零膨胀模型在非寿险中应用

分类费率厘定中最常使用的模型之一是泊松回归模型，但当损失次数数据存在零膨胀特征时，通常会采用零膨胀模型来解决。本文讨论一些零膨胀模型在非寿险中的应用，并通过对一组汽车保险损失数据的拟合，发现零膨胀模型可以有效改善对实际损失数据的拟合效果。     

零膨胀计数数据的联合建模及变量选择

零膨胀计数数据破坏了泊松分布的方差-均值关系，可由取值服从泊松分布的数据和取值为零(退化分布)的数据各占一定比例所构成的混合分布所解释。本文基于自适应弹性网技术， 研究了零膨胀计数数据的联合建模及变量选择问题.对于零膨胀泊松分布，引入潜变量，构造出零膨胀泊松模型的完全似然, 其中由零膨胀部分和泊松部分两项组成.考虑到协变量可能存在共线性和稀疏性，通过对似然函数加自适应弹性网惩罚得到目标函数,然后利用EM算法得到回归系数的稀疏估计量，并用贝叶斯信息准则BIC来确定最优调节参数.本文也给出了估计量的大样本性质的理论证明和模拟研究，最后把所提出的方法应用到实际问题中。     

随机效应零膨胀索赔次数回归模型

索赔频率预测是非寿险费率厘定的重要组成部分。最常使用的索赔频率预测模型是泊松回归和负二项回归,以及与它们相对应的零膨胀回归模型。但是,当索赔次数观察值既具有零膨胀特征,又存在组内相依结构时,上述模型都不能很好地拟合实际数据。为此,本文在泊松分布、负二项分布、广义泊松分布、P型负二项分布等条件下分别建立了随机效应零膨胀损失次数回归模型。为了改进模型的预测效果,对于连续型的解释变量,还引入了二次平滑项,并建立了结构性零比例与解释变量之间的回归关系。基于一组实际索赔次数数据的实证分析结果表明,该模型可以显著改进现有模型的拟合效果。     

保险精算中的多零索赔现象探析

文章针对保险中的多零索赔现象建立了不同的模型,并用实际汽车保险数据对这些模型进行了比较分析,为从事精算实务的工作者提供了解决该类问题一种方法.     

大额索赔条件下的车险费率厘定

车险费率厘定是财险公司设计产品的核心内容之一。在传统的纯保费预测模型中,通常建立复合泊松-伽玛模型,该方法没有考虑到大额索赔出现的情况。为此,提出了一种处理大额索赔的频率-强度方法。基于一组机动车损失数据,对索赔频率和索赔强度分别建模。比较不同分布的索赔频率模型,得到零膨胀负二项模型效果较好;在索赔强度建模中,得到大额索赔伽玛模型比伽玛模型效果好。实证检验了带有大额索赔的频率-强度模型在车险费率厘定中的优越性。     

Hurdle模型在非寿险分类费率厘定中的应用

泊松回归模型是常用的索赔次数预测模型。但在实务中,索赔次数往往具有零膨胀特征,如果继续使用泊松模型会低估参数的标准误差,高估其显著性水平,从而在模型中保留多余的解释变量,产生不准确费率厘定结果。Hurdel模型是一个二阶段模型,可以将索赔次数分为两个部分来处理。因此,利用该模型的这一性质来处理费率厘定中具有零膨胀特征的索赔数据,可以有效地改善拟合效果。     

广义线性模型的性质及其在非寿险中的应用

广义线性模型的误差项服从指数分布族，通常的指数分布族包括正态分布、泊松分布、二项分布、伽玛分布、逆高斯分布等，这些分布模型在非寿险精算中都有广泛的应用。在对上述常见模型特点分析的同时，用实际数据进行了拟合，为精算师在实务工作中提供了些建议。     

神经网络模型与车险索赔频率预测

汽车保险广受社会关注,且在财产保险公司具有举足轻重的地位,因此汽车保险的索赔频率预测模型一直是非寿险精算理论和应用研究的重点之一。目前最为流行的索赔频率预测模型是广义线性模型,其中包括泊松回归、负二项回归和泊松-逆高斯回归等。本文基于一组实际的车险损失数据,对索赔频率的各种广义线性模型与神经网络模型和回归树模型进行了比较,得出了一些新的结论,即神经网络模型的拟合效果优于广义线性模型,在广义线性模型中,泊松回归的拟合效果优于负二项回归和泊松-逆高斯回归。线性回归模型的拟合效果最差,回归树模型的拟合效果略好于线性回归模型。     

基于非参数Bootstrap方法的随机性链梯法及R实现

在我国目前精算实务中,未决赔款准备金评估的不确定性风险逐渐得到重视,对不确定性加以度量显得很有必要。传统链梯法是未决赔款准备金评估最常用的确定性方法,而过度分散泊松模型是与传统链梯法等价的随机性模型,在过度分散泊松模型下,准备金的极大似然估计和传统链梯法的估计值相同。文章把非参数Bootstrap方法应用于过度分散泊松模型中,得到了未决赔款准备金的预测均方误差和预测分布,并通过精算实务中的数值实例应用R软件加以了实证分析。     

基于随机效应零调整回归模型的保险损失预测

在非寿险精算中,对保单的累积损失进行预测是费率厘定的基础。在对累积损失进行预测时通常使用Tweedie回归模型。当损失观察数据中包含大量零索赔的保单时,Tweedie回归模型对零点的拟合容易出现偏差;若用零调整分布代替Tweedie分布,并在模型中引入连续型解释变量的平方函数,可以建立零调整回归模型;如果在零调整回归模型中将水平数较多的分类解释变量作为随机效应处理,可以进一步改善预测结果的合理性。基于一组机动车辆第三者责任保险的损失数据,将不同分布假设下的固定效应模型与随机效应模型进行对比,实证检验了随机效应零调整回归模型在保险损失预测中的优越性。     

Score test for testing zero-inflated Poisson regression against zero-inflated generalized Poisson alternatives

In several cases, count data often have excessive number of zero outcomes. This zero-inflated phenomenon is a specific cause of overdispersion, and zero-inflated Poisson regression model (ZIP) has been proposed for accommodating zero-inflated data. However, if the data continue to suggest additional overdispersion, zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) and zero-inflated generalized Poisson (ZIGP) regression models have been considered as alternatives. This study proposes the score test for testing ZIP regression model against ZIGP alternatives and proves that it is equal to the score test for testing ZIP regression model against ZINB alternatives. The advantage of using the score test over other alternative tests such as likelihood ratio and Wald is that the score test can be used to determine whether a more complex model is appropriate without fitting the more complex model. Applications of the proposed score test on several datasets are also illustrated.     

Zero-inflated sum of Conway-Maxwell-Poissons (ZISCMP) regression

While excess zeros are often thought to cause data over-dispersion (i.e. when the variance exceeds the mean), this implication is not absolute. One should instead consider a flexible class of distributions that can address data dispersion along with excess zeros. This work develops a zero-inflated sum-of-Conway-Maxwell-Poissons (ZISCMP) regression as a flexible analysis tool to model count data that express significant data dispersion and contain excess zeros. This class of models contains several special case zero-inflated regressions, including zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP), zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB), zero-inflated binomial (ZIB), and the zero-inflated Conway-Maxwell-Poisson (ZICMP). Through simulated and real data examples, we demonstrate class flexibility and usefulness. We further utilize it to analyze shark species data from Australia's Great Barrier Reef to assess the environmental impact of human action on the number of various species of sharks.     

A doubly-inflated Poisson regression for correlated count data

Count data have emerged in many applied research areas. In recent years, there has been a considerable interest in models for count data. In modelling such data, it is common to face a large frequency of zeroes. The data are regarded as zero-inflated when the frequency of observed zeroes is larger than what is expected from a theoretical distribution such as Poisson distribution, as a standard model for analysing count data. Data analysis, using the simple Poisson model, may lead to over-dispersion. Several classes of different mixture models were proposed for handling zero-inflated data. But they do not apply to cases when inflated counts happen at some other points, in addition to zero. In these cases, a doubly-inflated Poisson model has been suggested which only be used for cross-sectional data and cannot consider correlations between observations. However, correlated count data have a large application, especially in the health and medical fields. The present study aims to introduce a Doubly-Inflated Poisson models with random effect for correlated doubly-inflated data. Then, the best performance of the proposed method is shown via different simulation scenarios. Finally, the proposed model is applied to a dental study.KEYWORDS: Count data, doubly-inflated, Poisson regression, zero-inflated, correlated data     

Untangle the structural and random zeros in statistical modelings

Count data with structural zeros are common in public health applications. There are considerable researches focusing on zero-inflated models such as zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) and zero-inflated Negative Binomial (ZINB) models for such zero-inflated count data when used as response variable. However, when such variables are used as predictors, the difference between structural and random zeros is often ignored and may result in biased estimates. One remedy is to include an indicator of the structural zero in the model as a predictor if observed. However, structural zeros are often not observed in practice, in which case no statistical method is available to address the bias issue. This paper is aimed to fill this methodological gap by developing parametric methods to model zero-inflated count data when used as predictors based on the maximum likelihood approach. The response variable can be any type of data including continuous, binary, count or even zero-inflated count responses. Simulation studies are performed to assess the numerical performance of this new approach when sample size is small to moderate. A real data example is also used to demonstrate the application of this method.     

Quasi-binomial zero-inflated regression model suitable for variables with bounded support

In recent years, a variety of regression models, including zero-inflated and hurdle versions, have been proposed to explain the case of a dependent variable with respect to exogenous covariates. Apart from the classical Poisson, negative binomial and generalised Poisson distributions, many proposals have appeared in the statistical literature, perhaps in response to the new possibilities offered by advanced software that now enables researchers to implement numerous special functions in a relatively simple way. However, we believe that a significant research gap remains, since very little attention has been paid to the quasi-binomial distribution, which was first proposed over fifty years ago. We believe this distribution might constitute a valid alternative to existing regression models, in situations in which the variable has bounded support. Therefore, in this paper we present a zero-inflated regression model based on the quasi-binomial distribution, taking into account the moments and maximum likelihood estimators, and perform a score test to compare the zero-inflated quasi-binomial distribution with the zero-inflated binomial distribution, and the zero-inflated model with the homogeneous model (the model in which covariates are not considered). This analysis is illustrated with two data sets that are well known in the statistical literature and which contain a large number of zeros.     

Variable selection approach for zero-inflated count data via adaptive lasso

This article proposes a variable selection approach for zero-inflated count data analysis based on the adaptive lasso technique. Two models including the zero-inflated Poisson and the zero-inflated negative binomial are investigated. An efficient algorithm is used to minimize the penalized log-likelihood function in an approximate manner. Both the generalized cross-validation and Bayesian information criterion procedures are employed to determine the optimal tuning parameter, and a consistent sandwich formula of standard errors for nonzero estimates is given based on local quadratic approximation. We evaluate the performance of the proposed adaptive lasso approach through extensive simulation studies, and apply it to analyze real-life data about doctor visits.     

A Poisson-multinomial mixture approach to grouped and right-censored counts

Although count data are often collected in social, psychological, and epidemiological surveys in grouped and right-censored categories, there is a lack of statistical methods simultaneously taking both grouping and right-censoring into account. In this research, we propose a new generalized Poisson-multinomial mixture approach to model grouped and right-censored (GRC) count data. Based on a mixed Poisson-multinomial process for conceptualizing grouped and right-censored count data, we prove that the new maximum-likelihood estimator (MLE-GRC) is consistent and asymptotically normally distributed for both Poisson and zero-inflated Poisson models. The use of the MLE-GRC, implemented in an R function, is illustrated by both statistical simulation and empirical examples. This research provides a tool for epidemiologists to estimate incidence from grouped and right-censored count data and lays a foundation for regression analyses of such data structure.     

Bayesian estimation and case influence diagnostics for the zero-inflated negative binomial regression model

In recent years, there has been considerable interest in regression models based on zero-inflated distributions. These models are commonly encountered in many disciplines, such as medicine, public health, and environmental sciences, among others. The zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) model has been typically considered for these types of problems. However, the ZIP model can fail if the non-zero counts are overdispersed in relation to the Poisson distribution, hence the zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) model may be more appropriate. In this paper, we present a Bayesian approach for fitting the ZINB regression model. This model considers that an observed zero may come from a point mass distribution at zero or from the negative binomial model. The likelihood function is utilized to compute not only some Bayesian model selection measures, but also to develop Bayesian case-deletion influence diagnostics based on q-divergence measures. The approach can be easily implemented using standard Bayesian software, such as WinBUGS. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated with a simulation study. Further, a real data set is analyzed, where we show that ZINB regression models seems to fit the data better than the Poisson counterpart.     

Optimality of quasi-score in the multivariate mean–variance model with an application to the zero-inflated Poisson model with measurement errors

In a multivariate mean–variance model, the class of linear score (LS) estimators based on an unbiased linear estimating function is introduced. A special member of this class is the (extended) quasi-score (QS) estimator. It is ‘extended’ in the sense that it comprises the parameters describing the distribution of the regressor variables. It is shown that QS is (asymptotically) most efficient within the class of LS estimators. An application is the multivariate measurement error model, where the parameters describing the regressor distribution are nuisance parameters. A special case is the zero-inflated Poisson model with measurement errors, which can be treated within this framework.     

Multivariate models for correlated count data

In this study, we deal with the problem of overdispersion beyond extra zeros for a collection of counts that can be correlated. Poisson, negative binomial, zero-inflated Poisson and zero-inflated negative binomial distributions have been considered. First, we propose a multivariate count model in which all counts follow the same distribution and are correlated. Then we extend this model in a sense that correlated counts may follow different distributions. To accommodate correlation among counts, we have considered correlated random effects for each individual in the mean structure, thus inducing dependency among common observations to an individual. The method is applied to real data to investigate variation in food resources use in a species of marsupial in a locality of the Brazilian Cerrado biome.