我国发展逆年金住房抵押贷款的分析

生育率的迅速下降,使我国提前面对人口老龄化问题。然而薄弱的社会保障体系还不足以支撑迅速庞大的老龄化社会,传统的家庭养老模式面临着严峻的挑战。逆年金住房抵押贷款业务作为一种新型的养老方式,将对解决我国老龄人口养老问题具有积极的意义。     

菲律宾社会保障国际合作的主要实践及其启示

经过一个多世纪的发展,社会保障国际合作逐步成为全球各国维护跨国劳动者社会保障权益的重要途径,获得了越来越多国家的认可与接纳。自20世纪70年代末以来,由于跨国劳动者的社会保障权益受损严重和社会保障国际合作在全球发展良好等原因,使得菲律宾政府开始关注和重视社会保障国际合作问题。通过积极寻求与既有菲律宾劳工输入且有谈判意愿的国家进行社会保障双边谈判,高度重视国际劳工标准并将其作为劳动与社会保障立法的重要参照,单方面设立自愿性保险计划和海外劳工福利基金等措施,菲律宾政府成功地与诸多发达国家(地区)签署了社会保障双边协定,在社会保障国际合作领域取得了较大的进展,不仅有效地维护了许多跨国劳动者的社会保障权益,而且拓展了劳动者的境外就业空间。我国与菲律宾同为发展中国家和全球重要的劳务输出国,菲律宾在社会保障国际合作领域的主要实践和成功经验至少可以给我国带来三个方面的重要启示:一是社会保障国际合作须由我国积极推动和寻求突破;二是重视国际劳工标准,减少社会保障国际合作的障碍;三是社会保障国际合作必须坚持"两条腿走路"。     

我国特大城市流动人口住房状况分析

本文利用2010²013年全国流动人口动态监测调查数据分析我国五个特大城市的流动人口住房状况。结果表明:特大城市流动人口住房以租住私房为主,住房基础设施较差且住房支出压力较大,另外还表现出经济能力较差的农业户口、新生代、随迁人数少、流入村委会的流动人口更偏向于租住私房等分层特征。五个特大城市中,深圳租住私房比例最高,北京基础设施水平最差,北京和深圳住房支出压力最大,上海和天津流动人口社会融合水平可能最高。     

从我国就业和社会保障发展进程看就业和社会保障的关系

就业和社会保障是当代社会两个最基本的社会问题,也是政府和国民普遍关注的重要领域。在阅读就业和社会保障发展进程方面相关文献的过程中,作者发现两者之间联系很多,但很多文献只是单独就两者而谈,没有对比联系起来,所以本文试图从中总结出一些关系。一、我国就业和社会保障的发展进程我国劳动就业制度与社会保障制度发展的第一阶段是从1949年至1979年,前后经历了共30年时间,处在计划经济体制下。这一阶段,城市职工的社会保障实行由国家财政提供保障的制度,即单位保障模式的社会保障。农村的就业与社会保障,限于当时国家财力,主要由农户和…     

论社会保障制度改革

加入WTO的外部压力和经济转型的内部压力带来日益严重的失业问题和弱势群体,使得我国社会风险日趋严重。但目前存在结构性偏差的社会保障制度还难以应付上述风险。为此,当前社会保障制度改革决策的基点在于结构性调整,即在社会保障的制度安排上应迅速强化社会救济制度。同时,在社会保障的制度变迁中应将国企产权关系的调整与社会保险制度的调整结合起来,适时地将国有资产的变现收入划入社保基金。另外,在社会保险的制度供给上应大力推行强制性的补充养老保险制度。     

老年住宅逆抵押贷款的市场前景分析

1　老年住宅逆抵押贷款的涵义和意义老龄产业 (silverindustry) ,一般指的是为老年人口提供产品和服务的企业和部门 ,横跨第一、二、三产业 ,涵盖满足老年人口衣食住行乐医等各方面需求的多种行业。根据行业特点的不同 ,老年产业可分为 5大领域 :( 1)老年用产品制造业 ;( 2 )老年健康业 ;( 3 )老年建筑业 ;( 4 )老年金融和保险业 ;( 5 )老年休闲业。如文娱、旅游和教育等 (陈茗 ,2 0 0 2 )。老年住宅逆抵押贷款属于老年产业中的金融和保险业 ,而该领域在我国无论金融市场还是老年市场发展中都处于起步阶段和发展初期。生活在中国城镇尤其是…     

2000年前后世界各国所举行的人口普查

在公元2000年我国举行人口和住房普查的那年，世界上还有其他43个国家也举行了人口普查或是人口和住房普查。翌年中，另外又有71个国家举行了普查。在2000年前后这十年间(1995-2004)一共有209个国家或地区举行过或将要举行人口和住房普查，其中有26个国家举行二次普查，有21个没有或……     

论城市少数民族流动人口的社会保障问题

由于户籍制度的限制和现行政策的不完善,城市少数民族流动人口在就业、教育、医疗、住房等领域缺乏必要的社会保障．这对社会的稳定和发展造成了消极影响。文章讨论了城市少数民族流动人口的社会保障问题应该坚持的原则和主要对策,认为从长远来看,要运步构建有利于少数民族流动人口在城市中社会融入的经济、社会和文化条件。     

21世纪的美国社会保障:趋势与借鉴

美国社会保障的未来趋势是：预期寿命延长、劳动力数量增长缓慢、退休人数增加、退休年龄不断提前，这些共同加剧了社会保障收支不平衡状况，企业成为社会保障的生力军，社会保障事业出现私有化和私营化苗头。其借鉴意义：重视预期寿命延长对社会保障的压力，及早为延长退休年龄做好准备工作，重新定位企业在社会保障制度中的地位，改善社会保障的管理工作。     

出生高峰、人口结构与住房市场

文章通过对1960~2010年我国出生人数的分析,发现2001年左右,随着80后出生高峰步入婚配,住房价格面临上升的压力;2014年左右,随着90后出生低谷一代步入婚配,住房需求逐年下降,住房价格面临下降的波动。通过一个住房市场均衡的理论框架,文章仅考察人口的年龄结构对住房市场的影响。仿真结果显示:随着80后出生高峰和90后出生低谷相继进入婚配,房价会呈现一个倒U型的轨迹。符合经济现实的仿真结果显示:房价将在2014年左右下降,同时在80后出生高峰人群进入成年的时间段内,我国住房的需求和供给缺乏弹性且相差不大。故人口结构的改变对住房市场具有实质性的影响。在对住房市场进行调控时,应考虑到出生高峰引致的人口结构的改变。     

Does large volatility help?—stochastic population forecasting technology in explaining real estate price process

This paper investigates the association between real estate demand and the volatility of population changes. In a financial liberalized housing market, the housing mortgage loan implies insurance function to homeowners through the default option. Larger expected volatilities in the population imply a higher value of the default option. When analyzing the impact of the long-term population development on housing prices, the traditional deterministic population forecasting employed by previous research provides limited credibility. By means of the newly developed stochastic population forecasting methodology and counterfactual numerical simulations, we found a huge volatility associated with long-term population forecasting. A positive correlation between the expected volatility of population changes and real estate demand is ascertained.     

Housing and wealth inequality: Racial-ethnic differences in home equity in the United States

In our study, we took a first step toward broadening our understanding of the sources of both housing and wealth inequality by studying differences in housing equity among blacks, Hispanics, Asians, and non-Hispanic whites in the United States. Using data from the American Housing Survey, we found substantial and significant gaps in housing equity for blacks and Hispanics (but not for Asians) compared with whites, even after we controlled for a wide range of locational, life-cycle, socioeconomic, family, immigrant, and mortgage characteristics. Furthermore, the payoffs to many factors are notably weaker for minority than for white households. This finding is especially consistent across groups for the effects of age, socioeconomic status, and housing-market value. Blacks and Hispanics also uniformly receive less benefit from mortgage and housing characteristics than do whites. These findings lend credence to the burgeoning stratification perspective on wealth and housing inequality that acknowledges the importance of broader social and institutional processes of racial-ethnic stratification that advantage some groups, whites in this case, over others.     

Federal mortgage insurance and the characteristics of intraurban movers in the United States

This paper examines the social, economic, demographic and locational characteristics of the clients of the Federal Housing Administration's mortgage insurance program. The program has been accused of fostering the development of white middle class suburbs and nonwhite central cities. The data used in this analysis are from 1976 and 1977, and indicate that the mortgage insurance program is less suburb oriented than private financing of houses in the same price range. White homebuyers under the program are more likely to purchase suburban homes than nonwhite, however. This is a result of a variety of actors in the housing market of which the Federal Housing Administration is one. The paper concludes with comments on what kinds of people use the program and ways to ensure that the users benefit from the insurance.     

Housing Cost Burden and New Lawful Immigrants in the United States

Housing in the United States constitutes the largest expenditure for many households. Increasing rents and home prices, changes in the mortgage industry, and the growing importance of immigrants in the U.S. housing market underscore the value of examining the economic hardship that housing costs pose for immigrants. As is true for the native-born, immigrants’ allocation of financial resources to housing influences the funds available for savings, investments, survival of emergencies, and the overall economic well-being of children and families. This project employs 2003 national-level data of legal permanent residents from the New Immigrant Survey to examine an outcome lacking sufficient empirical study: the proportion of household income spent on housing. The study examines whether disparities in immigrant housing cost burden by country/region of origin persist after accounting for differences in human capital, stage in the life cycle, assimilation, and other factors. The analyses disaggregate immigrants from Latin America, Asia, Europe and other areas into more nuanced categories. The results document that after controlling for a diverse array of variables, legal immigrants vary widely in housing cost burdens by country/region of origin. These disparities have implications for the future wealth accumulation and long-term financial security of immigrants in the United States.     

Immigration and the low-cost housing crisis: The Los Angeles area's experience

Arrivals of new immigrants and the secondary migration of other immigrants to the Los Angeles area are estimated to be as many as 180,000 each year in the 1980s. The Southern California Association of Governments found three-quarters of the immigrants were low-income minorities who are more likely to live in overcrowded enclaves and pay disproportionately high rents. Other data suggest that immigrants—many of them undocumented and Hispanic—are both victims of and contributors to the housing crisis.Although aggravated by immigration, Los Angeles' low-cost housing ills stem from broader national, social and economic trends: gentrification and other commercial conversion of low-cost housing, stagnating federal housing aid, and diminished tax and loan incentives. Skyrocketing costs have dropped the rate of home ownership well below the national average, forcing more people to rent. Condominium conversions, costly safety regulations, rent controls and successful no-growth movements also have contributed to Los Angeles' housing crisis.     

Exploring an analytic model of urban housing strata

An analytic model of urban housing strata is developed which utilizes housing structure type, housing tenure type, floor size, physical quality, residential area, and number of rooms to calculate a housing deficit for each housing characteristic. The housing norm is subtracted from the actual housing conditions. Each housing deficit value is weighted according to the priority of the 6 variables and then summed as the housing strata score. Negative scores are below the norm and positive ones above. The model is applied to empirical data for Seoul, Korea. The findings were that 66% of the family sample showed negative scores (unsatisfactory housing conditions). Scores range from -22 to =or+ 18. Morris and Winter's "housing adjustment model" is used to explain housing behavior when there is a gap between housing conditions and the norm. Housing behavior is analyzed with multiple regression analysis of housing strata, social strata, and family life stage variables. Findings indicate that the establishment stage in the family life cycle is more likely to be associated with upper housing strata. From the way the model is set up only those in the establishment, childbearing, and child-rearing stage could get a positive deficit housing score. Size of household is not statistically significant, but upper housing strata are reflective of families with 2.5 members. Those with 3-4.5 members may be in the upper middle housing strata. Those with 5 children are in the lower middle housing strata. Housing strata are significantly related to housing structure type, tenure type, and size and number of rooms. The high rise apartment is likely to be in the upper, the row house and multifamily house in the lower housing, and the single detached house is distributed through all 4 strata. Home ownership is highest in the upper strata. The proportion of housing with 18 pyong and 2 rooms is higher in the lower strata, while housing with 19-32 pyong (63-106 sq. ms) and 3 rooms is higher in the middle housing strata. Housing satisfaction is significantly explained by housing strata but not general social strata (r = .13). Propensity to move is explained by family life stage followed by housing strata.     

Understanding the socio-economic distribution of multiple deprivation: An application of self-organising maps

In this paper we seek to contribute to recent efforts to develop and implement multi-dimensional approaches to social exclusion by applying self-organising maps (SOMs) to a set of material deprivation indicators from the Irish component of EU-SILC. The first stage of our analysis involves the identification of sixteen clusters that confirm the multi-dimensional nature of deprivation in contemporary Ireland and the limitations of focusing solely on income. In going beyond this mapping stage, we consider both patterns of socio-economic differentiation in relation to cluster membership and the extent to which such membership contributes to our understanding of economic stress. Our analysis makes clear the continuing importance of traditional forms of stratification relating to factors such as income, social class and housing tenure in accounting for patterns of multiple deprivation. However, it also confirms the role of acute life events and life cycle and location influences. Most importantly, it demonstrates that conclusions relating to the relative impact of different kinds of socio-economic influences are highly dependent on the form of deprivation being considered. Our analysis suggests that debates relating to the extent to which poverty and social exclusion have become individualized should take particular care to distinguish between different kinds of outcomes. Further analysis demonstrates that the SOM approach is considerably more successful than a comparable latent class analysis in identifying those exposed to subjective economic stress.     

Subsidized Housing and the Transition to Adulthood

Despite abundant evidence about the effect of children’s socioeconomic circumstances on their transition to adulthood, we know much less about the effect of social policy programs aimed at poor families with children in facilitating how and when children become adults. This issue is particularly important for the U.S. federal subsidized housing program given its long history of placing subsidized units in some of the poorest and most racially segregated neighborhoods. Using counterfactual causal methods that adjust for the length of receipt of subsidized housing, I estimate the effect of subsidized housing on teenage parenthood, household formation, and educational attainment. I find that the subsidized housing program has either null or positive effects on the transition to adulthood and that these effects vary by both race and gender. These results underscore the importance of considering whether social programs have differential effects on the life chances of individuals based on both race and gender.     

Social and Territorial Cohesion in Spain: Relevance of the Socioeconomic Context

Social Indicators Research - Exclusion processes are shaped through the accumulation of social disadvantages in seven life dimensions: income, employment, education, health, housing, social and...