Father's Migration and Leaving the Parental Home in Rural Mozambique

Migration is an increasingly common global phenomenon and has important implications for the well‐being of family members left behind. Although extensive research has examined the impact of parental labor migration on school‐age children, less is known about its effect on adolescents. In this study, the authors used longitudinal survey data collected in rural Mozambique (N = 515) to assess the association between father's migration and adolescent children's leaving the parental home, an important component of the transition to adulthood. The results showed that father's migration delays home‐leaving for adolescent girls and that these effects are not mediated by school enrollment. The results for boys were inconclusive. The authors also found that remittances and longer durations of paternal migration were negatively associated with the transition out of the home. On the basis of the findings, they argue that father's migration delays girls' marriage.     

Guestworkers in Europe: A Resurrection?

Around 1974, most Western European countries abandoned migrant labor recruitment, and introduced restrictive entry rules. Today, policymakers are reexamining temporary migrant worker programs. This article examines demographic, economic, and social pressures for labor recruitment, discusses temporary migrant worker programs in Germany and the United Kingdom, and examines the European Commission's 2005 Policy Plan for Legal Migration. Current approaches differ significantly from the past and there is no question of a general return to labor recruitment policies. However, today's policies do share some common features with past guestworker programs, and may lead to negative social outcomes in both receiving and sending countries.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: BOYCE, A.J. (ed). Migration and Mobility: Biosocial Aspects of Human Movement. Symposia of the Society for Study of Human Biology, Volume XXIII. JORIS, C., MARCHI, L., GAILLY, A. Vrouwen in drievoud; Opvoeding, groepswerking en zelfhulpgroepen bij Siciliaanse, Marokkaanse en Turkse migrantenvrouwen. LEMAN, J. Integratie, anders bekeken. WALVIN, James. Passage to Britain. HIRSCHFELD, G. (ed.). Exile in Great Britain; Refugees from Hitler's Germany. ‘Recherches sur l'immigration’. Critique Régionale 10–11. Cahiers de sociologie et d'économie régionales. CALAVITA, K. U.S. Immigration Law and the Control of Labour; 1820–1924. Migration: World Trends, localized flows and their absorption. International Social Science Journal     

INQUIRY

The following interview with Mr. Richard Danziger was conducted in June 2006. Mr. Danziger is Head of the Counter Trafficking Division of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). Prior to that he was IOM's representative in Indonesia, Pakistan, and Afghanistan and had also worked in central Africa. His current position entails providing support and guidance to IOM missions in over 70 countries that have anti-human trafficking programs.     

Migration,Social Networks,and Child Health in Mexican Families

This paper examines the consequences of parental migratory strategies for children in three types of Mexican families: those living with their migrant parents in the United States, those living with parents who migrated and returned to Mexico, and those living in Mexico with parents who have never migrated. Using data on 804 children from the Health and Migration Survey (HMS), we found significant differences in children's health across the three types of families. Results also revealed robust effects on child health of the size of immediate and extended social networks and migration experience after controlling for potential mediators such as mother's general health, receipt of social support, and child's age and sex. Findings suggest that social networks and migration affect children in complex ways, offering health benefits to those with migrant parents in U.S. households but not to those living with parents who migrated in the past and returned to Mexico.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Migrants and Immigrants: Between Policy and Reality. Edited by Jeroen Doomernik and Hans Knippenberg. Don't Leave Home: Migration and the Chinese. By Wang Gungwu. Latino Politics in America: Community, Culture, and Interests. By John A. García. Destination Canada: Immigration Debates and Issues. By Peter S. Li. The Politics of Migration: Managing Opportunity, Conflict and Change. Edited by Sarah Spencer. Toward a Theory of Immigration. By Peter C. Meilaender. This Land is Our Land: Immigrants and Power in Miami. By Alex Stepick, Guillermo Grenier, Max Castro and Marvin Dunn. Seeking Modernity in China's Name: Chinese Students in the United States, 1900–1927. By Weili Ye. Transnational Politics: Turks and Kurds in Germany. By Eva Østergaard‐Nielsen.     

The European Union and the Background of the Global Compacts

This article explores the influence of the European Union in shaping and promoting the discourse, theoretical bases and political practices that make up the Global Compact on Refugees and the Global Compact on Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration. It analyses the experiences and dynamics of European Union policies in its most recent history, and explores its operational, discursive and practical dimensions, focusing on the example of the EU's partnership with Turkey.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Bade, K. J. (Ed.) Population, Labour and Migration in the 19th and 20th-century Germany. Leman. J. From Challenging Culture to Challenged Culture. The Sicilian Cultural Code and the Socio-Cultural Praxis of Sicilian Immigrants in Belgium. Les enfants de migrants à l'école. Immigrant's children at school. Rex, J., D. Joly and C. Wilpert (Eds.) Immigrant Associations in Europe. Ethnic Phenomena. Nationalism, Classifications, Prejudice. Markus, A. and R. Rasmussen (Eds.) Prejudice in the Public Arena: Racism. Carickci, E. The Economic Impact of Temporary Manpower Migration in Selected OIC Member Countries (Bangladesh, Pakistan and Turkey). Georges, P. L'Immigration en France. Fails et Problèmes. Eppink, A. Migranten in het buitenland. Buitenlands wetenschappelijk onderzoek naar de gezondheid van migranten. Een analyse ten behoeve van het Nederlands beleid. Tassello, G. Lessico Migratorio     

Jacob Lawrence's The Migration Series: Art as Narrative History

Because art is a reflection of cultural heritage, a natural affinity exists between art and social studies. In Jacob Lawrence's The Migration Series, art serves as narrative history, with visual images telling the story of the Great Migration, a movement of African American people from the South to the North around World War I. Social studies and the arts can be effectively integrated using principles of discipline-based arts education and comprehensive arts education. In this article, the author provides (1) background information on the historical period, artist, and art, (2) objectives, (3) sample guided discussion questions and extension activities, and (4) sample assessment ideas. He also outlines a complete sample lesson, synthesizing the principles and ideas into a meaningful whole in which social studies studies enhances teaching and learning in the arts and vice versa.     

Real estate in the home country: Why Polish migrants keep properties in Poland

Real estate is often the most visible contribution that emigrants add to their home country's landscape. Such properties serve different functions, from rental investments, through migrant families' homes, to holiday homes or empty spaces. Economists often view real estate through financial lens, frowning upon vacant houses. I argue that keeping vacant houses is often caused by social and emotional factors rather than financial ones. This article uses data from 120 qualitative interviews with Polish EU migrants and juxtaposes them with the typology of remittance houses proposed by Boccagni and Erdal. The data, combined with the theoretical perspective of Neoclassical Economics, New Economics of Labour Migration, and Grzymała-Kazłowska's concept of social anchoring, allow me to improve the typology. The updated typology systematises the functions of and reasons why migrants keep properties in their home countries and provides a sound frame for future research and policymaking.     

Student Migration: Evidence from Chinese Students in the US and China

This article is based on the analysis of a pair of cross‐national parallel surveys on Chinese students, respectively inside the People's Republic of China and in the US. Specifically, it makes comparisons between two cross‐sectional groups: 1) Chinese students in a PRC university who intend to study abroad (with a subset that stated that the United States is their top destination), versus 2) Chinese students already at a US university. Building on a “motility” concept while using an “Intellectual Migration” conceptual framework and chi‐square and logistic regression analyses, it demonstrates that Chinese students' possibly returning to the PRC are significantly influenced by their gender, college GPA, family finance, assessment of China's current and future development. The results on outmigration or return migration intentions are presented, and it concludes with some policy implications and future research directions.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed in this article: Rethinking Multiculturalism: Cultural Diversity and Political Theory. By Bhikhu Parekh Legacies: The Story of the Immigrant Second Generation. Alejandro Portes and Ruben G. Rumbaut Ethnicities: Children of Immigrants in America. Edited by Ruben G. Rumbaut and Alejandro Portes Covering Immigration: Popular Images and the Politics of the Nation. By Leo Chavez Doméstica: Immigrant Workers Cleaning and Caring in the Shadows of Afluence. By Pierrette Hondagneu‐Sotelo Negotiating Extra‐Territorial Citizenship: Mexican Migration and the Transnational Politics of Community. By David Fitzgerald Immigration and the Political Economy of Home: West Indian Brooklyn and American Indian Minneapolis, 1945–1992. By Rachel Buff Locating Filipino Americans: Ethnicity and the Cultural Politics of Space. By Rick Bonus Speaking the Unspeakable: Marital Violence among South Asian Immigrants in the United States. By Margaret Abraham Dance Hall Days: Intimacy and Leisure Among Working‐class Immigrants in the United States. By Randy D. McBee Virtuour Transcendence: Holistic Self‐Cultivation and Self‐Healing in Elderly Korean Immigrants. By Keum Young Chung Pang Nuer Journeys, Nuer Lives: Sudanese Refugees in Minnesota. By Jon D. Holtzman The Kitchen Spoon? Handle: Transnationalism and Sri Lanka's Migrant Housemaids. By Michele Ruth Gamburd Structural Change and International Migration in East Asia. By Prema‐Chandra Athukorala and Chris Manning China's Economic Growth: The Impact on Regions, Migration and the Environment. Edited by Terry Cannon     

Immigrant Trip Duration: The Case of Immigrants from Western Mexico1

This article uses data from the Mexican Migration Project to determine the factors that affect how long Mexican immigrants stay in the United States. Based on the estimates of a discrete‐time hazard model, the most important predictors of duration are the economic opportunities for immigrants in the United States, the household resources before migration, and the opportunities available at the immigrant's community of origin. The article also finds longer trip duration after the Immigration Reform and Control Act than in previous years and important differences between male and female migrants.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: MORTIMORE, Claudia Immigration and Adoption Trentham Books and School of Oriental and African Studies WYMAN, Mark Round-Trip to America: The Immigrants Return to Europe, 1880–1930. BRINK, M., and M. PASARIBOE (Editors) Asylum Seekers in the Netherlands Centre for Migration Research, Department of Human Geography, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1993 MARSELLA, A. J., T. BORNEMANN, S. EKBLAD and J. ORLEY (Editors) Amidst Peril and Pain: The Mental Health and Well-being of the World's Refugees REID, Euan, and Hans REICH (Editors) Breaking the Boundaries: Migrant Workers' Children in the EC     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: HIRSCHON, R. Heirs of the Greek Catastrophe. The Social Life of Asia Minor Refugees in Piraeus. BETTS, K. Ideology and Immigration Australia 1976–1987. FOSTER, L. and D. STOCKLEY Australian Multiculturalism: A Documentary History and Critique. ZUBRZYCKI, J. Soldiers and Peasants: The Sociology of Polish Migration. BLEA, I. Towards a Chicano Social Science. HO, M.K., Family Therapy with Ethnic Minorities. SAFAR, H. (Ed.) Travailleurs et cerveaux arabes immigrés en Europe. COX, D. R. Migration and Welfare. An Australian Perspective. YOUNG, C. M. Selection and Survival: Immigrant Mortality in Australia. Canberra HUBAIN, C. La République allemande et ses Immigrès. Problèmes de formation et d'habitat et investissements des acteurs sociaux.     

Book Reviews

Book Reviewed in this article. The Volume and Dynamics of International Migation and Transnational Social Spaces. By Thomas Faist. Globalization and History: The Evolution of a Nineteenth‐Century Atlantic Economy. By Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson. Migration and the Origins of the Englth Atlantic WorLd. By Alison Games. Immigration et intkgration: I'état des savoirs. Edited by Philippe Dewitte. Trade in Strangers: The Beginnings of Mas Migratin to North America. By Marianne S. Wokeck. Reconstructing Citizenship: The Politics of Nationality Reform and Immigration in Contemporary France. By Miriam Feldblum. Fences and Neighbors: The Political Geography ofrmmigration Control. By Jeannette Money. Separate Destinations: Migration, Immigration and the Politics of Places. By James G. Gimpel. Marketing the American Creed Abroad: Diasporas in the US. and Their Homeland. By Yossi Shain. The Kctorian Spinster and Colonial Emigration: Contested Subjects. By Rita S. Kranidis. Disoriented: Asian Americans, Law, and the Nation State. By Robert S. Chang. Rebirth: Mexican Los Angeks from the Great Migration to the Great Depression. By Douglas Monroy. Race, Police, and the Making of a Political Identity: Mexican Americans and the Los Angela Police Department, 1900–1945. By Edward J. Escobar. Orientals: Asian Americans in Popular Culmre. By Robert G. Lee. Chinese Christians in America: Conversion, Assimilation, and Adhesive Identities. By Fenggang Yang. If Theu, Don't Bring Their Women Here: Chinese Female Immigration Before Exclusion. By George Anthony Peffer. Korean Immigrants and The Challenge of Adustment. By Moon H. Jo. Crosscurrents: West Indian Immigrants and Race. By Milton Vickerman. The Marginal Nation: Transborzkr Migration From Bangladsh To West Bengal. By Ranabir Sammadar. Khmer American: Identity and Moral Education in a Diasporic Community. By Nancy J. Smith‐Hefner. Helping Out: Children's Labor in Ethnic Businesses. By Miri Song. Irish Immigrants in Modern Britain, 1750–1922. By Donald M. MacRaild. The Germans in the American Civil War. By Wilhelm Kaufmann.     

Migrants as strategic actors in the European Union's Global Approach to Migration and Mobility

The European Union's discourse of ‘partnership’ in the Global Approach to Migration and Mobility and the widely expressed critique of this discourse as a process of ‘externalization’ of EU policy both depend on unitary accounts of the main policy actors involved. Two separate literatures contest such unitary accounts. Within political science and international relations, institutional approaches identify a range of strategic actors involved in policy development; in anthropology, there is a well‐established interest in the strategic behaviour of disempowered actors. In this article, I set out to link these two approaches with an examination of undocumented migrants as strategic actors. I use a case study of events at the borders between Morocco and the Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla in late 2005, which have proved extremely influential in the continued development of the EU's global approach, to identify the ways in which even highly marginalized migrants were able to develop transnational social organizations.     

Impact of Migration on Kerala's Economy and Society

This article reports results of the first migration study covering the entire State of Kerala. It encompasses both measurement as well as analysis of the various types and facets of migration. Migration has been the single most dynamic factor in an otherwise dreary development scenario in Kerala during the last quarter of the twentieth century. Kerala is approaching the end of the millennium with a little cheer in many people's homes as a result of migration which has contributed more to poverty alleviation than any other factor, including agrarian reforms, trade union activities and social welfare legislation. The study shows that nearly 1.5 million Keralites now live outside India. They send home more than Rs.4,000 million a year by way of remittances. Three‐quarters of a million former emigrants have come back. They live mostly on savings, work experience, and skills acquired while abroad. More than a million families depend on an internal migrant's earnings for subsistence, children's education and other economic requirements. Whereas the educationally backward Muslims from the Thrissur‐Malappuram region provide the backbone of emigration, it is the educationally forward Ezhawas, Nairs and Syrian Christians from the former Travancore‐Cochin State who form the core of internal migration. The article also analyses the determinants and consequences of internal and external migration. It offers suggestions for policy formulation directed at optimum utilization of remittances sent home by emigrants and the expertise brought back by the return migrants. Migration in Kerala began with demographic expansion, but it will not end up with demographic contraction. Kerala has still to develop into an internally self‐sustaining economy. The prevailing cultural milieu in which its people believe that anything can be achieved through agitation, and any rule can be circumvented with proper political connections, must change and be replaced by a liberalized open economy with strict and definite rules of the game.     

Entre « usage contrôlé », invisibilisation et externalisation. Le précariat étranger face au risque chimique en agriculture intensive

Based on the testimonies and career paths of Moroccan workers hired on seasonal contracts through the International Organization for Migration (IOM), this article shows how the governance of chemical risk in agriculture has authorized the circulation of toxic substances in the workplace. By setting up a regulatory framework for exposure, the “controlled use” of pesticides produces “clandestine” contamination and makes it possible to sidestep responsibility for its health effects. This paper explores the question of how the IOM's seasonal immigration process helps organize both the invisibilization of occupational exposure to pesticides and the outsourcing of the pathologies it causes.     

“Back There We Had Nothing to Eat”: The Case of Transnational Food Insecurity

This article discusses migrant food insecurity in the United States from the perspective of Mexican and Central American migrant women. Many describe migrating because they had nothing to eat in their countries of origin. Migration is thus framed as a necessary strategy for overcoming food insecurity. I argue that these women's perspectives are unique in the migration literature because food security comprises a gendered labour from which men are frequently spared. Unfortunately, food insecurity still prevails in these women's households in the US. Assuming a “double‐duty” workday of earning wages and overseeing care within households, these women experience the added burden of ensuring food security of households “back there.” Thus, I argue that the food practices of Mexican and Central American migrant women provide a unique lens through which to understand the increased feminization of transnational migration from Latin America to other regions of the world.