口呈现出总量比例高、生态贫困问题严重、贫困人口与少数民族人口重合性高等几大特点。生态环境恶劣、人口数量超过自然资源环境承载能力、生产经营方式落后、教育滞后、城镇辐射能力不足等因素是造成西北地区贫困人口问题的重要原因。因此,应加大扶贫力度,扩大扶贫资金来源渠道,建立农业可持续发展模式,转变贫困人口生育观念,促进经济增长方式转变,根据贫困程度进行适当的生态移民是缓解西北地区贫困问题的基本思路。     

社会转型时期城镇贫困人口特征、成因及测度

消除贫困是困扰人类社会发展的一个历史性难题。贫困人口不仅在农村地区存在,在城镇中也存在。随着我国改革开放和社会经济的发展,贫困的内容和贫困人口的特征及成因都在发生着变化。本文以我国处于社会转型时期为背景,从我国消除贫困的重点一直放在农村地区,而对城镇贫困人口研究重视较少,但其数量却日益增长的事实出发,详细地分析了当前我国城镇贫困人口的一些基本特征,具体探讨了导致城镇贫困人口日渐增多的主要原因,并对城镇贫困人口的划分判断提出了具体的测度方法。     

Some spatial aspects of poverty in the USA

The social problem of poverty in the USA. has important spatial dimensions. The great migration of poor persons from the agricultural South to the industrial North shaped the nation's process of urbanization in the period after World War II. Subsequent suburbanization in the nation's cities was profoundly influenced by this movement and, in turn, had important implications for the urban poor. Also, the changing structure of employment opportunities within urban areas has had direct effects on the nature of the poverty problem in terms of spatial segregation and the persistence of poverty in urban areas. This paper offers a survey of the spatial aspects of poverty in the USA. and relates the problem of poverty to the forces of change that have contributed to the spatial transformation of the US economy.     

New Evidence on the Urbanization of Global Poverty

One‐quarter of the world's consumption poor live in urban areas, and that proportion has been rising over time. Over 1993–2002, the count of the “$1 a day” poor fell by 150 million in rural areas but rose by 50 million in urban areas. The poor have been urbanizing even more rapidly than the population as a whole. By fostering economic growth, urbanization helped reduce absolute poverty in the aggregate. There are marked regional differences: Latin America has the most urbanized poverty problem, East Asia has the least; there has been a “ruralization” of poverty in Eastern Europe and Central Asia; in marked contrast to other regions, Africa's urbanization process has not been associated with falling overall poverty.     

A Different Perspective on Poverty in Lao PDR: Multidimensional Poverty in Lao PDR for the Years 2002/2003 and 2007/2008

This paper presents an indicator for measuring multidimensional poverty in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic applying the Alkire–Foster methodology to the Lao Expenditure and Consumption Survey 2002/2003 and 2007/2008. We calculated a multidimensional poverty index (MPI) that includes three dimensions: education, health, and standard of living. Making use of the MPI’s decomposability, we analyse how much each of the different dimensions and its respective indicators contribute to the overall MPI. We find a marked reduction in the multidimensional poverty headcount ratio over the study period, regardless of how the indicators are weighted or how the deprivation and poverty cut-offs are set. This reduction is based on improvements regarding all indicators except cooking fuel and nutrition. We observe no significant reduction in the intensity of poverty, however; there are wide disparities between the country’s regions and between urban and rural areas. The proportion of poor people in rural areas is more than twice as high as that in urban areas. By complementing the traditional income-based poverty measure, we hope to provide useful information that can support knowledge-based decision-making for poverty alleviation.     

Multidimensional Poverty in China: Findings Based on the CHNS

This paper estimates multidimensional poverty in China by applying the Alkire-Foster methodology to the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2000–2009 data. Five dimensions are included: income, living standard, education, health and social security. Results suggest that rapid economic growth has resulted not only in a reduction in income poverty but also in a reduction in multidimensional poverty in the last decade, both in terms of its prevalence and intensity. However, many challenges remain. There are wide disparities across provinces and between urban and rural areas, with poverty being 1.5 times higher in rural areas than in urban ones in 2009. Moreover, rising deprivation in education in rural and less developed provinces should also be a policymaking concern.     

Income and Beyond: Multidimensional Poverty in Six Latin American Countries

This paper studies multidimensional poverty for Argentina, Brazil, Chile, El Salvador, Mexico and Uruguay for the period 1992–2006. The approach overcomes the limitations of the two traditional methods of poverty analysis in Latin America (income-based and unmet basic needs) by combining income with five other dimensions: school attendance for children, education of the household head, sanitation, water and shelter. The results allow a fuller understanding of the evolution of poverty in the selected countries. Over the study period, El Salvador, Brazil, Mexico and Chile experienced significant reductions in multidimensional poverty. In contrast, in urban Uruguay there was a small reduction in multidimensional poverty, while in urban Argentina the estimates did not change significantly. El Salvador, Brazil and Mexico, and rural areas of Chile display significantly higher and more simultaneous deprivations than urban areas of Argentina, Chile and Uruguay. In all countries, deprivation in access to proper sanitation and education of the household head are the highest contributors to overall multidimensional poverty.     

Life Satisfaction of Adolescents in Hunan,China: Reliability and Validity of Chinese Brief Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (BMSLSS)

The concept of poverty has gone beyond the monetary attributes to cover several dimensions directly influencing the level of individuals’ socio-economic status. Based on this methodological advancement, this study aims to approximate the deprivation of education, health and housing facilities to analyze the incidence of multidimensional poverty (MDP) at regional levels in the Sindh province of Pakistan. Findings revealed that the magnitude of MDP varies significantly across the regions due mainly to the variation in the deprivation levels of socio-economic aspects. Furthermore, the magnitude of MDP is higher in rural areas than urban areas in each region.     

论我国社会转型期的城市贫困问题

城市贫困是一个综合性概念。我国目前城市贫困问题具有非常明显的突发性、困难性、交融性、多元性和分散性等特性。在我国社会转型过程中,城市贫困加剧的原因主要是贫富差距拉大、分配不公、机会不均等。对解决现阶段的城市贫困问题提出相应对策。