共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Bezalel Peleg 《Social Choice and Welfare》1997,15(1):67-80
In this paper we offer an axiomatic approach for the investigation of rights by means of game forms. We give a new definition
of constitution which consists of three components: the set of rights, the assignment of rights to groups of members of the
society, and the distribution of power in the society (as a function of the distribution of rights). Using the foregoing definition
we investigate game forms that faithfully represent the distribution of power in the society, and allow the members of the
society to exercise their rights simultaneously. Several well-known examples are analyzed in the light of our framework. Finally,
we find a connection between Sen’s minimal liberalism and Maskin’s result on implementation by Nash equilibria.
Received: 25 November 1994/Accepted: 28 June 1996 相似文献
2.
Sen’s classic social choice result supposedly demonstrates a conflict between Pareto and minimal forms of liberalism. By providing
the first direct mathematical proof of this seminal result, we underscore a significantly different interpretation: rather
than conflicts among rights, Sen’s result occurs because the liberalism assumption negates the requirement that voters have
transitive preferences. This explanation enriches interpretations of Sen’s conclusion by introducing radically new kinds of
societal conflicts, by suggesting ways to sidestep these difficulties, and by providing insight into other approaches that
have been used to avoid the difficulties.
Our thanks to two referees for excellent suggestions. Saari’s research was supported by NSF grants DMI 0233798, 0640817, and
DMS 0631362. 相似文献
3.
Indraneel Dasgupta 《Social Choice and Welfare》2011,37(4):643-658
We model a general choice environment via probabilistic choice correspondences, with (possibly) incomplete domain and infinite
universal set of alternatives. We offer a consistency restriction regarding choice when the feasible set contracts. This condition,
‘contraction consistency’, subsumes earlier notions such as Chernoff’s Condition, Sen’s α and β, and regularity. We identify a restriction on the domain of the stochastic choice correspondence (SCC), under which contraction
consistency is equivalent to the weak axiom of revealed preference in its most general form. When the universal set of alternatives
is finite, this restriction is also necessary for such equivalence. Analogous domain restrictions are also identified for
the special case where choice is deterministic but possibly multi-valued. Results due to Sen (Rev Econ Stud 38:307–317, 1971) and Dasgupta and Pattanaik (Econ Theory 31:35–50, 2007) fall out as corollaries. Thus, conditions are established, under which our notion of consistency, articulated only in reference
to contractions of the feasible set, suffices as the axiomatic foundation for a general revealed preference theory of choice
behaviour. 相似文献
4.
T. Groseclose 《Social Choice and Welfare》2007,28(2):321-335
I examine a model of majority rule in which alternatives are described by two characteristics: (1) their position in a standard,
left-right dimension, and (2) their position in a good-bad dimension, over which voters have identical preferences. I show
that when voters’ preferences are single-peaked and concave over the first dimension, majority rule is transitive, and the majority’s preferences are identical to the median voter’s.
Thus, Black’s (The theory of committees and elections, 1958) theorem extends to such a “one and a half” dimensional framework.
Meanwhile, another well-known result of majority rule, Downs’ (An economic theory of democracy, 1957) electoral competition
model, does not extend to the framework. The condition that preferences can be represented in a one-and-a-half-dimensional
framework is strictly weaker than the condition that preferences be single-peaked and symmetric. The condition is strictly
stronger than the condition that preferences be order-restricted, as defined by Rothstein (Soc Choice Welf 7:331–342;1990). 相似文献
5.
Michael DeCesare 《The American Sociologist》2006,37(1):51-67
Since academic sociology’s birth in this country, sociologists have not been shy about publicly praising and ridiculing the
discipline. Though sociologists have been the primary participants in the seemingly endless debates about sociology’s proper
subject matter, methods, and purpose, there is another group that has also struggled over the past 95 years to formulate a
conception of the discipline—high school sociology teachers. At this point, we know virtually nothing about what the thousands
of high school teachers who offer sociology each year, actually think about the discipline. This paper uses questionnaire
and interview data collected from high school sociology teachers to examine their thoughts on four topics: (1) sociology’s
strengths, (2) its weaknesses, (3) whether high school students are capable of understanding the discipline, and (4) appropriate
course objectives. The results indicate that high school teachers view sociology quite differently from academic sociologists,
and that their conceptions are based primarily on “textbook sociology.” I conclude by discussing the far-reaching implications
of teachers’ current thinking about the discipline.
I wish to thank Larry nichols for offering helpful comments on an earliar draft of this paper. 相似文献
6.
In this article, I attempt to address some enduring problems in formulation and practical use of the notion of structure in
contemporary social science. I begin by revisiting the question of the fidelity of Anthony Giddens’ appropriation of the idea
of structure with respect to Levi-Strauss. This requires a reconsideration of Levi-Strauss’ original conceptualization of
“social structure” which I argue is a sort of “methodological structuralism” that stands sharply opposed to Giddens’ ontological
reconceptualization of the notion. I go on to show that Bourdieu’s contemporaneous critique of Levi-Strauss is best understood
as an attempt to recover rather than reject the central implication of Levi-Strauss’ methodological structuralism, which puts
Bourdieu and Giddens on clearly distinct camps in terms of their approach toward the idea of structure. To demonstrate the—insurmountable—conceptual
difficulties inherent in the ontological approach, I proceed by critically examining what I consider to be the most influential
attempt to resolve the ambiguities in Giddens structuration theory: Sewell’s argument for the “duality of structure.” I show
that by retaining Giddens’ ontological focus, Sewell ends up with a notion of structure that is at its very core “anti-structuralist”
or only structuralist in a weak sense. I close by considering the implications of the analysis for the possibility of developing
the rather neglected “methodological structuralist” legacy in contemporary social analysis. 相似文献
7.
Psychology Implies Paternalism? Bounded Rationality may Reduce the Rationale to Regulate Risk-Taking 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Behavioral economists increasingly argue that violations of rationality axioms provide a new rationale for paternalism – to
“de-bias” individuals who exhibit errors, biases and other allegedly pathological psychological regularities associated with
Tversky and Kahneman’s (in Science 185:1124–1131, 1974) heuristics-and-biases program. The argument is flawed, however, in
neglecting to distinguish aggregate from individual rationality. The aggregate consequences of departures from normative decision-making
axioms may be Pareto-inferior or superior. Without a well-specified theory of aggregation, individual-level biases do not
necessarily imply losses in efficiency. This paper considers the problem of using a social-welfare function to decide whether
to regulate risk-taking behavior in a population whose individual-level behavior may or may not be consistent with expected
utility maximization. According to the social-welfare objective, unregulated aggregate risk distributions resulting from non-maximizing
behavior are often more acceptable (i.e., lead to a weaker rationale for paternalism) than population distributions generated
by behavior that conforms to the standard axioms. Thus, psychological theories that depart from axiomatic decision-making
norms do not necessarily strengthen the case for paternalism, and conformity with such norms is generally not an appropriate
policy-making objective in itself. 相似文献
8.
This article uses Lancaster’s characteristics approach to rank sets of alternative combinations of commodity characteristics.
It is assumed that there exists a reference point or reference level from which the individual evaluates set expansions in
appropriate directions. We provide an axiomatic characterization for such a case. 相似文献
9.
Andranik Tangian 《Social Choice and Welfare》2010,35(1):129-161
The article is based on three findings. The first one is the interrelation between Arrow’s (Social choice and individual values,
Wiley, New York, 1951) social choice model and the mathematical theory of democracy discussed by Tangian (Aggregation and
representation of preferences, Springer, Berlin, 1991; Soc Choice Welf 11(1):1–82, 1994), with the conclusion that Arrow’s
dictators are less harmful than commonly supposed. The second finding is Quesada’s (Public Choice 130:395–400, 2007) estimate
of their power as that of two voters, implying that Arrow’s dictators are not more powerful than a chairperson with an additional
vote. The third is the model of Athenian democracy (Tangian, Soc Choice Welf 31:537–572, 2008), where indicators of popularity
and universality are applied to representatives and representative bodies. In this article, these indicators are used to computationally
evaluate the representativeness/non-representativeness of Arrow’s dictators. In particular, it is shown that there always
exist Arrow’s dictators who on the average share opinions of a majority, being rather representatives. The same holds for
dictators selected by lot, which conforms to the practice of selecting magistrates and presidents by lot in ancient democracies
and medieval Italian republics. Computational formulas are derived for finding the optimal “dictator–representatives”. 相似文献
10.
Acyclic sets of linear orders via the Bruhat orders 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
We describe Abello’s acyclic sets of linear orders [SIAM J Discr Math 4(1):1–16, 1991] as the permutations visited by commuting
equivalence classes of maximal reduced decompositions. This allows us to strengthen Abello’s structural result: we show that
acyclic sets arising from this construction are distributive sublattices of the weak Bruhat order. This, in turn, shows that
Abello’s acyclic sets are, in fact, the same as Chameni-Nembua’s distributive covering sublattices (S.T.D.C s). Fishburn’s alternating scheme is shown to be a special case of the Abello/Chameni-Nembua acyclic sets. Any acyclic set that arises in this way can be represented
by an arrangement of pseudolines, and we use this representation to derive a simple closed form for the cardinality of the
alternating scheme. The higher Bruhat orders prove to be a natural mathematical framework for this approach to the acyclic
sets problem.
We would like to thank the Editor, Professor Bernard Monjardet, and two anonymous referees for their comments and additional
references. 相似文献
11.
Tomoichi Shinotsuka 《Social Choice and Welfare》1997,15(1):21-30
We consider social preferences over infinite horizon intergenerational consumption paths. We use the Mackey topology to define
continuity of social preferences. Our main objective is to generalize one of Diamond’s impossibility theorems. First, we show
that the trivial preference relation is the only asymmetric social preference relation satisfying equity and continuity. Second,
we compare Campbell’s impossibility theorem with ours. Finally we use an order-based notion of myopia and establish another
impossibility result.
Received: 26 August 1994/Accepted: 5 June 1996 相似文献
12.
This paper re-examines the so-called ‘chairman’s paradox‘ that was first noticed by Farquharson in his path breaking tract
on sophisticated voting, Theory of Voting (1969). The Chairman’s paradox is concerned with the case of a three member committee in which a particular player who has
a regular and a tie-breaking vote – the ‘chairman’ – not only will do worse in specific instances under the plurality procedure
for three alternatives than if he did not have such a vote, but will also do worse overall. That is, the chairman’s a priori probability of success (‘getting what one wants’) for all possible games with linear (strict) preference orders is lower than that of the two regular members. It is demonstrated that this result, which comes
about if voters act strategically rather than sincerely, is not as robust as it has been thought to be. By merely replacing
the standard assumption of linear preference orders with weak preference orders, which allow for indifference, we can escape from the paradox for the canonical case of three players and
three alternatives. With weak preference orders, the a priori success of the chairman is now greater than that of the other two players. We also point to a new paradox of sophisticated voting. 相似文献
13.
Karina M. Shreffler Amy E. Pirretti Robert Drago 《Journal of Family and Economic Issues》2010,31(2):228-240
Fertility among employed women remains far below their desired preferences. Although research has shown that fertility intentions
significantly predict subsequent behavior, little is known about the factors that contribute to intentions. We assess the
impacts of perceived self and partner work-to-family and family-to-work conflict on the fertility intentions of both women
and men. Using a national probability sample of men and women in dual-earner families (N = 630), we find that men’s perceptions of their wives’ work–family conflict significantly predict men’s fertility intentions,
even though men’s own work–family conflict does not. Neither women’s own work–family conflict nor their perceptions of their
husbands’ work–family conflict predicts women’s fertility intentions. 相似文献
14.
Forced relocation of people from their homes due to changes in borders, war, or natural disasters has been recognized in the
literature as a stressor which has affected communities throughout the world. However, the responses of latency-aged children
to these stressors have not been sufficiently addressed. In an attempt to fill that gap, this article presents a phenomenological
and diagnostic analysis of drawings made by Israeli children aged 7–9 who were evacuated from localities in the Gaza Strip
area. The drawings indicate that the experience of forced relocation remained a significant one for the children, even 2 years
after the event. The children’s drawings reveal the difficulties they experienced, as well as the coping strategies that they
used to work through the experience and adjust to the situation. The drawings indicate that with the passage of time their
perceptions of the evacuation were not traumatic. The main coping strategies reflected in the children’s drawings are defense
and distancing mechanisms, as well as family and community support. In addition, the children included numerous ideological
statements in their drawings, which evidently reflect an attempt to understand the meaning of the relocation, and emphasize
their group affiliation. As a result, it is important to include the components of ideology, community, and family in evaluations
and psychosocial interventions in order to promote the children’s constructive coping. 相似文献
15.
The presence of children may oblige parents to desynchronize their schedules in order both to minimize childcare expenses
and to become more efficient in their domestic tasks. This disconnection between the father’s and the mother’s schedules may
be undesired as such, and may represent an additional component in the overall cost of children as traditionally considered.
This article analyzes the impact of children on their parents’ schedules, using the French time use survey data (INSEE 1998–1999).
The comparison of female and male schedules makes it possible to measure the leisure synchronization of dual-earner couples.
We show that the presence of children within a household significantly reduces joint leisure time, and the more so if they
are young. Parental schedule adjustments are severely limited by work constraints. The parents’ difficulties in coordinating
their schedules in order to spend time together is expressed as a deprivation of leisure which is larger for joint than for
individual time. Finally, for couples with children, greater housework synchronization does not free up enough time to maintain
joint leisure time. 相似文献
16.
Much has been written about the problems of combining job and family. Among the best-known scholarly works is Goldin’s (1997)
study in which she found that only 12–17 percent of college-educated women managed to attain both a career and a family. We
re-examine these conclusions, first duplicating Goldin’s definitions of career but using a somewhat older group, then using
alternate definitions of career. We reach far more optimistic conclusions about what lies ahead for today’s college women. 相似文献
17.
Lowell Bruce Anderson Helena Dandurova James E. Falk Lana Yeganova 《Social Choice and Welfare》2009,32(3):355-365
There are many situations wherein a group of individuals (e.g., voters, experts, sports writers) must produce an ordered list
of ‘best’ alternatives selected from a given group of alternatives (e.g., candidates, proposals, sports teams). Two long established
mechanisms that have been used for this task are ‘Zermelo’s Ranking Method’ (1929) and ‘Borda’s Voting Scheme’ (1781). The
main purpose of this paper is to point out that they are, under certain common circumstances, identical. We then show that
Zermelo’s Method can be used in situations that Borda’s Method is not designed to handle. 相似文献
18.
Barbara Ryan 《The American Sociologist》1990,21(2):164-178
This work is a biographical essay on the academic career of Helena Znaniecka Lopata, a noted sociologist in her own right
and the daughter of Florian Znaniecki, a principal contributor to qualitative and humanistic sociology. Lopata’s story documents
the difficulties of establishing a career in a social climate that did not place high value on women beyond their wife and
mothering roles. Once she defied her cultural expectations, she also had to overcome the shadow of her father’s legacy and,
finally, she had to find acceptance for doing research on women’s everyday life experiences. Lopata’s work provides important
insights into the sociological study of social roles and of gender as a structural component of stratified social systems.
She has published articles on the women’s movement, politics and the family, and the abortion controversy. Her book,Feminism and the Women’s Movement: Dynamics of Change in Social Movement Ideology and Activism, is forthcoming from Unwin Hyman.
A version of this paper was presented at the 1989 Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, San Francisco,
CA. 相似文献
19.
Financial Responsibilities Toward Older Parents and Stepparents Following Divorce and Remarriage 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Jason D. Hans Lawrence H. Ganong Marilyn Coleman 《Journal of Family and Economic Issues》2009,30(1):55-66
We assessed beliefs about adult children’s responsibilities to financially assist parents and stepparents following later-life
divorce and remarriage using a multiple-segment factorial vignette with a national sample (N = 1,121). Ordered logistic regression analyses indicated that beliefs about financial responsibilities to older adults declined
after marital transitions, and responsibilities to assist stepparents were more tenuous than to parents. Beliefs about intergenerational
responsibilities were affected by adult children’s financial resources and by changes in older adults’ marital statuses. Kinship
obligation norms, the adult children’s financial resources, and reciprocity norms were the most common reasons used to explain
beliefs about responsibilities to financially assist older parents and stepparents, but these reasons became less salient
following divorce and remarriage of the older adult. After marital transitions, beliefs about intergenerational financial
responsibilities were more often based on the older adult’s culpability for being in a position of need, relationship quality,
and diminished kinship obligations. 相似文献
20.
Alan Fowler 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2012,23(1):5-25
International comparative research on civil society has subordinated Africa’s diversity and specificities to other geographies
and histories. Results are prejudiced global conceptualisations, questionable enumeration, problematic theory formulation
and ill-conceived approaches to development initiatives intended to make African civil society ‘stronger’ and states more
democratic. This article sets out a case for an endogenous approach to civil society enquiry as a political category sensitive
to the continent’s particularisms. In order to locate discussion about meanings, measures and measuring, a conceptual framework
for research is described which avoids conflation with other epistemologies. Such a contribution will assist in sharpening
thinking and discussion about the boundary characteristics of what is to be investigated. 相似文献