2011中国管理创新年度报告 领导力篇——6种有效的领导风格

什么是最佳领导风格？什么样的领导风格能够为组织带来卓越绩效？这是领导力研究领域中最受关注的核心问题。在第二次世界大战末期,美国俄亥俄州大学和密歇根大学的学者们就开始了对领导行为和风格的研究。时至今日,学者们已经发表和出版了数以万计的论文和书籍,直到今天,领导者的最佳领导风格及其与组织绩效之间的关系依然是学术界和企业界关注的热点话题。     

浅析领导风格对员工工作绩效的影响

在企业管理中，员工工作绩效的提高是企业家们—直在探讨的一个问题，而企业领导者在企业管理中也起着极其重要的作用。不同的领导风格带来了不同的企业管理模式。本文从阐述领导风格的类型及特点出发，分析在不同领导风格下，员工的工作绩效会受到相应的影响，从而得出在企业管理中，为了提高员工工作绩效，领导风格应该如何综合应用。     

企业文化与领导风格的协同性实证研究

20世纪末 ,国内外对企业文化进行了大量的研究 ,取得了很大成果。学者们力图将企业文化与企业的具体运作紧密结合 ,试图寻求能够提高企业经营绩效和促进企业健康发展的企业文化模式。就领导行为方面 ,理论界也有很多研究成果。但关于企业文化与领导行为的协同性尤其是它们的协同性对企业的影响方面的研究几乎没有。本文通过实证研究方法对企业文化的协同性及这种协同性对企业员工满意度和企业绩效的影响力进行探讨。     

女性领导的领导风格与管理绩效研究——对107名女性领导的案例分析

采用质性研究和定量研究相结合的方法,对107名女性领导个案的外貌和个体行为特征、性格特点、领导风格和管理绩效及其影响因素等进行了案例分析。结果发现,外貌及行为特征、性格特点、员工关系、领导风格等均对女性领导的管理绩效有显著的影响。     

打开领导有效性的黑箱:领导行为和领导下属关系研究

学者一直从领导者和领导下属交换两个视角进行领导研究,但两种研究从来没有整合,领导行为到领导有效性之间一直是一个不为人知的黑箱。本文整合两种视角,运用中国医药企业的615个样本检验了领导行为、领导下属交换对领导有效性的影响,发现:(1)变革型领导有助于员工绩效、满意度、额外努力和组织承诺的增加;权变性奖励有助于员工绩效的增加;例外管理导致员工满意度的降低;放任型领导导致员工绩效和满意度的降低。(2)变革型领导既通过领导下属交换的提升引起员工绩效、满意度和组织承诺的增加,又直接引起额外努力的增加;权变性奖励(例外管理、放任性领导)完全通过领导下属交换的提升(降低)引起员工绩效、满意度和组织承诺的增加(降低)。文章最后讨论了本研究的局限和有必要继续研究的课题。     

国内女性领导研究的新视点综述

女性领导正日益进入学者视野,成为被研究和关注的对象。通过梳理近年来女性领导的研究成果,本文发现,近年来女性领导研究主要聚焦于女性领导力与领导风格、女性领导身份认同和女性参政、女性领导成长发展、女性领导培养与选拔等方面,研究视角、内容和问题不断深化拓展,研究方法更加多元。     

基于社会认知理论的领导认知与行为研究

<正>领导行为研究一直是组织行为学研究的一个核心问题,从早期的领导特质理论、行为理论到权变理论,学者们一直在探寻什么样的领导行为才是最佳的,却始终没有定论。到20世纪80年代,Bass正式提出了交易型与变革型领导理论,引发了整个领导学界的革命,现在这一领导理论已经成为领导理论研究的新范式。     

领导风格分类标准综述与展望

领导风格是领导者在领导活动实践中表现出来的一种比较稳定的行为模式,在领导科学理论中对领导风格的研究是学界关注的重点。按照不同的分类标准,对领导风格的研究可以分为领导行为理论下的风格学派和类型学派,领导情境理论下的因人而变、因境而变、因需而变的不同流派,变革领导理论下的变革型领导和魅力型领导流派。未来领导风格的研究将更加贴近领导活动的实践,更加适应复杂的领导环境,更好地把以往领导风格研究的成果进行融合和融通。     

霹雳手段还是菩萨心肠?刻板印象下企业家领导风格与产品质量感知关系的研究

本文采用情景实验法考察企业家威权型与仁慈型两种领导风格与消费者产品质量感知的关系,引入认知信任解释具体的影响机制,同时关注产品属性超越在其中的作用。我们发现:无论是威权型还是仁慈型领导风格都能显著提升消费者产品质量感知;相较于仁慈型领导风格,威权型领导风格更能显著提升消费者产品质量感知。消费者根据领导风格所传递出的能力信息,对企业家的认知信任得以提升,进而增强其对产品的感知质量。对于威权型领导风格,相较于享乐属性超越的产品,实用属性超越下消费者的产品质量感知更高;而对于仁慈型领导风格,相较于实用属性超越的产品,享乐属性超越下消费者的产品质量感知更高。本文的研究表明,企业家有风格胜于没有风格,而且"外显霹雳手段,内隐菩萨心肠"的企业家会更有助于提升消费者产品质量感知。此外,企业在向消费者传达其企业家领导风格的有关信息时有必要考虑自身产品属性超越。     

领导风格、组织承诺及其关系研究述评与展望

自20世纪90年代以来,组织行为学领域的研究聚焦于变革型领导和交易型领导对组织绩效的影响,其中基于员工视角的组织承诺研究逐渐成为重点。国内外学者针对两种领导风格对组织承诺的直接作用研究已较为成熟,得出的普遍结论是变革型领导和交易型领导对组织承诺均有正向影响。近年,国内学者倾向于探讨两者关系的内部影响机制,多引入中介变量和调节变量,如心理授权、组织信任等。其中,国内外研究以变革型领导与组织承诺的关系为主,对交易型领导的研究较少。未来的研究应给予交易型领导足够重视,同时创新是组织存在和发展的灵魂,应关注领导风格、组织承诺与创新绩效的关系研究。     

Emotionality and leadership: Taking stock of the past decade of research

As scholars continue in their quest to find factors that are related to leadership style, leadership behavior, and leadership effectiveness, we observe a revival in interest with regards to emotionality. As recent research suggests the rising importance of emotional reasoning over intelligence in leadership, the complex phenomena surrounding emotions in the workplace spur studies with contradictory, albeit important, results. The purpose of this review is to unify and integrate research conducted in the past decade that links emotionality with leadership style, behavior, and effectiveness. In conducting this review, we observed four running themes: emotional competencies of leaders (e.g. emotional expressiveness and emotional intelligence), stress in leadership, contagion of positive and negative affect, and the effects of leaders' emotions on outcomes like burnout and performance. On top of taking stock of studies that theoretically and empirically test these relationships, we also summarize literature on potential mechanisms that link emotionality with leadership and highlight directions for future research.     

The downside of transformational leadership when encouraging followers to network

Network scholars argue that one responsibility of leaders is to help their followers develop social capital. We suggest that one way leaders do this is by encouraging followers to engage in networking behavior. However, we argue that such encouragement is more effective when leaders are seen as less transformational, because followers are then less able to benefit from their leaders’ social capital. We support our arguments with a study of 142 followers and their leaders. Our findings show that followers engage in greater networking behaviors when encouraged by their leaders to do so, but this association is moderated by leaders’ transformational leadership style such that it is stronger as transformational leadership behaviors decrease. We thus introduce an unrecognized cost of leaders’ transformational leadership behaviors. Our findings contribute to research on networking behavior by investigating the role of transformational leadership style, and suggest avenues for research linking social capital and leadership.     

Impact of leadership style and emotions on subordinate performance

This article examines whether the emotions of frustration and optimism mediate, fully or partially, the relationship between leadership style and subordinate performance in the context of structural equation modeling. The findings show that transformational leadership has a significant direct influence on frustration and optimism, with the negative influence of frustration having a stronger effect on performance than the positive influence of optimism. Frustration and optimism are found to have a direct influence on performance, and the emotions, frustration and optimism, fully mediate the relationship between transformational leadership and performance. Thus, the effect of transformational leadership style on performance is significant, but indirect.     

Leadership in the digital era: A review of who,what, when,where, and why

Leadership as a social influence process has always involved a complex set of phenomena that demands an interdisciplinary lens. Leadership scholarship has now entered into a digital era. In a digital era, the overall phenomenon is changing, as are the tools through which we study it, demanding a new “lens” through which we view leadership. Yet, this raises the question, to what extent is leadership different in a digital era? In acknowledgement of this trend, a special issue was commissioned at The Leadership Quarterly that sought to stimulate the imagination of leadership scholars and practitioners. In the current work, we begin with a brief review of who, what, when, where and why of digital leadership. We cover leadership in informal contexts (e.g., social media), generalization from face-to-face to virtual contexts, computational modeling, the leveraging of technology (e.g., machine learning; Big Data), as well methodological how-to guides. We then plot a path forward for leadership scholars in the dawn of the digital era.     

A reconceptualization of authentic leadership: Leader legitimation via follower-centered assessment of the moral dimension

We explore some challenges that face authentic leadership scholarship including problems related to how the construct is understood and measured. We present a model of authentic leadership that looks at it, not as a leadership style, but as an outcome of a legitimation process. Authentic leadership represents legitimated follower perceptions of a leader's authenticity which are activated by moral judgments. We explain how a follower-centered assessment of the moral component helps explain leadership dynamics in situations involving ethical relativism, thus alleviating concerns regarding the presumed moral component of the construct. The overlap between leaders' and followers' value systems leads to impressions of authenticity, even in cases in which there are no clear universal moral standards. An authentic person's behavior cannot be labeled as “leadership” unless it is embraced by a follower who grants moral legitimacy to the leader. We then discuss the implications of our study for scholars and practitioners.     

An empirical study of transformational leadership,team performance and service quality in retail banks

The discipline of operations management (OM) has long been offering differing quantitative techniques for improving the efficiency of banking operations. However, there has been a trend in recent years that operations and services of the banking industry are becoming more diverse and unstructured, rendering many traditional OM quantitative techniques less effective in performance improvement. By integrating the literature on banking operations, service quality, leadership style and work teams, we argue that leadership style and team performance are crucial concerns determining the service quality performance of today's banking operations in a team setting. Using data collected from 192 employees from 32 operational teams (a leader and five members in each team) in 15 retail banks in Macau, China, we investigated whether the five dimensions of transformational leadership have an impact on team performance with respect to team cohesion, team leader job satisfaction and team competence; and whether the dimensions of team performance have an impact on such service quality dimensions as reliability and responsiveness. We found that one of the dimensions of transformational leadership and two of the dimensions of team performance have a significant impact on service quality. We discuss the implications of the findings for research and practise.     

The effects of leadership style on stress outcomes

The present study manipulated transformational and transactional leadership styles to examine their influence on individuals' performance on a stressful task, and on perceived social support, self-efficacy beliefs, emotions, and stressor appraisals. In addition, this study examined whether these variables mediated the relationship between leadership style and performance. Two hundred fourteen participants viewed video instructions for a stressful task presented by an actor depicting one of three leadership styles (transformational, transactional-contingent reward, and transactional-management by exception). Participants' psychological, emotional, and motivational responses to the videos were assessed prior to their engagement with the task. The transformational leadership condition was associated with enhanced task performance, higher social support perceptions, greater efficacy beliefs, lower negative affect, and lower threat appraisals compared to the transactional conditions. Causal modeling revealed that leadership style had a direct, rather than indirect, effect on task performance. The present research extends leadership research by providing an experimental evaluation of the costs/benefits of transformational and transactional leadership under stressful task conditions. Some of the results parallel those from correlational field studies, thus corroborating transformational leadership theory while other results diverge from theory, but present opportunities for future research.     

Combinative aspects of leadership style: The ordering and temporal spacing of leadership behaviors

This article introduces the concept of combinative aspects of leadership style, which addresses elements of leadership style such as the ordering and temporal spacing of leadership behaviors. The major purpose is to show that perceptions of leadership are influenced by the manner in which leadership behaviors are combined. Different combinations of task-oriented leadership statements and socioemotionally oriented leadership statements were examined. All of the participants were full-time employees. In all three of the studies, combinative aspects of leadership style clearly influenced perceptions of leadership statements. The findings indicate that task-oriented leadership should not be provided without socioemotional leadership and that socioemotionally oriented leadership should generally be provided immediately before task-oriented leadership. Further work is needed to investigate the applicability of combinative aspects of leadership style to components of transactional and transformational leadership.     

Is trust in leadership a mediator between transformational leadership and in-role performance among small-scale factory workers?

Globalization and the transformation of the organizational scene are increasing the pressure and threshold for employees to constantly perform maximum output. As such, the measure of success for many organizations is determined by their productivity level. Therefore, we believe that the leadership style adopted by the leader and the level of trust subordinates have in such a leader may be salient in determining the level of in-role performance of the subordinates in question. This study therefore tries to shed light on this issue by testing the hypotheses that transformational leadership and trust in leadership would significantly predict in-role performance, and that trust in leadership would further mediate the relationship between transformational leadership and in-role performance. A sample of 170 factory workers (subordinates) and 6 supervisors participated in the study. The subordinates completed measures of transformational leadership and trust in leadership while that of in-role performance of these subordinates was based on the ratings of their immediate supervisors. The results of the Hierarchical Multiple Regression showed that only transformational leadership positively predicted in-role performance, whereas trust in leadership failed to predict or even mediate this relationship. The study discussed the implications of the findings, limitations, and suggestions for prospective research.     

The best leaders

Today's movements away from authoritarian leadership emphasizes team development. People are experiencing with a leadership that empowers, rather than a leadership that is, itself, powerful. But how do you become a leader who empowers others? What are the characteristics of "best leaders"? From listening skills to getting feedback and including people in the process of change, effective leaders help others move towards the goal, ultimately thinking, "We did this ourselves."