男男性服务群体的性、性网络、艾滋风险——以东北地区为例

男男性服务者是近些年来地下性产业中的新兴群体,其在性身份认同、服务分层、组织类别等方面呈现出比女性性服务者更为复杂的生存样态。同时,艾滋病在男男性接触群体的迅猛传播,也使男男性服务者成为艾滋病防治工作的重点干预对象。文章采用参与观察、个案深入访谈和专题小组讨论的定性研究方法,对我国东北地区男男性服务网络进行调研和分析,对商业性网络的隐秘特征和运行机制、男男性服务者的多元性存在状态进行文化阐释,并在此基础上分析不同性取向群体、不同场所、不同服务种类的艾滋病风险因素并给予社会科学的干预建议。     

女性商业性性服务者的组织特征、流动规律及艾滋病防治对策研究——以四川省Y县为例

我国艾滋病流行已进入快速增长期,经性途径传播比率逐年上升。女性商业性性服务者作为艾滋病易感人群,受到来自医学科学、社会科学和多方力量的关注。本文把女性商业性性服务者作为文化的组织进行研究,在成功掌握这一群体组织特征、流动规律的基础上,给予艾滋病防治本土的组织性应对策略,提供人类学在当今社会难题解决过程中的应用实践。     

西安流动人口与经济和谐性实证分析

人与社会的和谐是和谐社会的根本追求。流动人口在促进我国经济发展中起到了重要的作用．但是也形成了与当地经济社会发展诸多不和谐因素。本文构建了衡量流动人口和谐度的模型．运用该模型对西安市流动人口与社会经济发展的和谐性进行实证分析。     

新生代农民工的身份二元性及其返乡消费高可见性符号特征——基于城市异地务工青年的对比研究

将新生代农民工与城市异地务工青年进行了对比,以返乡消费作为研究切入点,通过实证调研分析,构建了身份二元性、 社会融入感知、 身份重构动机与高可见性返乡消费之间的有中介的调节效应模型.研究结果显示,新生代农民工与城市异地务工青年相比,更倾向于高可见性返乡消费;新生代农民工比城市异地务工青年具有更高的身份二元性特征,并且通过身份重构动机来影响其高可见性返乡消费;社会融入感知在身份二元性与身份重构动机之间起调节作用.在以上研究结论的基础上,提出了相应的政策建议以引导新生代农民工进行科学理性消费.     

吸毒人群对艾滋病防治的接纳现状与影响因素

近年来我国已经把吸毒人群作为艾滋病防治的重要干预对象之一,然而现状不容乐观,吸毒人群传播艾滋病的风险远未得到有效控制。探讨影响吸毒人群对艾滋病防治措施的认同和接纳的因素,以便为完善艾滋病防治措施提供新的思路。研究表明,吸毒人群的认知水平、社会支持、政策保障、人生态度等因素对其接纳艾滋病防治措施有影响。只有将吸毒人群视为弱势群体予以增权和关爱,以"合作"的社会政策导向和"平等"的社会工作价值介入,从其需求入手开展务实多样的防治措施,才有可能真正改变吸毒人群的观念与行为,从而获得艾滋病防治的良效。     

中国艾滋病社会预防模式研究（Ⅺ）

将预防艾滋病与禁毒禁娼结合起来，是中国预防与控制艾滋病的政策核心之一。这一决策思想的不恰当性就在于它确定了这样一个前提，即：艾滋病是吸毒、卖淫、嫖娼等丑恶行为的产物。由此，对艾滋病病毒感染者／艾滋病病人的歧视和偏见也就具有了法律和理论的基础。     

西部农村留守妇女的身心健康及其影响因素——来自四川农村的报告

本文采用西部地区24个行政村千余名农村妇女的调查数据,探讨了农村留守妇女的身心健康及影响因素。研究发现,留守确实影响了农村妇女的身心健康,留守妇女比非留守妇女更担心自己的身体健康状况,更倾向认为自己的身体健康状况不及同龄女性和比以前更差了,更容易出现一些生理和心理不健康的症状;留守妇女的家庭压力、社会支持网络、当地医疗卫生状况等因素对其身心健康有不同程度的影响。文章最后提出建立夫妻间良好的沟通机制、构建社会支持网络、改善农村医疗卫生状况三点建议。     

嵌入性视角下的医养结合养老模式初探

医养结合是在我国加快发展养老服务业的背景之下提出的,研究医养结合健康养老模式具有重要的理论和现实意义。本文结合我国人口老龄化现状和开展医养结合养老的迫切需要,利用嵌入性理论中的结构性嵌入和关系性嵌入原理,总结了三种医养结合健康养老模式,即医养结合科层组织模式、医养结合契约模式、医养结合网络模式。并分析了三种模式的优缺点和推行条件以及提出了开展医养结合的模式选择方法,以期为医养结合业务的开展提供新思路。     

嵌入性视角下农村劳动力就地转移的影响因素研究北大核心CSSCI

农村劳动力就地转移是实现乡村振兴的有效途径之一。运用嵌入性理论作为研究视角,基于CLDS2016的数据,通过认知嵌入、文化嵌入、技术嵌入、结构嵌入和政治嵌入的分析框架,采用多项Logit方程模型探索农村劳动力就地转移的影响因素。研究发现:在控制了个人特征、家庭特征、经济状况等因素后,认知嵌入、文化嵌入、技术嵌入、结构嵌入和政治嵌入均对劳动力就地转移有显著影响。其中农业生产经历、传统共识、社会保障、价值观、宗教信仰和朋友数量对农村劳动力就地转移有显著负影响;现代基本生活技能、当地企业数量、基础设施建设水平、技术培训、学历和地势对农村劳动力就地转移有显著的正影响;相对于其他因素,基础设施建设水平和现代基本生活技能在就地转移中影响更大。另外,在个人特征中,外出务工经历对农村劳动力就地转移影响非常显著;与对全体农村劳动力就地转移影响不同的是技术培训对回流劳动力就地转移有显著的负影响。     

社会网络与农民工初婚:性别视角的研究

采用2005年深圳农民工专项调查数据,从性别视角系统分析社会网络对农民工初婚观念和行为的影响。在理想初婚年龄方面,婚姻讨论网络成员的数量、质量,尤其是网络成员的平均理想初婚年龄对农民工理想初婚年龄的延长有显著影响;在初婚行为方面,婚姻讨论网络成员的数量可以降低男性农民工早婚的风险。个人因素和流动因素对农民工理想初婚年龄的延长和降低早婚风险也有一定影响。     

滇西某大型筑路工地流动人口艾滋病风险分析

本研究采用定性与定量相结合的方法对滇西某大型道路建设工地流动人口的艾滋病风险进行调研与分析,该工地流动人口所面临的主要艾滋病风险是高危商业性性行为。深入调研发现,因其特殊的行业特征,工地流动人口中形成了对商业性性行为默许、容忍、合理化的氛围,对于所面临的艾滋病风险存在侥幸心理,各职业人群由于知识、社会经济处境不同,其与艾滋病相关的高危行为有明显差异。基于研究发现,本文对流动人口艾滋病预防干预实践、艾滋病预防研究的社会人文视角及未来研究方向等提出了讨论和建议。     

HIV seroprevalence and risk behaviors among clients attending a clinic for the homeless in Miami/Dade County,Florida, 1990–1996

In the early 1990s, HIV seroprevalence was highest at the Miami homeless clinic among 16 homeless sites participating in a nationwide sentinel survey. To examine dynamic seroprevalence patterns in Miami's homeless clients in relation to demographics and risk behaviors over six years, we analyzed data from an unlinked (blinded) serosurvey of clients attending the principal primary care clinic serving Miami's homeless. Data were from 3,797 medical encounters with homeless persons who, on their initial clinic visit within an annual survey period, received routine serologic testing and a risk behavior survey. Overall HIV seroprevalence was 15.9% and infection rates for men (16.4%) and women (14.5%) did not differ. Seroprevalence for blacks (19.9%) was significantly higher than for Hispanics (9.1%) or whites (8.3%) (p < 0.0001). Seroprevalence was 12.6% (35 times the national rate) for clients reporting heterosexual contact as their only risk. Significant increases in seroprevalence, above this heterosexual-contact-only 'baseline', were found for clients disclosing high-risk behaviors: male-to-male sex, drug injection, receiving or giving money/drugs for sex, and sexual contact with a drug injector or HIV-infected partner (p < 0.0001). Seroprevalence declined over six years from 23.2 to 7.2% (p < 0.0001). Significant downward trends were observed for men and women, blacks and Hispanics, men who have sex with men, and clients reporting heterosexual contact. The proportion of clients reporting high-risk behaviors decreased sharply (p < 0.0001). Elevated HIV seroprevalence in Miami's homeless clients was strongly associated with high-risk behaviors. Expansion of HIV prevention and HIV/drug treatment services for homeless persons is strongly recommended.     

'Western Union daddies' and their quest for authenticity: an ethnographic study of the Dominican gay sex tourism industry

This article draws on ethnographic research among two categories of male sex workers in the Dominican Republic in order to describe the relationships between gay male tourists and the Dominican men they hire on their trips to the Caribbean. Drawing on both qualitative interview data and quantitative surveys, the discussion examines the usefulness of theories of 'authenticity,' as they have been applied in the analysis of tourist practices more generally, in accounting for the behaviors and practices of male sex workers and their foreign gay clients. While the flow of international remittances from 'Western Union daddies' to their Dominican 'boys' creates a continuous reminder of the utilitarian nature of the exchange, both sex workers and clients are motivated to camouflage this instrumentality in their construction of a more 'authentic,' fulfilling relationship. The article examines the consequences of this ambivalent negotiation for the emotional and economic organization of gay male sex tourism in the Caribbean.     

新生代农民工性状况研究——基于绵阳市的调查分析

通过对绵阳市农民工的调查分析发现,农民工获取性知识主动性不强、主要通过网络媒体获取性知识、性病传播和避孕知识不足：对于婚前、婚外性行为、第一次性行为对象和可以发生性行为的情形等方面持较为开放的态度,不少人认为夫妻性方面出现问题是婚姻破裂的主要原因之一：少部分人在性需求较为强烈．由于长期性压抑导致其身心受到影响。通过性别对以上方面进行相关分析发现,男性农民工比女性农民工更倾向于：通过网络媒体途径获取性知识,选择安全期避孕,双方自愿即可发生性关系,恋爱次数更多,性压抑时难以入眠、头疼、精力减退、幻想性犯罪。     

HIV seroprevalence and risk behaviors among clients attending tuberculosis clinics in Miami-Dade County,Florida, 1989–1996

Miami-Dade County is a major HIV epicenter and a port of entry for immigrants from nations with high endemic rates of tuberculosis (TB). We analyzed data from an unlinked (blinded) serosurvey of clients attending four Miami TB clinics to elucidate the dynamic HIV seroprevalence patterns in relation to demographics and risk behaviors. Data were analyzed from 3,107 consecutive TB patients at four TB treatment clinics over eight years. Overall HIV seroprevalence was 23.6% with a significantly higher infection rate for men (26.6%) compared to women (17.3%) (p < 0.0001). In rank order, the HIV infection rates were 30.3% for black non-Hispanics, 24.7% for white non-Hispanics and 14.2% for Hispanics. U.S.-born clients had significantly higher HIV rates compared with foreign-born clients (32.4% vs. 18.5%, p < 0.0001). HIV rates declined over six years from (32.5% to 15.9%, p < 0.0001) with significant trends observed for men and women; and for blacks, whites and Hispanics. Seroprevalence was 15.7% for clients identifying heterosexual contact as their only risk. Highly significant increases in seroprevalence above this heterosexual-contact-only `baseline', were found for clients disclosing the following high-risk behaviors: male-to-male sex, drug injection, smoking crack cocaine, receiving or giving money/drugs for sex, and sexual contact with a drug injector or HIV-infected partner. While highly significant elevations in HIV seroprevalence were associated with each of these definitive risk behaviors, even the baseline HIV infection rate of 15.7% in heterosexual-contact-only clients was markedly higher than that of the general population. These findings underscore the need to obtain routine HIV serology on all TB patients.     

HIV Risk Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Only (MSMO) and Men Who Have Sex with Men and Women (MSMW) in Baltimore

Men who have sex with men and women (MSMW) are at high risk for HIV. However, the majority of research on populations of men who have sex with men (MSM) combines MSMW and men who have sex with men only (MSMO) samples, which limits our understanding of HIV risk behaviors and factors associated with HIV risk among MSMW populations. We used the BESURE-MSM2, a venue-based cross-sectional study of HIV risk behaviors among MSM in Baltimore, MD, to examine HIV risk among MSMW. MSMW were less likely to report unprotected receptive anal intercourse than MSMO (6.8% vs. 19.6%, p = .0024). Among MSMW, 43.0% reported unprotected sex with a woman in the past year, but only 19.4% reported unprotected sex with both men and women, representing only 5.0% of the total MSM sample. In multivariate analyses, we found that among MSMW having unprotected sex with women in the past year, disclosing same sex behavior and having a main female partner were associated with unprotected anal intercourse with male partners. HIV prevention programs for MSMW are needed that address the complex partnerships of MSMW and the social contextual factors within which relationships and behaviors are embedded.     

Introducing the female condom to drug users in Brazil

Brazil is currently the number two country in the world for reported cases of AIDS, and the rate of heterosexually acquired cases is on the rise. Moreover, because of the changing focus of the epidemic, the ratio of male to female cases dropped from 28 : 1 in 1984 to 2.7 : 1 in 1997. While women's risk of infection continues to grow, there is evidence to suggest that traditional approaches to HIV risk reduction have not effectively addressed women's special needs. Within such a setting this study sought to introduce drug-involved women to the female condom – a female-controlled method of protection from HIV. As part of a larger HIV/AIDS intervention study targeting low-income, cocaine users, the primary aim of this initiative was to assess the level of acceptability of this new device among women at high-risk for HIV infection in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In conjunction with individual pre-test HIV prevention counseling, clients participated in a detailed education/demonstration session with the female condom. Women were asked to try the female condom with their partners and to report their experiences at two points of contact. Outcome data indicate that a sizable proportion (71.1%) of the sexually active women used the female condom during vaginal sex on one or more occasions. In addition, many women continued to use the female condom as a method of risk reduction over the three-month follow-up period. These data suggest that the female condom can have an important role in HIV prevention efforts in Brazil.     

Comparing sexual behavioral patterns between two bathhouses: implications for HIV prevention intervention policy

There is a glaring lack of data to inform culturally appropriate HIV prevention interventions targeting environments such as bathhouses where men who have sex with men (MSM) practice sexual risk behaviors. This study compares sexual behavioral patterns across two bathhouse sites in order to identify important themes to address when tailoring HIV prevention interventions to bathhouse environments. We analyzed semi-structured interviews with workers and patrons at two bathhouses to explore similarities and differences. A coding scheme was established and data were organized according to conceptual themes. We found that differences between the two sites emerged in six key areas: bathhouse clientele, attraction to particular sites, sexual practices and condom use, communication about sex and HIV status, bathhouse rules, and substance use. Implications for HIV prevention intervention policy are discussed.     

The Social Environmental Context of Resilience Among Substance-Using African American/Black Men Who Have Sex With Men

ABSTRACT

Resilience theory has been suggested as a framework for research on HIV prevention among men who have sex with men. Among this population, literature indicates that African American/Black men who have sex with men experience additional health disparities including elevated HIV incidence rates, victimization, and poor physical health. Conceptualizing resilience as a part of one’s social environment, this qualitative study investigates resilience processes and HIV transmission risk among a sample of 21 substance-using African American/Black men who have sex with men. Data from in-depth interviews describe the social environmental context in which resilience is exhibited and document the influence of homophobia, expressions of agency, and access to social, economic, and cultural capital on resilience processes. Central to this are expressions of hidden resilience, in which African American/Black men who have sex with men mitigate risk and experience their lives as subjectively successful, whether or not outsiders see it as such.     

HIV risk behavior and drug use among heterosexual male crack users by prostitution involvement

Crack and prostitution, or sex exchange, have been linked to the heterosexual spread of HIV (e.g. Inciardi 1993, 1995). Previous studies have found that among female crack users there are subgroups who do and do not become involved in prostitution (e.g. Logan, Farabee & Leukefeld 1998; Logan & Leukefeld 1998). However, there has been little focus in the literature on subgroups of male heterosexual crack users who are or are not involved in prostitution. The purpose of this study was to examine differences in male heterosexual crack users who reported no involvement in prostitution as clients (n = 4,208), males who reported involvement in prostitution as clients but not in the month preceding the interview (n = 2,774), and males who reported involvement in prostitution as clients the month preceding the interview (n = 2,283) from a multi-site sample of male crack users who participated in the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) AIDS Cooperative Agreement Project from 20 sites across the nation. Results of the logistic regression indicated that having an STD three or more times and using drugs during sex were associated with ever being involved in prostitution as clients, while using drugs during sex and having 5 or more sexual partners the month preceding the interview were significantly associated with being involved in prostitution as clients at the time of the interview. Implications for interventions are discussed.