Remarkable Achievements in Poverty Alleviation in Northwest China

ＲｅｍａｒｋａｂｌｅＡｃｈｉｅｖｅｍｅｎｔｓｉｎＰｏｖｅｒｔｙＡｌｌｅｖｉａｔｉｏｎｉｎＮｏｒｔｈｗｅｓｔＣｈｉｎａ￥／／Ｔｈｅｅｘｔｅｎｔｏｆｐｏｖｅｒｔｙｉｎｔｈｅ＂ＳａｎＸｉＡｒｅａｓ＂ｈａｓｂｅｅｎｇｒｅａｔｌｙａｌｌｅｖｉａｔｅｄｉｎｔｈｅ...     

Ethnic Business in der Leiharbeit – Einblicke in einen wenig bekannten Arbeitsmarkt in Deutschland

Since the Agenda 2010 temporary work is even economically and politically a success story in Germany. Inside that branch you also find Ethnic Business, id est that the director of the conferrer and the employees are belonging to the same ethnic group. The recruiting strategies are most informal within the ethnic group and working for an “ethnic conferrer” oftentimes means the last chance for migrants who get no other job on the formal job market. But the temporary work-business in Germany has a bad reputation and a lot of questions are going along with Ethnic Business in that particular branch: What are the migrant’s motives for working to an ethnic conferrer? What are the attractive aspects of founding an ethnic model of temporary employment agency? Have ethnic conferrers the ability to create new stability for the migrants inside a highly unstable branch?     

Changes in the Income-Expenditure Pattern in Rural China

Duringthepasttwodecades,ruralresidentsliveshaveundergoneremarkablechangesbecauseoftheimplementationofthehouseholdcontractresponsibilitysysteminruralChinainthelate1970s.Theruraleconomyhasprosperedsince.HerearethestrikingchangesfI.IncomeincreasesbynearlyfourfoldIncomeincreasesrapidlybutwithfluctuations.Annualnetincomepercapitaincreasedfrom134yuaninl978to2090yuanin1997.However,thegrowthwasgroupedintofourperiodswithanotablefluctUationfTheperiodof1978-1984wasoneofrapidincreasefromanannualaverage…     

Changes in Household Size and Structure in China

ＣｈａｎｇｅｓｉｎＨｏｕｓｅｈｏｌｄＳｉｚｅａｎｄＳｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｉｎＣｈｉｎａＪｉａｎｇＺｈｅｎｇｈｕａａｎｄＺｅｎｇＹｉ（Ｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｒｅｃｅｎｔｄａｔａｆｒｏｍｔｈｅ１９９０ｃｅｎｓｕｓ，ｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒａｎａｌｙｓｅｓｔｈ...     

Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in mortality in developing countries: The case of child Survival in São Paulo,Brazil*

I examined trends in socioeconomic inequalities in under-five mortality for the state of São Paulo, Brazil, over a 21-year period from 1970 to 1991, during which much of the mortality transition unfolded. During this time, there was a decline in inequality in under-five mortality by household wealth but a substantial increase by mother’s education. Improvements in infrastructure and economic development were associated with lower levels of socioeconomic inequality in under-five mortality. Mother’s education emerged as the key factor underlying socioeconomic inequalities in under-five mortality even as levels of education for women increased and inequality in schooling fell.     

Working in Remote Areas Services are scarce in mountainous regions

ＷｏｒｋｉｎｇｉｎＲｅｍｏｔｅＡｒｅａｓＳｅｒｖｉｃｅｓａｒｅｓｃａｒｃｅｉｎｍｏｕｎｔａｉｎｏｕｓｒｅｇｉｏｎｓＳｅｒｖｉｃｅＤｅｌｉｖｅｒｙｉｎＲｅｍｏｔｅａｎｄＩｓｏｌａｔｅｄＡｒｅａｓＡｔｈｉｒｔｙｙｅａｒｏｌｄｍｏｔｈｅｒｏｆＤａｉｎａｔｉ...     

Trends in differentials in the workforce participation of mothers with young children in Australia 2002–2008

This paper analyses changes in the employment rates and hours worked of mothers with pre-school age children in Australia between 2002 and 2008, using data from Waves 2 to 8 of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey, a large-scale longitudinal survey of the household population. The employment rate of mothers with young children rose considerably over the period considered. However, the hours per employed mother changed relatively little on average. There are significant differentials in the mother??s employment rate by the number and ages of children, and by mother??s education, marital status and birthplace. Hours worked per employed mother vary with the mother??s age, education, marital status and birthplace, by the youngest child??s age, and the number of children under five. The paper pays particular attention to the change in these differentials over time. It finds the change over time for the mother??s employment rate varies significantly by the number of children, while for the hours worked it varies by mother??s education and marital dissolution, and the age of the youngest child. The implications of these patterns are discussed.     

Changes in women’s postmarital employment in Japan and Taiwan

Research on female labor-force participation has not fully explained why economic development has different effects on married women's employment continuity across societies. I use life-history data from nationally representative samples of women in Japan and Taiwan to examine the divergence in women's patterns of labor-force exit in these two countries during the postwar period. The findings reveal that the effects of family demands, occupation, firm size, and employment sector on women's exit rates differed substantially between Japan and Taiwan. Taken together, these factors account for the different trends in married women's employment during this period. I argue that the cross-national differences in the predictors of women's labor-force withdrawal reflect the extent of incompatibility between work and family responsibilities for married women in these two societies.     

Insufficient Investment in Agriculture

ＩｎｓｕｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔＩｎｖｅｓｔｍｅｎｔｉｎＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ￥／／Ｕｎｌｉｋｅｔｈｅｒａｐｉｄｐｒｏｇｒｅｓｓｉｎｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎａｎｄｒｉｓｉｎｇｄｅｍａｎｄｓｆｏｒｃｏｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎ，ａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ...     

Chinese Labour in Russia

ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＬａｂｏｕｒｉｎＲｕｓｉａＡｎｄｒｅｗＮ．ＫａｍＥｎｓｋｙＴｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｔｉｍｅＩｗａｓｉｎＣｈｉｎａｉｎＮｏｖｅｍｂｅｒ１９９３．ｔｈｅＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＲｕｓ－ｓｉａｎＣｏｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｈｅＭｕｔｕａｌＵｓｃｏｆＬａｂｏｕｒ...     

CIDA Programming in China

ＣＩＤＡＰｒｏｇｒａｍｍｉｎｇｉｎＣｈｉｎａＴｈｅＣａｎａｄｉａｎＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔＡｇｅｎｃｙ（ＣＩＤＡ）ｗｏｍｅｎ＇ｓｐｏｖｅｒｔｙｉｎＣｈｉｎａｓｉｎｃｅｔｈｅｍｉｄ１９８０ｓ．ＷｈｉｌｅａｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆＣＩＤＡ...     

Measuring Changes in Family Wellbeing in New Zealand 1981–2001

Since the mid-1980s, New Zealand has experienced extensive economic, social and political reforms. The economic impact of these changes has been closely monitored and much commented upon. However, the social impacts of the reforms on different family types are less well understood. This paper outlines a project designed to monitor how the reforms impacted upon specific family types via the use of indicators of family wellbeing constructed from census data. These indicators show that for a range of family types, the reforms of the 1980s and 1990s varied in their impact, with single-parent families faring worst.

Family Planning in Lhasa

ＦａｍｉｌｙＰｌａｎｎｉｎｇｉｎＬｈａｓａＬｈａｓａ，ｉｎｔｈｅｖａｌｅｙｏｆｔｈｅＬｈａｓａＲｉｖｅｒａｔ３，７００ｍｅｔｅｒｓａｂｏｖｅｓｅａｌｅｖｅｌ，ｉｓｔｈｅｃａｐｉｔａｌｏｆｔｈｅＴｉｂｅｔＡｕｔｏｎｏｍｏｕｓＲｅｇｉｏｎａｎｄｔｈｅｏ...     

Milestones in Chinese Economy

Over the last decades, China's GDP has been growing at an annual rate of 9.5%, the fastest-growing in the world. That growth enables China to leapfrog many countries, becoming the world's sixth largest economy. u In per capita terms, however, China (US$800 per capita) is only 16% of the world's average. u Experts believe China's employment elasticity is 0.1, which means for every 1% increase in the country's GDP, 700,000-1,000,000 new jobs will be created. To alleviate the employment pres…     

Lost in Transnational Space? Migrant Farm Workers in Rural Districts

Abstract

In recent decades, theories of transnationalism have emerged as key perspectives for analysis of international migration. Drawing on Glorius and Friedrich’s (2006 Glorius, B. and Friedrich, K. 2006. Transnational social spaces of Polish migrants in Leipzig. Migracijske i enticke teme, 22(1–2): 163–180.  [Google Scholar]) model of transnationalism, the paper analyses the case of migrant farm labour in rural Norway and demonstrates how the social context of migrants’ work influences their building of various kinds of social-capital resources which are crucial for development of transnational space. The paper argues that circularity of migration is not sufficient to instigate full-fledged transculturation and hybrid identity-formation processes. In conclusion, the paper recommends that transnational theory should pay greater attention to the social contexts of migration and observe the limits of the theory’s application.     

Changes in wealth in the United States, 1962–1983

A simulation model is developed to account for observed changes in mean household wealth both overall and by age cohort over the 1962–1983 period in the United States. There are three major findings. First, capital gains are the major factor explaining overall wealth changes and account for 77% of the simulated growth in wealth over the entire period. Second, for cohorts under age 40, inheritance and inter vivos transfers dominate observed changes in wealth. Indeed, the oldest age groups appear to have transferred sizable amounts of their wealth to younger generations inter vivos, raising the wealth of these younger groups substantially above what it would be based on saving. Third, while differences in portfolio composition favored the younger cohorts over this period, such differences do not explain a large portion of the great variation in real wealth changes by cohort over the two decade period.The authors wish to thank Kevin Camerlo, Maury Gittleman and Kim Hiskey for research and programming assistance.     

Family Planning in Tibet

ＦａｍｉｌｙＰｌａｎｎｉｎｇｉｎＴｉｂｅｔＴｉｂｅｔ’ｓｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｈａｓｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄｓｔｅａｄｉｌｙｓｉｎｃｅ１９５１ｄｕｅｔｏｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌｓｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙａｎｄｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ．Ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｇｒ...     

New MarriagePatterns in Ghina

WithtileUllfoldillgoftilereformandopellillgupprogram,Chinahaswitnessedamyriadofdramaticchanges,oneofthemostnoticeableofwllicllislllarriagepatterns.Smallersizes.In1997,tileaveragefamilysizedroppedto3.64,comparedwith4.79in1985.Overtherecentdecades,therehasbeenasteadyincreaseinthe11umberof11uclearfamilies(l-3prsons)alldadecreaseinthatofmedium-sizedandextendedfalllilies(4andover).Deferredmarriage.Natiollwide,tileaverageageatfirstmarriagerosefi-om22.66yearsin1982to24.02in1996.Skyrocketingmarriage…