三孩政策下城乡居民生育意愿北大核心CSSCI

针对当前高度复杂和不确定的生育环境,我国采取了渐进式的生育政策调整策略,从取消生育间隔限制到实行单独二孩、全面二孩政策,再到实施三孩政策,满足了不同人群多样化的生育需求。三孩政策下人们的二孩和三孩生育意愿及影响因素的差异是以往调查和研究未能涉及的。因此本文基于湖北省125个区县12014个家庭生育意愿调查数据对城乡居民二孩、三孩生育意愿及影响因素进行研究,发现三孩政策覆盖下的家庭中,二孩家庭占比已超过四成。一孩、二孩家庭的平均理想子女数分别为1.57和2.07。随着育龄妇女年龄的增长,一孩家庭二孩生育意愿和二孩家庭三孩生育意愿均在快速下降。25岁以下育龄妇女家庭的二孩生育意愿比例农村和城市分别为25.36%和18.75%。居民二孩生育意愿和三孩生育意愿的影响因素也存在明显差异。随着育龄妇女受教育程度的提升,城乡居民二孩生育意愿趋于收敛,三孩生育意愿差距在扩大。家庭社会经济地位和地区经济发展水平对生育意愿的影响存在一种悖论关系。对于二孩生育意愿,在一个区域内,社会经济地位越高的群体报告的二孩生育意愿越高,但进行跨区域比较发现经济发展水平越高的地区,居住在其中的家庭二孩生育意愿越低。     

祖辈照料支持对育龄妇女二孩生育间隔的影响

在实行全面二孩、全面三孩的政策背景下,我国生育水平却持续下降。女性生育间隔扩大,是造成我国近年来生育率降低的重要原因之一。探明造成生育间隔扩大的影响机制,是理解我国近年来低生育率的关键。在此背景下,对祖辈提供照料支持能否显著缩短二孩生育间隔,以及祖辈照料对二孩生育间隔的影响机制进行研究,以期寻找阻碍和推迟二孩生育的原因,为制定生育友好型政策提供决策依据。基于2018年中国家庭追踪调查数据(CFPS),使用Cox回归模型验证了祖辈照料支持对育龄女性二孩生育间隔的影响及其作用机制。Cox回归结果显示：祖辈提供照料支持能降低女性生育二孩所需承担的直接成本和间接成本,并缓解工作与家庭冲突,进而显著缩短女性二孩生育间隔。城市身份、受教育程度和工作占用时长起正向调节作用,祖辈照料支持对城市女性、受教育程度更高和工作占用时间更长的女性二孩生育间隔影响更大。这是因为城市女性生育直接经济成本更高,受教育程度高女性间接生育成本更高,工作占用时间越长的女性工作与家庭冲突越强,祖辈照料支持对这些女性生育时间决策发挥更大影响。建议充分认识家庭中祖辈提供照料支持对生育的促进作用,针对二孩生育家庭提供经济补贴;优化...     

大间隔生育现象的成因及对家庭生活影响的案例分析

大间隔生育现象以人口的自然生育间隔为基础,在现代社会的诸多社会因素的影响下,越来越受到学界的重视。本文根据在某省农村H地区进行的27个个案访谈,发现了大间隔生育现象主要发生在父母于1965到1975年间出生的家庭,且大间隔生育的产生受到经济条件改善、农村养老缺乏保障、独生子女亲属支持网薄弱、邻里家庭生育选择带动、"以大带小"养育方式减轻负担、性别偏好推动、情感需求需要得到满足7方面的作用。同时,大间隔生育会加重家庭预期经济压力、对父母和一孩与二孩的关系产生双向的影响。     

生育政策调整对生育意愿影响研究——基于2015年追踪调查数据的发现

文章利用2015年生育意愿追踪调查数据,分析"单独两孩"政策出台后我国居民的生育意愿变化情况,单独一孩家庭打算生育二孩的比例为39.5%,普通一孩家庭为32.2%,较以前有所下降.前续调查对于是否生育二孩表示"说不好"的人群中,追踪调查显示大约60%倾向于不打算生育,政策目标人群由"打算生"到"不打算生"是生育意愿转变的主要趋势,经济压力大是影响生育二孩的首要原因,政策敏感人群所占比重在地区间存在差异,政策落地对优生筛查、孕产服务、幼教等方面提出更高要求,需要做好各项公共政策衔接,确保实施效果.     

全面二孩时代二孩生育的阶层差异研究

已有研究从数据上证实经济条件是影响二孩生育的关键要素,本文在此基础上从阶层差异的视角切入,运用质性研究方法对不同经济地位家庭的生育意愿及其实践进行深入研究.在现代生育观念占主导的地区,布迪厄在《区分》中所述的生育阶层差异现象对于当下中国的生育研究很有启发.笔者在2013-2015年期间有针对性地选取上海、江苏、山东、江西、福建、广东六省市的40个城乡家庭进行深入访谈,研究发现二孩生育实践并非与生育政策的开放保持一致,上层直截了当地生育二孩,中层的二孩生育意愿较为强烈且实践可能性较大,而下层放弃二孩生育的可能性最大.消费社会下的抚育成本急剧攀升、社会向上流动的渠道狭窄和生育惯性的影响从不同侧面解释了这种生育行为阶层差异的形成机制.     

家庭负债、生育成本与二孩生育决策

家庭负债是影响二孩生育决策的重要因素，二者之间的关系对于研究我国生育水平和人口长期均衡发展等问题具有重要意义。本文运用2019年中国家庭金融调查数据（CHFS2019），从家庭资产负债率与债务收入比两方面对我国居民家庭负债进行度量，研究家庭负债与生育成本对二孩生育决策的影响及其异质性，同时考察生育成本对家庭负债影响二孩生育的调节效应。结果表明：家庭负债的增加对二孩生育具有显著抑制作用；生育成本的上升对二孩生育具有显著负向影响；从生育成本对家庭负债影响二孩生育的调节效应来看，生育成本的上升强化了家庭负债对二孩生育的抑制作用；从区域异质性来看，在东部和中部地区，家庭资产负债率和债务收入比的提升均显著抑制二孩生育，而在西部地区，家庭资产负债率对二孩生育的抑制作用显著；资产负债率提升对城镇和农村家庭二孩生育均存在显著抑制作用，而债务收入比提升仅对城镇家庭二孩生育具有显著的抑制作用。由此可见，家庭负债和生育成本对我国居民家庭的二孩生育决策具有较强的约束作用。我国积极生育政策目标应重点考虑提升居民收入，降低生育成本，减轻家庭负债压力，促进我国人口长期均衡发展。     

三孩政策下城市青年生育偏好与生育计划

三孩政策将人们的生育空间扩大至三个孩子，但以往的调查数据难以识别三孩政策的生育释放效应。基于第三期“湖北百县生育调查”，本文考察了城市青年的生育偏好、生育计划及其影响因素。分析发现：城市青年中具有二孩生育意愿的人群占比13.85%，具有三孩生育意愿的人群占比2.31%，一孩家庭的生育潜力和人口规模均高于二孩家庭。进一步研究发现，高社会经济地位家庭更想再生育一个孩子，尤其体现在三孩生育上；生育水平较高的地区往往具有良好的生育氛围，因此居民有再生育意愿的几率也越高；在不愿再生育的原因中，相当一部分城市青年主观认为已经达到理想的生育规模，而非受到客观因素限制。与以往的“男孩偏好”不同，城市青年群体中出现一种新的“女孩偏好”。在性别期望上，想再要女孩的意愿远强于想再要男孩的意愿。研究城市青年的生育偏好和生育计划对进一步完善生育支持政策体系具有重要的启示意义。     

婚姻质量对多孩生育意向及生育二孩打算的影响北大核心CSSCI

婚姻质量指人们婚姻关系的状况,是人们对婚姻中获得的满足感和生活福利的评价。婚姻质量对人们生育意愿和生育行为产生影响。婚姻质量较高的人口具有更高的平均期望生育数量。在已经生育了一孩的家庭中,婚姻质量对多孩生育意向有积极影响,特别是对女性、年龄为35岁以下、城镇户籍、东部地区、教育程度较高的人口具有影响。婚姻质量影响多孩生育意向的实现,有助于将多孩生育意向转化为具体的生育行为。对于那些已经生育了一孩且具有二孩及以上的多孩生育意向的人口,婚姻质量越高,其生育二孩可能性越大。这在不同性别、不同年龄段、不同地区的人口群体中具有普遍性,并在城镇户籍人口、教育程度较高人口中表现出影响。区别于多数研究从成本收益的理性计算分析人口的生育,本研究表明作为婚姻质量重要指标的"爱情"会影响人口的生育意愿和生育行为。人类的生育不仅包含着功利性的理性计算,还受到感情的影响。良好的婚姻家庭生活有助于提高多孩生育的意向,也能够促进多孩生育意向转化为生育二孩的行为。     

中国生育间隔政策的历史变动分析

文章通过对31个省（区市）二孩生育间隔要求的历史梳理,提供了研究我国二孩生育行为变动的制度背景。文章揭示出我国生育间隔政策经历了上世纪五六十年代的萌芽、七八十年代的局部出台、九十年代的普遍化和本世纪以来广泛取消的变迁历程。生育间隔政策的变迁反映出政府对于新时期生育模式理解的深化,以及对生育间隔这一人口调控政策手段认识的不断转变,也反映了国家对公民生育权的日益尊重与逐步加强的权利保障。     

中国1970年以来二孩生育间隔变动及影响因素分析

文章利用121县人口监测系统大样本微观历时数据,分析了我国1970年以来二孩生育间隔的变化趋势及影响因素.研究发现:二孩生育间隔经历了上世纪90年代前的长期稳定、1990～2005年间的持续上升和2006年至今的缓慢下降,这种历史变动与我国生育间隔规定呈明显动态关联.文章认为,我国生育间隔规定是针对"早、密、多"生育模式的政策调控,在当前群众主动推迟生育、城乡普遍晚婚晚育、低生育水平长时期持续的背景下,生育间隔规定对生育行为的影响力和作用空间在减小,继续执行以"晚、稀、少"为导向的现行生育间隔规定的前提已不复存在.全面二孩政策实施后70后人群的大间隔生育将是未来不可忽视的一种生育特点,对生育间隔的关注应从人口调控的政策导向逐渐过渡到健康导向.     

To raise the family planning work to a new level--a comprehensive introduction to the National Family Planning Working Conference]

The National Family Planning Working Conference convened on August 10-16, 1982 in Beijing, China. Among the 250 conferees were family planning representatives from various provinces, cities, autonomous regions, the People's Liberation Armt, representatives of partial progressive areas, counties, communes, the Central Committee, State Council, All China Women's Federation, All China Federation of Trade Unions, journalists and population theorists. Topics of discussion included the current situation of family planning work, how to implement the Central Committee's directive on improving family planning work, and the relationship between population law and population development by the year 2000. On August 18 Premier Zhao Ziyang told various representatives at a meeting that population control was a longterm national policy and emphasized its importance in long-range economic and social planning. The Vice-premier of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, Wang Shoudao, implored the representatives to understand the directive's contents and said family planning would serve later generations. The Chairman of the National Family Planning Commission, Quian Xinzhong, reviewed the current population situation, noting the encouraging fact that the birth rate for the first 6 months of 1982 was higher than the first 6 months in 1981 by only 1/1000. In order to raise birth control work to a new level, he suggested the following steps: strengthen family planning propaganda; strenuously follow the policy of 1 child per family; obtain permission to have a 2nd child; oppose unplanned births; establish various birth control responsibility systems; and improve contraceptive research and techniques.     

Family planning's benefits include improved child health and nutrition: new data from Bangladesh

2 recent studies from the Matlab in Bangladesh confirm that family planning promotes child survival. The 1st study is a longitudinal analysis of 3370 births in 1985 to women living in 70 villages who were served by the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh's Matlab Family Planning and Health Services Project. The 2nd is a study of 12-26 month old children and 24-36 month old children, all of whom were born in the same 70 villages between July 1985 and June 1986. The 1st study demonstrates that family planning improves child survival by lengthening the birth interval. In fact, if women delay a subsequent birth by about 2 years, child survival improves at all ages up to 5 years. Longer birth intervals result in a reduction of very high order births. The same study also reveals that family planning improves child survival indirectly by granting mothers access to integrated maternal and child health services. The 2nd study indicates that a child is 3 times more likely to suffer malnutrition, even at age 3, than a child whose mother gives birth again at an interval greater than 24 months. Specifically, the mother removes the index child from the breast prematurely, thereby adversely affecting the index child's nutrition. The birth interval prior to the index child does not adversely affect the index child's nutritional status, however. The 2nd study's result suggest that birth spacing, as promoted by family planning programs, improves child health and nutrition. The findings from these studies show the importance of continued investments in family planning programs in developing countries.     

Birth Intervals and Childhood Mortality in Rural Bangladesh

This study investigates the relationship between birth intervals and childhood mortality, using longitudinal data from rural Bangladesh known to be of exceptional accuracy and completeness. Results demonstrate significant but very distinctive effects of the previous and subsequent birth intervals on mortality, with the former concentrated in the neonatal period and the latter during early childhood. The impact of short birth intervals on mortality, however, is substantially less than that found in many previous studies of this issue, particularly for the previous birth interval. The findings are discussed in terms of the potential for family planning programs to contribute to improved child survival in settings such as Bangladesh.     

Does family planning work in a Chinese way

The demographic and economic characteristics of China make it necessary to do family planning work in China in a Chinese way. Special characteristics of China and corresponding strategies are detailed 1) China is rather underproductive and underdeveloped, with a huge population, whose growth must be curtailed while industrial and agricultural production is enhanced. 2) In the next 10 years, a large number of young people will center childbearing age, prompting a government policy favoring late marriage and one child per couple. 3) China is large and heterogeneous, and regional authorities should have some population policymaking functions to take sociocultural differences into account. 4) Male child preference ideology in rural areas has been gently combated with a resulting increase in family planning rate from 65.1% to 74.2% from 1979 to 1983. Family planning authorities have made considerable progress, as demonstrated by figures such as a drop of women's total fertility rate from 5.68 in the 60s to 2.07 in the 70s. The task at hand remains large: the population at the end of 1983 was 1,024,950,000. However, family planning is an element of state policy, the marriage law, and the constitution, and mored an more, societal ideology. Government policy equates family planning with child wellness and societal welfare and attempts supportiveness of couples showing positive birth limiting attitudes. An ample system of family planning programs and resource persons furnishes education, a variety of high quality methods are available, and contraceptive research is some of the best in the world.     

Economic and Institutional Context and Second Births in Seven European Countries

The extent to which mothers progress to a second child varies greatly between European countries. Although both institutional and economic context are believed to be partly responsible for these differences, available research on economic conditions and fertility mostly focuses on first births and studies on family policy and fertility have hitherto insufficiently addressed population heterogeneity. Combining longitudinal microdata from the Harmonized Histories with contextual data on labour market uncertainty and family policy, this paper uses discrete-time hazard models to analyse the impact of economic and institutional context on second birth hazards of 22,298 women in 7 European countries between 1970 and 2002. Particular attention is paid to variation in the contextual effects by level of education. We find that aggregate-level unemployment and temporary employment reduce second birth hazards, particularly for low- and medium-level educated women. Family policies are positively related to second birth hazards. Whereas family allowances stimulate second births particularly among low educated mothers, the positive effect of childcare is invariant by level of education.     

A look at Asia's changing youth population

This report summarizes findings from a recent East-West Center study on demographic and social changes among young people aged 15-24 years in 17 countries in East, Southeast, and South Asia. Nearly every country in Asia has experienced fertility decline. Decline began in Japan and Singapore during the 1950s, followed by declines in Hong Kong, South Korea, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, Brunei, Taiwan, Malaysia, Thailand, and China during the 1960s. Declines occurred during the 1970s in Indonesia, India, and Myanmar. A "youth bulge" occurred about 20 years later due to declines in infant and child mortality. This bulge varies by country with the timing and magnitude of population growth and subsequent fertility decline. The proportion of youth population rises from 16% to 18% about 20 years after the beginning of fertility decline and declines to a much lower stable level after several decades. The bulge is large in countries with rapid fertility decline, such as China. Governments can minimize the effects of bulge on population growth by raising the legal age at marriage, lengthening the interval between first marriage and first birth, and increasing birth intervals. School enrollments among adolescents are rising. In South Korea, the population aged 15-24 years increased from 3.8 to 8.8 million during 1950-90, a rise of 132% compared to a rise of 653% among school enrollments. It is expected that the number of out-of-school youths will decline from 5.1 to 3.6 million during 1990-2025. Youth employment varies by gender. Policies/programs in family planning and reproductive health will need to address the changing needs of youth population.     

The family planning law should be issued as soon as possible]

China is facing a baby boom in the next ten years. Now is a perfect time to formulate legislature on family planning (FP) to strengthen the current policy and regulations in order to slow the momentum of excessive population growth. As a result of current economic reform and implementation of the rural household responsibility system, the migrant population has increased tremendously. The fact that millions of rural farmers are shifting to non-agricultural areas created new challenges to the effectiveness of traditional measures of the FP program. Promulgating laws and legislature will facilitate the job of FP. The law should stress the restriction of population growth and encouraging one child per couple. In the rural area it is not feasible to implement the one child policy indiscriminately. Under the policy of one child for a majority of the couples, no third birth is permitted. Local governments should be given the authorization to grant permission for second births for special cases within the birth planning quota. Allowing people living in poor and less developed areas to have more children and granting mothers of handicapped children permission to have an additional child were in fact facilitating the deterioration of the quality of the population. Some current policy in rural income distribution and social welfare was beneficial to large-sized family. Such policies should be changed to give incentives to small-sized families.     

Migration, fertility, and state policy in Hubei Province, China

Despite China s one-child family planning policy, the nation experienced a slight rise in the birth rate in the mid-1980s. Many observers attributed this rise to the heightened fertility of those rural-to-urban migrants who moved without a change in registration (temporary migrants), presumably to avoid the surveillance of family planning programs at origin and destination. Using a sequential logit analysis with life-history data from a 1988 survey of Hubei Province, we test this possibility by comparing nonmigrants, permanent migrants, and temporary migrants. While changing family planning policies have a strong impact on timing of first birth and on the likelihood of higher-order births, migrants generally do not have more children than nonmigrants. In fact, migration tends to lower the propensity to have a child. More specifically, the fertility of temporary migrants does not differ significantly from that of other women.     

The current situation and tasks of China's population control

During the 10 years from the late 1960's to the late 1970's, China's birth rate declined by 50%. Currently, however, China is in the midst of a baby boom. 3 statements characterize the birth rate: The growth rate is high (birth rate is 21.04/1000 in 1987 and natural increase was 14.39/1000); unplanned births are common; and population growth is varied in different areas of the country (10 provinces show 3rd or higher parity births at an average rate of 20%; the highest rate in a province is 45%). Several measures are suggested to deal with these population problems; increase nationwide awareness of population control; stabilize current family planning policies with only special case exceptions; expand contraceptive services and increase scientific research in the area of family planning; and enact economic and social welfare policies in line with population control.     

欧洲生育支持政策效果的评估及启示——基于模糊集定性比较的分析

采用组态比较方法中的模糊集定性比较分析,系统性检验了2000—2018年29个欧洲典型国家社会情境和现行生育支持政策的条件组合与生育率变化的关系,试图为我国借鉴欧洲国家生育支持政策提供新的研究思路。通过欧洲各国三类生育支持政策(育儿津贴、生育假期和儿童照料设施供给)与三类社会情境的条件(经济发展水平、性别平等及家庭重视文化)进行必要条件检验,得到五类影响生育率的组态方案。通过将不同社会情境下各国生育支持政策的实施效果与我国国情的比较和讨论,本研究提出,我国生育支持政策的出台要充分考虑地区差异:对于性别较为平等的经济发达地区,大力发展儿童照料设施和有针对性的育儿津贴可以稳定生育率;对于性别平等较差的西部欠发达地区,育儿津贴更能提高生育率;在性别差距较大、重视后代的经济发达地区,较慷慨的生育假期和提供儿童照料设施双管齐下会有助于提升生育水平。