欧亚四国的城市化和人口迁移

1983年9—10月间,我们中国社会科学院人口考察团先后到西德、意大利、南斯拉夫和泰国对城市化和人口迁移进行了四十二天的考察。通过这次考察,了解了这些国家在这方面的经验,使我们对城市化和人口迁移问题有了某些新的认识。现就此问题谈几点个人体会。 1.四国城市化和人口迁移情况。上述四个国家中以西德的城市化水平最高。据西德朋友介绍,西德的城市化是从1800年开始的。到1870年,城市人口已占三分之一。第二次世界大战后城市化进入了一个新的阶段。目前西德几乎全国都城市化了,全国没有纯农村型的居民点,从事农业的人口不到全国人口的5％,而且都是有技术的,使用机器耕作的现代农民。他们的收入水平和生活方式同工厂工人和其他非农业职业的人没有多大差别。但西德仍然有农村地区这个概念,这是指那些在该地区没有十万以上人口的大城市,人口密度每平方公里不超过100人、农田森林较多     

人口迁移和流动对人口城镇化进程的影响

一、人口迁移对人口城镇化的影响 在经济现代化过程中,正常情况下,人口迁移与人口城镇化总是同步进行的。过去30多年,我国人口迁移与人口城镇化有一段时期也大致是这样,但是,由于以下两方面因素的影响,人口迁移与人口城镇化进程之间往往显得关系不密切。因素之一是城乡人口自然增长率高,既影响城镇吸收乡村人口的数量,又增大了总人口的基数,从而影响了人口城镇化水平的提高。因素之二是非经济性人口移动影响了人口城镇化的正常行程。例如,“文化大革命”时期,城市工业和其他建设陷于停滞和萎缩状态,阻碍了乡村人口向城镇的正常转移,加上大批知识青年上山下乡和干部下放,人口城镇化进程不能不受到很大影响。但是,总的说来,     

国内人口迁移和流动研究的几个基本问题

我国国内人口迁移和流动研究近年来呈现出前所未有的喜人景象,许多地区先后开展了这方面的资料搜集和调查分析工作,有的还取得了初步的研究成果。但是无庸讳言,从人口学领域研究这一问题,在我国毕竟起步很晚,无论是科学资料的搜集与积累,还是理论体系和方法论的建立与运用,我们的准备和经验都还不足。尤其是对于其中一些尚待明确的共同性的基本问题,更需要通过讨论提高认识,以促进研究工作的深入发展。本文正是从这样的目的出发,拟就以下三方面的问题谈些个人的理解和认识,求教于广大读者。 一 首先需要明确的是研究国内人口迁移和流动的意义,因为这个问题不仅关系到这一研究工作的目的,而且关系到这一研究的学科要求。 应该说,近年来愈益重视研究国内人口迁移和流动的现象并不是偶然的,它表明越来越多的人已经认识到人口迁移和流动是控制和调整一个地区人口数量变动的不可忽视的因素,更是综合治理我国人口问题、促进社会经济发展的一条重要途径。 第一,由一个地区的人口迁入与迁出的差额（即净迁移）所造成的人口迁移变动,同人口的自然变动一样,是导致该地区人口数量变动的一个直接性因素,对于这一地区以及与之进行迁移交流的其他地区的社会、经济发展也具有直接性的影响。由于因     

中国人口迁移与城市化研究的近今发展

本文总结近年来特别是十一五期间中国人口迁移与城市化研究的重要成果,并指出当前学科存在的主要薄弱环节。研究着重探讨未来学科研究的发展趋势及重点研究领域。十二五期间重点研究领域应在:人口迁移、城市化对经济推动作用的定量分析与评估,城乡统筹发展目标下的人口迁移与城市化发展研究,城市化过程中乡-城迁移人口的户籍制度改革设计,我国自然灾害多发地区的人口分布与受害迁移预案研究,全球化背景下国际人口迁移及其对我国社会经济发展的影响研究,等等。     

试论市场经济对人口迁移流动的影响

党的十四大明确提出经济体制改革的目标是建立社会主义市场经济体制，这不仅对国民经济发展会产生直接影响，而且对我国人口的发展将产生深刻的影响。研究市场经济对我国人口的健康发展具有重要的现实意义和深远的历史意义。本文拟就市场经济对人口迁移流动的影响作一粗浅的分析。人口迁移流动是市场经济发展的必然产物，也是市场经济发展所必需。市场经济发展与人口迁移流动是相互联系、相互制约的。总的来说，市场经济发展的水平对人口迁移流动起决定性作用；反过来，人口迁移流动会推动市场经济的发展。一、市场经济对人回迁移的影响改革…     

关于墨西哥、巴西、智利的城市化和人口迁移问题

中国社会科学院人口研究中心人口考察团于1984年11月3日至12月21日赴墨西哥、巴西、智利重点考察发展中国家的城市化和人口迁移问题.在考察中我们着重了解到,(1)拉美三国战后由于进口替代政策和出口替代政策的实施,大量外资和技术的引入,工业化的迅速发展,带动着城市化的高度发展.(2)城市化的特点,存在的问题以及各个国家的对策.(3)处在向资本主义经营方式过渡的大庄园土地所有制,在土地集中和兼并继续发展的同时,农业现代化的进展也在迅速发展.由此排挤出来的农村剩余人口成为各大城市的源源不断的产业后备军.(4)区域开发吸引移民垦殖的经验教训和改变人口分布远景规划.(5)我们还深入城乡现场实施,以了解大都市的贫民窟,政府解决移民住宅和消除贫民窟的种种措施,以及为边远山区印地安部落建立的集中住宅区.这三个发展中国家的城市化和人口迁移的历程,对于我们研究自己的城市化道路和调整人口分布问题,是有借鉴意义的.     

国内人口迁移流动的演变趋势:国际经验及其对中国的启示

文章从人口迁移流动的不同形式及其演变趋势、中国国内人口迁移整体强度的国际对比、人口迁移流动的微观生命过程、以及人口循环流动的发生发展机制和近期演变等4个方面回顾了国际上对人口迁移流动演变趋势及其机制的相关研究,并根据从中获得的借鉴和启示对中国人口迁移流动的未来走势做出判断,认为目前我国人口在区域和乡城间迁移流动的减缓更多预示的是人口迁移流动形式的改变,而不是其整体规模和强度的下降,后者还有着相当大的上升空间;今后仍不可忽视针对迁移流动人口的各种公共服务的转移、接续问题,并要根据人口迁移流动形式的变化,尤其是人口在城市间和城市内部迁移流动上升的新形势,与时俱进地改进流动人口的管理和服务工作.     

城市化与人口集聚

城市化是工业化的结果，也是农村人口伴随工业化进程向城镇迁移和集聚的结果。人口向城镇的迁移与集聚程度，直接反映一个国家或一个地区的城市化水平。在我国，除工业化进程这一基本因素以外，国家政策对人口的迁移、集聚和城市化起着极为重要的影响作用。因此，研究城市化问题，必须研究影响人口迁移与集聚的相关政策。     

美国城市化背景下人口流动的特点、启示与借鉴

美国是世界上人口流动最频繁的国家,人口流动加快了美国城市化进程,促进了美国经济和社会的全面协调发展。考察探讨美国城市化背景下人口流动的特点及其影响因素,对于促进我国人口城市化进程具有十分重要的借鉴意义。     

人口迁移与流动对我国各地区经济影响的实证分析

在对近十年来我国人口迁移和流动的时空演变格局进行初步考察的基础上,文章利用面板数据的变系数模型分别实证考察了人口迁移和流动对我国各地区(省域)经济的影响。结果发现:(1)我国各地区间人口迁移相对平稳,而人口流动在2000年以后呈现出持续快速增长的态势,且空间流向极不均衡;(2)人口的迁移和流动对中国整体经济来说是一个帕累托改进;(3)户籍制度对于发达地区起到了人才沙漏的作用;(4)对于中部的绝大部分地区以及西部的一些人口输出大省,伴随人口迁出而引起的人力资本流失对当地经济的负面影响开始凸显出来,人口流出虽然基本出现一个正面影响,但对本地经济发展的贡献并不如我们预想的那么明显。     

"Mummies and babies" and friends and lovers in Lesotho

This paper examines an institutionalized friendship among adolescent girls and young women in southern Africa. Lesotho's economy is based on migrant male labor which leaves the women dependent on male earnings or subsistence from the land, and also creates unstable marital relations. Young girls in the modern schools develop close relationships, called "mummy-baby," with slightly older girls. Sexual intimacy is an important aspect of these relationships. Mummy-baby relationships not only provide emotional support prior to marriage, but also a network of support for married and unmarried women in new towns or schools, either replacing or accompanying heterosexual bonds.     

Understanding and Using Mediators and Moderators

Mediation and moderation are two theories for refining and understanding a causal relationship. Empirical investigation of mediators and moderators requires an integrated research design rather than the data analyses driven approach often seen in the literature. This paper described the conceptual foundation, research design, data analysis, as well as inferences involved in a mediation and/or moderation investigation in both experimental and non-experimental (i.e., correlational) contexts. The essential distinctions between the investigation of mediators and moderators were summarized and juxtaposed in an example of a causal relationship between test difficulty and test anxiety. In addition, the more elaborate models, moderated mediation and mediated moderation, the use of structural equation models, and the problems with model misspecification were discussed conceptually.

Complementary and alternative medicine: Interaction and communication between midwives and women

BackgroundMany pregnant women use complementary and alternative medicine. Although midwives are often supportive, how they communicate with women about the safe use of these therapies has received limited research attention.AimThe aim of this study was to explore how midwives interact with women regarding use of complementary and alternative medicine during pregnancy.MethodsWe utilised grounded theory methodology to collect and analyse data. Twenty-five midwives who worked in metropolitan hospitals situated in Melbourne, Australia, participated in the study. Data were collected from semi structured interviews and non-participant observations, over an 18-month period.FindingsHow midwives communicate about complementary and alternative medicine is closely associated with the meaning they construct around the woman's role in decisionmaking. Most aim to work in a manner consistent with the midwifery partnership model and share the responsibility for decisions regarding complementary and alternative medicine. However, although various therapies were commonly discussed, usually the pregnant woman initiated the dialogue. A number of contextual conditions such as the biomedical discourse, lack of knowledge, language barriers and workplace constraints, limited communication in some situations.ConclusionMidwives often interact with women interested in using CAM. Most value the woman's autonomy and aim to work in partnership. However, various contextual conditions restrain overt CAM communication in clinical practice.     

Injecting and Rejecting,Framing and Failing

This paper seeks to examine how female subjectivities are privileged by Canadian human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination discourse and, in turn, how homosexual male subjectivities are displaced. Employing a Critical Discourse Analysis approach, I analyze selected HPV vaccination (HPVV) promotional materials, and depict the discursive strategies which privilege and exclude gendered subjectivities. My critical analysis is influenced by feminist linguistic works that seek to uncover the discursive constructions around sexuality, gender and identity, and the discursive strategies used to communicate ideas about sexual health risks and responsible citizenship. In addition, I adopt feminist theories of knowledge and power to rethink the discursive representations of some bodies and subjectivities as normal, and Others as unintelligible within HPVV discourse in today's neoliberal time.     

Family Instability and College Enrollment and Completion

This research uses data from waves I and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health, N = 9,631) to consider whether and how family instability in early or later childhood affects college enrollment and completion of a Bachelor’s degree by age 24. Explanatory factors include maternal selection into unstable unions, household resources available in adolescence, and adolescents’ academic achievement, behavior, and attitudes in high school. The association of later family instability with college enrollment and completion is largely explained by household resources in adolescence. The association of early family instability with college enrollment is partially explained by each set of factors, and its association with college completion, given enrollment, is explained by pre-existing maternal characteristics. The results demonstrate that early family instability has enduring consequences for eventual status attainment and that the mechanisms that connect family instability to educational outcomes vary by the timing of family structure change.     

Beliefs and values and the sterilization decision

A decision-making framework based on the models of personal decision making developed by psychologists and economists and a methodology based on axiomatic conjoint measurement are used to explore individuals' beliefs and values regarding contraceptive sterilization. Particular emphasis is given to demonstrating a. that there exist individual differences in beliefs and values, b. that there exist differences in beliefs and values between persons who choose sterilization—either tubal ligation or vasectomy—and persons who choose non-sterilization contraceptive methods when no more children are wanted, and c. that the effect of beliefs and values on the sterilization decision is an interactive one. The methodology used is compared to that typically used in studying fertility- and health-related behaviors.This research was supported by grants HD-10802 and HD-14403 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The technical assistance of Doreen Victor and the editorial suggestions of Sarah Gaskill, Alice Healy, and two anonymous reviewers are greatly appreciated. This paper is Publication No. 253 of the Center for Research on Judgment and Policy, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0344. Requests for reprints should be sent to the Publications Librarian at the Center.     

The relationships between population and economy, and between population and education]

The relationship between population and economy is regarded seriously by China and other countries. This problem can be analyzed and studied under 2 aspects: 1) the influence of economic development on changes in population, and 2) the influence of population increases on economic development. Under the 1st aspect, improved living conditions, hygiene, and health care generally result in lowered mortality rates. Improved economic conditions in China also increased the birthrate and at the same time increased birth control among the people; the increased birthrate was due to more marriages after liberation. In economically advanced countries, due to high expenses in raising children, people tend to limit family sizes to 2 children/family. Under the 2nd aspect, population increases place strains on the food supply and nutritional requirements, especially when increases are too rapid. They also demand more educational resources and influence quality of education. As there are currently 210 million students in China, the quality of education suffers, particularly at the college level, since most of Chinese manpower, physical and financial resources are spent on primary and secondary education. In terms of housing, transportation, health care, and natural resources, they are all intimately related to and influenced by increases in population. Consequently, the living standard would be difficult to raise if population increases are too rapid. Since 1971, population increases have been incorporated into 5-yearly and later yearly national economic plans in China. The large Chinese population is a major obstacle in raising the Chinese economic level, hence a well-planned population control program is essential.     

Officer friendly and the tough cop:gays and lesbians navigate homophobia and policing

Despite attempts to expand social diversity, policing is still dominated by a white, masculine, heterosexual ethos. As a consequence, employment of lesbians and gay men as police officers may be especially threatening to members of this occupation. Within the context of potential hostility and homophobia, nontraditional officers must negotiate their contradictory presence on the police force. This paper investigates that negotiation. Using the Bem Sex Role Inventory and open-ended survey data from a sample of "out" and "closeted" gay and lesbian police officers, we ask how gays and lesbians manage their images as "good cops" in the face of gender norm violations associated with their sexual orientation. Our findings indicate that masculinity and femininity do not hold together in a cohesive, dichotomous manner for these officers. Instead, other characteristics that enhance policing are emphasized to support their occupational competence. These officers see themselves as "good cops." The gendered/sexualized character of their self-perceptions appears to matter less than the context of the job, more than for a comparison sample of heterosexual police officers. We conclude that although gay and lesbian officers see their sexuality as an occupational asset, they are also likely to work harder to prove themselves as crime fighters.