Working children: the health and safety issue

Recent evidence has emerged that in Britain, like the US, many children below the official minimum school leaving age, are working. In many cases, the work is illegal. Research in the US suggests that many working children risk accidents and other hazards to health. Evidence from Britain on the health and safety aspects of child labour is of a more fragmentary nature, but enough exists to suggest a need for greater vigilance.     

Psychotherapy for better and for worse; A women's issue

Abstract

The incorporation of a feminist appraoch into most psychodynamic therapies has as much to do with a need to please the greatest consumers -women as with an acceptance of the powerful theoretical arguments, important though these are.     

The issue is human quality: In praise of children

This essay is based on the premise that quality in human life is inseparably linked to the well-being of children. In this view, the well-being of children is both the principal challenge faced by a modern society and the principal focal point tor a society “bound to move away from ‘growth’ defined as quantitative product irrespective of what and whom it is for.” Children and their needs provide an anchoring point for adult relationships that is “labor intensive” and intrinsically satisfying when set within a social context rich in enduring, reciprocal interpersonal relationships. The principal threats to the quality of social life are trends toward universalistic rather than particularistic systems for evaluating individuals, and materialistic rather than social criteria for evaluating productivity. Both these trends threaten childrearing as a valued activity. Both emphasize the “hurdensomeness” of children. Large schools and socially isolated families are the contexts in which these two trends find their most dangerous expression. A sustainable society requires a pro-family orientation if it is to meet the needs of children and thus provide for the fundamental psychic needs of adults. A variety of implications for individual action and social planning are derived from this discussion. These implications include the need to preserve and restore socially strong neighborhoods, reduce school size, and conduct “family impact analysis” as a basis for guiding decisions in the public and private sectors.     

A forum for foster children

As part of a joint conference, foster children from five to 20 years of age attended a group session to explore their thoughts and feelings about foster care. The professional leaders reported their observations to a subsequent meeting of foster parents and caseworkers. The comments and behaviors of the children at this meeting were both illuminating and moving. Foster children must be heard.     

A complex issue: Special education in corrections

Correctional administrators generally cite three reasons for their inability to comply with The Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 (PL 94-142). The uniqueness of the correctional setting, lack of interagency cooperation, and lack of trained correctional special educators are typical reasons for noncompliance. The current status of each noncompliance issue is discussed. Emphasis, however, is placed on the need to train correctional special educators to help implement the law.     

A group model for adoption studies for special-needs children

A comparison of the effectiveness of the group model with the individual method for adoption studies reveals that the group method had a greater success in permanent placement and used adoption staff members' time most efficiently.     

乡镇企业期权激励问题探讨

目前,乡镇企业规模普遍偏小,由于民营和个体私营企业已是乡镇企业的主体,这些企业一个较为突出的共同特点是所有权与经营权的统一,多数是家族式企业。从产权制度安排看,它对于企业所有者的激励是最充分的,监督成本也是最小的。无庸讳言,在企业的创业初期,家族式企业能够充分调动现有的人力资源,降低机会成本,理顺利益关系,降低内部沟通成本,降低监督代理费用,有利于有效地完成原始积累的过程。但随着家族企业规模扩大到一定阶段后,小工厂变成了大工厂,大工厂变成了公司,公司又升级成了集团公司,家族规模扩大没有企业规模扩大来得快,于是管理…     

A treatment outcome study of bereavement groups for children

An empirical study of the effectiveness of an eight-week children's bereavement psychotherapy group was undertaken. Children, aged 7–11, who had a parent and/or sibling die were initially assigned to either a treatment group or a waiting list control group and followed over an eight-week period. Participation in the experimental group was associated with a significant decrease in symptomatology, as assessed by multiple measures using multiple sources. Despite a small sample, the intervention was sufficiently powerful to suggest the use of short-term group therapy to help children cope with the death of a parent and/or sibling.The research reported here was originally included in a dissertation written in fulfillment of the requirements for a Ph.D. at Brigham Young University. We wish to acknowledge the helpful suggestions and support from Dr. John Flora-Tostado, Dr. John Lyons, Dr. Joanne Marengo and the participants in the Post-doctoral Research Seminar at Northwestern Memorial Hospital.Dr. Lambert is a Professor of Psychology, Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University.     

A treatment program for children with sexual behavior problems

This paper discusses the problems and treatment of children with sexual behavior problems. These children coerce, intimidate or force other children by threats of physical harm to comply with their sexual requests, frequently a reenactment of their own experiences. This paper describes a comprehensive therapeutic foster care approach to these children.     

Determinants of a throwaway society - A sustainable consumption issue

The purpose of this paper is to present a clearer understanding of how several key socio-economic variables impact municipal solid waste (MSW). Although the variables of interest arise from deeply entrenched micro-economic behaviors at the household level, the analysis can be extrapolated to the international level. Two of the variables, which are a time factor and a consumption discount rate, are empirically tested with an international dataset and have been found to be significant predictors of MSW per capita.