从城乡分割到区域分割——城市外来人口研究新视角

城市外来人口经济社会地位研究的城乡分割模式近年来受到挑战,这一挑战的背后是城乡分割体制的弱化和区域分割体制的强化。本文回顾、概括城市外来人口研究的近期文献,揭示改革开放时期城乡分割体制与区域分割体制的此消彼长,提出"双重分割解释、三群体检验"的城市外来人口研究整合框架。     

两种户籍身份外来人口及其社会医疗保障获得

本文通过对农业人口和非农业人口两种户籍身份的外来人口在流入地城市的社会医疗保险获得的比较发现,代表着城乡分割体制因素的户籍差异已不是影响他们获得社会医疗保险的决定性因素,另一个制度变量——合同的签订,正在取代户籍制度发生着作用。这也意味着城乡分割的分析框架开始具有一定的局限性,对外来人口社会保障获得的研究需要进一步开阔视野,寻找一些城乡分割因素之外的原因。     

北京民工子弟学校——牵动世人的心

进京务工的农民生活在城市,但是城乡分割的体制又把他们排斥在城市公共服务和社会保障体系之外。与他们处境相同的子女教育问题,成     

"逐步沉淀"与"居留决定居留"—上海市外来人口居留模式分析

文章利用2000年人口普查数据中的流动人口数据和2003年上海市第七次流动人口抽样调查数据,通过队列分析研究外来人口进入城市后居留行为的特点和动态模式,并构造外来人口居留生命表.研究发现,外来人口在城市中"不断沉淀"、累积地沉淀,居留时间越长继续长期居留的概率越高,居留时间越长继续预期居留时间越长.在此基础上,分析了外来人口长期居留与城市发展的关系,以及对城市管理的启示.     

外来人口对中国城市地区出生性别比的影响

外来人口对中国城市地区出生性别比的影响是近年来学术界争论的焦点问题之一。利用2000年人口普查数据,通过比较农村本地人口、城市本地人口和城市外来人口三个人口群体在出生性别比上的差异,并进行多元统计分析,考察20世纪90年代以来中国城市地区异常偏高的出生性别比是否由外来人口造成?结果表明,城市外来人口生育的性别偏好与农村本地人口和城市本地人口相比没有显著差异,都存在强烈的生男意愿。20世纪90年代以来中国生育水平迅速下降的同时,出生性别比出现了不分城乡的普遍升高和偏高,城市出生性别比偏高,既有外来人口的作用,也有本地人口的作用,外来人口并不是造成中国城市地区出生性别比偏高的唯一或主要的原因。     

建立农民工社会保障的政策效应分析

由于我国城乡分割政策没有彻底废除 ,已转移到城市中的农村剩余劳动力不能定居下来 ,于是农民工群体产生。建立农民工的社会保障具有维护社会稳定的社会功能和推动农业发展、促进城市化等经济功能。同时 ,建立农民工的社会保障一方面由于与其他公共政策不协调而对经济社会发展有负面影响 ,另一方面在追求社会公平的同时造成效率的损失。     

城市农民工社会保障与市民化意愿

在考察城市农民工社会保障状况的基础上,利用2011年全国流动人口抽样调查数据和二元逻辑斯蒂回归模型,定量分析我国城市农民工社会保障对其市民化意愿的影响。研究发现,就业保障、社会保险、住房保障及教育保障等社会保障状况对城市农民工市民化意愿具有显著正向影响,其中尤以养老保险和子女教育等社会保障状况的影响更显著。城市农民工的年龄、婚姻状况、受教育水平等个人属性特征与迁入地发展水平、城乡收入差距等其他社会经济要素对其市民化意愿也有明显影响,年龄越大、在婚、受教育水平越高的农民工市民化意愿越强烈;迁入越发达地区的农民工市民化意愿越大;城乡收入差距越大,农民工市民化意愿越大。要实施新型城镇化规划,推进农民工市民化进程,首先要努力提高其社会保障水平,特别要改善和提高农民工养老保险和子女教育的状况和水平;同时要缩小城乡收入差距,把新型城镇化规划中的实现"1亿农民工市民化"重点放在东部地区。     

城市化进程中的城乡社会保障一体化———浦东新区案例

当前二元的社会保障模式决定了城市社会保障和农村社会保障之间存在较大的差异 ,无法在短期内实现完全意义的城乡社会保障体系一体化。因此 ,在农村社会保障和城市社会保障之间建立一种新的社会保障制度 ,即农民市民化社会保障制度 ,通过构筑一个阶梯 ,打造城、乡社会保障之间相互沟通、相互连接和相互转化的平台 ,逐步实现农村社会保障向城市社会保障的过渡 ,最终实现在浦东新区建立以社会公正为基础的城乡一体化全社会保障体系的目标。     

教育投入与社会保障对城乡收入差距的联合影响

当前城乡收入差距扩大化趋势引起广泛关注。文章使用世代交叠模型研究公共教育和社会保障对收入分配的作用机制,在此基础上分析公共教育和社会保障对城乡收入差距的影响。研究发现,公共教育通过作用于教育投资、社会保障通过作用于有效家庭时间共同影响人力资本积累从而影响收入。一方面,数值模拟结果显示公共教育和社会保障的增加能够显著地增加收入;另一方面,结合中国城乡实际的实证研究结果显示,本应该起到调节和缩小城乡收入差距的公共教育和社会保障制度,并没有发挥其收入再分配的功能,反而形成了"逆向调节"的负效应,扩大了城乡收入差距,对此,文章通过理论与实证得出,缩小我国城乡人均教育投资和社会保障税率差距对缩小城乡收入差距具有重要的现实意义。     

社会保障与人力资本投资

社会保障和人力资本的关系已经成为近年劳动经济学理论研究的热点。文章以中国养老保险的“统账结合”运作模式为例,分析了社会保障对人力资本投资的影响,并结合中国分割的社会保障现状,对城乡人力资本投资的现状进行了解释。分析结果显示,中国应该建立覆盖全国的社会保障体系;把农村社会保障的建立放在首要的位置;适当增加“统账结合”的社会保障模式中个人账户的比例。     

"Mummies and babies" and friends and lovers in Lesotho

This paper examines an institutionalized friendship among adolescent girls and young women in southern Africa. Lesotho's economy is based on migrant male labor which leaves the women dependent on male earnings or subsistence from the land, and also creates unstable marital relations. Young girls in the modern schools develop close relationships, called "mummy-baby," with slightly older girls. Sexual intimacy is an important aspect of these relationships. Mummy-baby relationships not only provide emotional support prior to marriage, but also a network of support for married and unmarried women in new towns or schools, either replacing or accompanying heterosexual bonds.     

Understanding and Using Mediators and Moderators

Mediation and moderation are two theories for refining and understanding a causal relationship. Empirical investigation of mediators and moderators requires an integrated research design rather than the data analyses driven approach often seen in the literature. This paper described the conceptual foundation, research design, data analysis, as well as inferences involved in a mediation and/or moderation investigation in both experimental and non-experimental (i.e., correlational) contexts. The essential distinctions between the investigation of mediators and moderators were summarized and juxtaposed in an example of a causal relationship between test difficulty and test anxiety. In addition, the more elaborate models, moderated mediation and mediated moderation, the use of structural equation models, and the problems with model misspecification were discussed conceptually.

Complementary and alternative medicine: Interaction and communication between midwives and women

BackgroundMany pregnant women use complementary and alternative medicine. Although midwives are often supportive, how they communicate with women about the safe use of these therapies has received limited research attention.AimThe aim of this study was to explore how midwives interact with women regarding use of complementary and alternative medicine during pregnancy.MethodsWe utilised grounded theory methodology to collect and analyse data. Twenty-five midwives who worked in metropolitan hospitals situated in Melbourne, Australia, participated in the study. Data were collected from semi structured interviews and non-participant observations, over an 18-month period.FindingsHow midwives communicate about complementary and alternative medicine is closely associated with the meaning they construct around the woman's role in decisionmaking. Most aim to work in a manner consistent with the midwifery partnership model and share the responsibility for decisions regarding complementary and alternative medicine. However, although various therapies were commonly discussed, usually the pregnant woman initiated the dialogue. A number of contextual conditions such as the biomedical discourse, lack of knowledge, language barriers and workplace constraints, limited communication in some situations.ConclusionMidwives often interact with women interested in using CAM. Most value the woman's autonomy and aim to work in partnership. However, various contextual conditions restrain overt CAM communication in clinical practice.     

Injecting and Rejecting,Framing and Failing

This paper seeks to examine how female subjectivities are privileged by Canadian human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination discourse and, in turn, how homosexual male subjectivities are displaced. Employing a Critical Discourse Analysis approach, I analyze selected HPV vaccination (HPVV) promotional materials, and depict the discursive strategies which privilege and exclude gendered subjectivities. My critical analysis is influenced by feminist linguistic works that seek to uncover the discursive constructions around sexuality, gender and identity, and the discursive strategies used to communicate ideas about sexual health risks and responsible citizenship. In addition, I adopt feminist theories of knowledge and power to rethink the discursive representations of some bodies and subjectivities as normal, and Others as unintelligible within HPVV discourse in today's neoliberal time.     

Beliefs and values and the sterilization decision

A decision-making framework based on the models of personal decision making developed by psychologists and economists and a methodology based on axiomatic conjoint measurement are used to explore individuals' beliefs and values regarding contraceptive sterilization. Particular emphasis is given to demonstrating a. that there exist individual differences in beliefs and values, b. that there exist differences in beliefs and values between persons who choose sterilization—either tubal ligation or vasectomy—and persons who choose non-sterilization contraceptive methods when no more children are wanted, and c. that the effect of beliefs and values on the sterilization decision is an interactive one. The methodology used is compared to that typically used in studying fertility- and health-related behaviors.This research was supported by grants HD-10802 and HD-14403 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The technical assistance of Doreen Victor and the editorial suggestions of Sarah Gaskill, Alice Healy, and two anonymous reviewers are greatly appreciated. This paper is Publication No. 253 of the Center for Research on Judgment and Policy, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0344. Requests for reprints should be sent to the Publications Librarian at the Center.     

Family Instability and College Enrollment and Completion

This research uses data from waves I and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health, N = 9,631) to consider whether and how family instability in early or later childhood affects college enrollment and completion of a Bachelor’s degree by age 24. Explanatory factors include maternal selection into unstable unions, household resources available in adolescence, and adolescents’ academic achievement, behavior, and attitudes in high school. The association of later family instability with college enrollment and completion is largely explained by household resources in adolescence. The association of early family instability with college enrollment is partially explained by each set of factors, and its association with college completion, given enrollment, is explained by pre-existing maternal characteristics. The results demonstrate that early family instability has enduring consequences for eventual status attainment and that the mechanisms that connect family instability to educational outcomes vary by the timing of family structure change.     

The relationships between population and economy, and between population and education]

The relationship between population and economy is regarded seriously by China and other countries. This problem can be analyzed and studied under 2 aspects: 1) the influence of economic development on changes in population, and 2) the influence of population increases on economic development. Under the 1st aspect, improved living conditions, hygiene, and health care generally result in lowered mortality rates. Improved economic conditions in China also increased the birthrate and at the same time increased birth control among the people; the increased birthrate was due to more marriages after liberation. In economically advanced countries, due to high expenses in raising children, people tend to limit family sizes to 2 children/family. Under the 2nd aspect, population increases place strains on the food supply and nutritional requirements, especially when increases are too rapid. They also demand more educational resources and influence quality of education. As there are currently 210 million students in China, the quality of education suffers, particularly at the college level, since most of Chinese manpower, physical and financial resources are spent on primary and secondary education. In terms of housing, transportation, health care, and natural resources, they are all intimately related to and influenced by increases in population. Consequently, the living standard would be difficult to raise if population increases are too rapid. Since 1971, population increases have been incorporated into 5-yearly and later yearly national economic plans in China. The large Chinese population is a major obstacle in raising the Chinese economic level, hence a well-planned population control program is essential.     

Officer friendly and the tough cop:gays and lesbians navigate homophobia and policing

Despite attempts to expand social diversity, policing is still dominated by a white, masculine, heterosexual ethos. As a consequence, employment of lesbians and gay men as police officers may be especially threatening to members of this occupation. Within the context of potential hostility and homophobia, nontraditional officers must negotiate their contradictory presence on the police force. This paper investigates that negotiation. Using the Bem Sex Role Inventory and open-ended survey data from a sample of "out" and "closeted" gay and lesbian police officers, we ask how gays and lesbians manage their images as "good cops" in the face of gender norm violations associated with their sexual orientation. Our findings indicate that masculinity and femininity do not hold together in a cohesive, dichotomous manner for these officers. Instead, other characteristics that enhance policing are emphasized to support their occupational competence. These officers see themselves as "good cops." The gendered/sexualized character of their self-perceptions appears to matter less than the context of the job, more than for a comparison sample of heterosexual police officers. We conclude that although gay and lesbian officers see their sexuality as an occupational asset, they are also likely to work harder to prove themselves as crime fighters.