相对人抵抗权的立法完善

相时人抵抗权是基于无效行政行为理论应运而生的一项程序性权利.该权利是私权对抗公权的重要机制,也是行政救济中相对人私力救济的主要方式.然而抵抗权在我国现行法律上鲜有规定,在实际操作层面上也面临诸多困境,包括如何判定一个行政行为是否无效的问题、抵抗权如何对抗行政强制权问题、如何防止相对人滥用抵抗权问题等.针对上述问题,建议应在行政程序立法中明确行政行为无效的理由,建立行政程序的"无效确认"机制与行政诉讼的"宣告无效之诉"双轨制,实行"抵制必须答复"和"争讼停止执行"原则.同时,在立法中明确赋予行政相对人抵抗权,科学界定抵抗权的标准和限度,并通过规定免责制度、举证责任制度、抵抗权矫正机制等来保障其实现.     

高校教师职称评审行为之司法审查

高校教师职称评审行为是否属于行政诉讼的司法审查范围,理论界与司法实务界持不同现点,实践中高校教师寻求司法救济屡屡受阻,教师权益维护状况堪忧.厘清职称评审行为性质,拓展职称争议救济途径,成为亟待解决的问题.职称评审权的法律性质应为行政权,高校依据法律法规授权取得相应权力并加以实施,该行为应定性为具体行政行为,而非高校内部管理行为,具有可诉性,司法审查是必然选择.建议司法审查应确立有限审查、低密度审查的原则,法院只能对职称评审决定是否符合法律原则、是否符合法定程序进行审查,除非专业的判断评价明显违法或显失公正.在法律适用上还应对审查范围、审查事项、证据规则、法律适用等问题加以梳理和规制.     

行政法视野下的不动产登记审查标准——以房产登记为例

不动产登记具有典型的公、私法律关系交织的特点,其审查标准一直存在形式审和实质审的争论.从登记行为的公法性和登记内容的私法性出发,登记审查标准的确立必须考虑公权与私权的关系,以在不动产物权自治和行政法治之间寻求一个合理的定位.根据登记的行政确认行为性质,结合现实的不动产登记实际,不动产登记审查应以公信与效率为其价值取向,建立合理审慎的实体审查标准和正当程序的程序审查标准.     

行政诉讼受案范围之立法技术探析

本文以行政诉讼法修改中更好体现理论成果,完善现有立法技术为初衷,以行政诉讼受案范围立法技术为研究对象,认为应当从两方面把握其内涵:宏观上在法律体系中何种效力等级的规范性法律文件中规定受案范围,不同效力等级的法律的规定区别、衔接以及逻辑起点的选择;微观上法律条文本身逻辑体系(以何为受案范围确立的基本范畴)、表述方式(肯定式还是否定式)的甄别使用。在比较和分析了域外行政诉讼受案范围立法技术的前提下,认为我国行政诉讼的受案范围立法技术应当从两个方面完善:宏观上首先在宪法中明确司法机关对行政行为的审查权,明确司法是行政争议最终解决途径(最终裁决权),以确认和保障相对人诉权为逻辑前提,在不同效力层级之法律规范性文件中分别确立;微观上应以行政争议为基本范畴,在宪法、行政诉讼法以及其他法律中甄别使用肯定式和否定式。     

对人民法院裁定撤诉的行政案件的思考

一、原告申请撤诉的原因原告申请撤诉有两种情况:一是原告自动申请撤诉;二是作为被告的行政机关改变其所作的具体行政行为,原告对此表示同意,而申请撤诉,现分述如下: 1.为保护合法权益而申请撤诉。一是原告法律意识淡漠,误将正当合法的行政机关的具体行政行为视为行政违法或行政不当行为,如管理相对人将公安机关对其赌博行为的取缔和行政处罚当成是对公民行为自     

论行政上的即时强制

本文从总体上对行政上的即时强制进行研究,文章认为行政强制可分为一般强制与即时强制,它们都以基础性行政决定为前提,以是否能够期待相对人自动履行义务(从时间上的允许性和义务类型上的可能性两方面考察)为人权关怀.其中,即时强制以基础决定为前置条件,以出现紧急情况且无法期待相对人自动履行为限度条件,以具体法律明确授权为职权条件.即时强制的方法从实际所达对象的不同,分为对人身自由的限制、对财物的各种处置、对住宅等场所的进入和依职权所为的其他必要处置四类.文章最后提出,即时强制属于具体行政行为,相对人申请行政复议或提起行政诉讼的救济管道畅通;鉴于合法的即时强制常会带给相对人特别牺牲,所以应建立比较系统的行政补偿制度.     

行政即时强制界说

本文分析了现有行政即时强制的定义,并作了重新界定,即行政即时强制是行政主体在紧急情况下,为了维护公共利益、相对人自身或他人的合法权益,对相对人即时设定权利义务,即时执行的一种实力强制行为。本文认为,行政即时强制应与行政强制执行相区别,这种区别的关键在于行政强制实施前是否先行存在某一具体行政行为。同时,行政即时强制还应当与行政强制措施、行政处罚和强制征收相区别。     

论生产安全事故调查中事故责任认定的性质及可诉性

事故调查中事故责任认定的性质及可诉性一直是学界和实务界争论的焦点。为厘清事故责任认定的性质及可诉性,本文从事故责任的概念入手,通过法理分析认为:事故责任是一种法律责任,事故责任认定是一种行政确认行为,而且该行政行为是可诉的。     

行政侵权赔偿中的几个基本理论问题

行政法上的行政侵权赔偿与行政补偿在产生原因、承担责任、救济方式、目的和法律规定形式上都不同,其赔偿责任是由行政侵权行为引起的,责任性质属于行政法律责任,而责任的主体只能是行政机关本身。我国行政赔偿立法应确立违法与严重不当的归责原则。赔偿范围包括物质、人身和精神的损害赔偿;主要以支付货币的形式履行,还有其他的赔偿方式;对财产权的赔偿数额应以当事人的实际财产损害为标准,而具体行政行为被法律确认为侵权性质的时间应是合理评估损害物价值的有效时间。行政赔偿诉讼可以同其他行政诉讼一并提起,也可以在某些必要情况下由受侵权损害人单独提起,可以适用调解。行政侵权赔偿还涉及行政机关内部行使追偿权的内部行政程序。     

行政指导的功能与效用评析

行政指导是现代国家新型的行政管理方式 ,许多市场经济国家的行政主体采用行政指导来调动行政相对人自愿协同政府管理的积极性 ,以弥补相关国会立法和委任立法的空白 ,降低行政成本。我国在实施依法治国方略和贯彻行政法治原则的进程中 ,需要进一步从功能角度认识行政指导行为 ,以助于更加科学合理地实施行政指导 ,促使其消极方面向积极方面转化 ,实现行政指导行为的法治化     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

Is subsidiarity a conditio sine qua non for sustainability?

This paper argues that subsidiarity is a condicio sine qua non for sustainability. Through the complexity paradigm, the paper provides a historical reconstruction of both concepts to the end of elucidating their interdependence. The main thesis is that subsidiarity to sustainability is what self-organisation is to emergence. The paper ends with a sketch of future global governance structures based on a subsidiarity where cities take the lead on sustainability.     

Global employment and decent jobs, 2010–2030: The forces of demography and automation

Globally, an estimated 734 million jobs will be required between 2010 and 2030 to accommodate recent and ongoing demographic shifts, account for plausible changes in labour force participation rates, and achieve target unemployment rates of at or below 4 per cent for adults and at or below 8 per cent for youth. The facts that most new jobs will be required in countries where “decent” jobs are less prevalent and workers in many occupations are increasingly subject to risks of automation further compound the challenge of job creation, which is already quite sizable in historical perspective. Failure to create the jobs that are needed through 2030 would put currently operative social security systems under pressure and undermine efforts to guarantee the national social protection floors enshrined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).