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1.
This paper presents the analysis of sigma (σ) and unconditional beta (β) convergences of per capita GDP among the ten European
countries which accessed the European Union in 2004. Our results confirm the existence of both types of convergence in the
second half of the 1990s and the 2000s, whereas in the first half of the 1990s, the countries rather diverged or at least
did not converge. Generally, the poorer and new EU member states grew faster than the richer new EU member states. As a result,
the income gap between these countries has decreased although it still remains quite large. The convergence occurred at the
rate of 2.87% during the years 1995–2006 and 3.23% during 1996–2006.
相似文献
Mariusz PróchniakEmail: |
2.
Tim Pawlowski Paul Downward Simona Rasciute 《European review of aging and physical activity》2011,8(2):93-102
As an attempt to measure the ‘experienced’ utility of individuals in economics, the investigation of individuals’ subjective
well-being (SWB) was pioneered by Van Praag and Frijters (1999) and Kahneman et al. (1999). Since then, a number of studies has analysed the factors associated with SWB and policy makers are now recognising the
importance of SWB as a policy target, with the implication being that one could target its factors associated with increase
in the overall SWB in countries. However, despite its significance to economies, and increasing policy relevance, investigations
on the impact of sport and physical activity on SWB are relatively rare [e.g. Rasciute and Downward in Kyklos 63(2):256–270,
2010]. More specifically, despite sports participation and engagement in physical activity having a strong age-specific profile
(Breuer et al. in Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 7:61–70, 2010; Hinrichs et al. in Eur J Sport Soc 6(1):49–57, 2010; Mechling and Netz in European Rev Aging Physical Activity 6(2):89–97, 2009), there is no study that investigates whether the magnitude of this impact is age-specific. Consequently, this paper seeks
to make a unique contribution to the existing literature by exploring the age-specific effects of physical activity on SWB
for a broad cross-section of 19 European countries. Overall, the results suggest that engagement in physical activity generally
contributes to the SWB of individuals on a European level but that significant age-specific differences exist. 相似文献
3.
Altuzarra Amaia 《Transition Studies Review》2010,17(1):22-38
The aim of this work is to study whether a process of convergence in innovation in the European countries has occurred or
not, by analysing the relative changes in the innovative position of the European countries during the period 2002–2006. Special
attention is paid to the relative changes that have occurred in the recently acceded countries and to the poorest countries
of the EU-15. The data used in this research come from the fourth and fifth wave of the Community Innovation Survey elaborated
by EUROSTAT and collected in different Member States of the European Union. The statistical technique used is the multiple
factorial analysis. The study has been carried out on two different sets of firms. On the one hand, it has considered all
manufacturing firms (innovative and non-innovative firms) and, on the other, only the innovative manufacturing firms. The
results show a moderate convergence process in innovation in the manufacturing as a whole, but not in the innovative firms. 相似文献
4.
In this paper we analyse data on the rates of return of investment projects sponsored by three international institutions:
the European Union (EU), the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the World Bank (WB). The focus of the
paper is on the variability of ex-ante economic rate of returns (ERR), of financial rates of return (FRR, available for EU
and EBRD) and ex-post or re-estimated economic rates of return (RERR, available for WB only), along with the co-financing
rate (EU). We propose a framework of analysis of FRR and ERR variations across projects, sectors, financing institutions and
time, of the wedge between ERR and FRR, and of the gap between ERR and RERR. Our main conclusions are that the informational
content of projects’ rates of return is valuable and is needed for cost–benefit analyses, and that sectors, countries, time
and funding institutions explain much of the variability of these rates. We advocate the collection of standardized and comparable
data since our framework could be used for comparing rates of return variability of development projects across countries,
time of approval or completion, or any other relevant sampling criterion. 相似文献
5.
Regular walking is one of the most recommended and popular physical activity worldwide. This study (1) detected the effects
of unsupervised regular walking on physical and cognitive functioning, emotional status, and quality of life in middle-aged
and older adults and (2) compared the results with inactive controls. Forty middle-aged and older adults with a mean age of
56.30 ± 4.85 years (range 40–70) walking for at least 1 year, at least three times a week, and at least 45 min a day and 40
inactive participants with a mean age of 55.15 ± 5.64 years (range 40–70) participated. Before testing, sociodemographics
of the participants were recorded. Body mass index and waist–hip ratio were calculated. The two groups were evaluated and
compared in terms of physical functioning (handgrip strength, balance performance, cardio-vascular endurance, flexibility,
muscular endurance and coordination), cognitive functioning (Mini Mental Test), emotional status (Beck Depression Inventory),
and health related quality of life (CDC HRQOL- 4). The results obtained from this study showed that there were significant
differences in terms of all outcome measurements between the groups (p < 0.05). The regular walking group had better scores in most parameters than the inactive controls. The results indicate
that unsupervised regular walking improves health and is also a safe, cheap, and can easily be adapted into daily life. Therefore,
it can be recommended to improve physical and cognitive functioning, emotional status, and quality of life of middle-aged
and older adults. 相似文献
6.
Rosa Capolupo 《Transition Studies Review》2012,18(3):529-549
The focus of this paper is to investigate the growth performance of Albania and other South Eastern European Countries in
the period 1990–2006 by examining traditional growth sources as emerge from standard theoretical models. It focuses on macroeconomic
performances and GDP per capita growth rates to examine why countries in the SEE region are lagging behind with respect to
other transition economies. The analysis is conducted through stylised growth regressions to estimate convergence rates and
coefficients of key factors of growth. Results indicate that real GDP growth in all the eight countries is mainly driven by
physical capital accumulation, whereas the contribution of human capital is insignificant or even negative. 相似文献
7.
The impact of a traumatic environment during early childhood is linked to short-term and long-term difficulties in adoptees.
This study, utilizing a non-random, cross-sectional analysis of 123 children adopted from Romania, focused on executive cognitive
functioning. One-third of the sample had not been institutionalized while the other two-thirds had been institutionalized
for varying lengths of time from 1 month to more than 3 years, resulting in a “natural experiment” that allowed us to compare
these two groups. Information from parents and teachers was obtained regarding their perception of the child’s executive functioning.
Results indicate that, after many years in their adoptive families, 40% of the adoptees had physical challenges and 36% were
in at least some special education classes. The best predictor of parental perception of current executive functioning was
parent perception of the current parent–child relationship and not preadoptive history. 相似文献
8.
This paper contains a general vision of the main issues on innovation policies in East European new member countries and candidate
countries. It is based both on the data taken from the main European benchmarking studies on innovation perspectives, and
on the direct experience of advisors who worked in East European pilot countries (Slovenia). This paper focuses on the problems
arising from the encounter of European innovation policies and local culture and governance structures in these countries.
This situation shows that the innovation phase, following transition, generally calls for a further tuning of EU innovation
policies in these countries. In order to develop effective market spin-offs from innovation policies, greater attention should
be given to triggering bottom-up policies at regional level by reducing decision-making centralism; lowering the risk of imitative
and trend-oriented policies; supporting the birth of new enterprises besides backing the existing ones; developing mostly
software rather than hardware policy components. All of this should fit in a general framework recognising the central role
of individuals – and thus of culture, starting from entrepreneurial culture – within a knowledge-based innovation process.
The recent Slovenian action plan for innovation is included as an example of a strategic plan able to spotlight these main
issues. 相似文献
9.
Katharina Meyer Christian Stolz Christoph Rott Kurt Laederach-Hofmann 《European review of aging and physical activity》2009,6(1):7-17
In this systematic review the validity of the dose–response relationships between physical activity (PA) and energy expenditure
(EE) on defined health outcomes (cardio- and cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality, cancer) for the elderly is questioned.
Medline, Cochrane, and EMBASE databases were reviewed for epidemiological longitudinal studies in populations aged 60+ for
the years 1985–2007. Although most of the 18 identified studies generally demonstrated an inverse dose–response relationship
between PA and EE level with morbidity and mortality, the range of dose–responses was remarkably broad. The nature of the
dose–response relationship remained unclear. PA questionnaires - even those constructed for the elderly - do not cover the
extremely diverse aspects of age-specific PA behavior and modes of muscular activity. Only non-age-specific tables had been
used to estimate the EE in the elderly. Direct measurements of EE were limited. The results have implications for the interpretation
of the dose–response relationships between PA and EE on defined health outcomes in old age. 相似文献
10.
The G8–Unesco World Forum recently held in Trieste examined the relationship between knowledge and sustainable development,
focusing on the gap between industrialised and developing countries. In reviewing the proceedings, I provide some comments
on the issue of turning the broad ideas discussed during the Forum into concrete actions. Despite being the Forum largely
interdisciplinary, important aspects of knowledge were not explicitly considered, namely, humanities and social sciences,
as well as indigenous knowledge. The focus on research in “hard” sciences did permit a thorough discussion of a number of
crucial issues but found its limits when ideas had to turn into actions. This is particularly important for sustainable development,
when community involvement at regional and local levels is key in obtaining feasible solutions. In order to help promote knowledge
creation and dissemination in practice, this paper will concentrate on highlighting a common ground of agreement, from different
perspectives, and what ought to be done in future for promoting a better match between all knowledge components and sustainable
development.
相似文献
11.
Floortje Celie Miriam Faes Maria Hopman Anton F. H. Stalenhoef Marcel G. M. Olde Rikkert 《European review of aging and physical activity》2010,7(1):43-47
The importance of exercise in the elderly is widely recognized, but data on performances and drop-out in short running contests
are lacking. This hinders stimulation and coaching of elderly persons in active aging. The aim of the study was to determine
age-related changes in running performance in the most popular Dutch road run, and how this is influenced by gender, training,
and increased participation rate over the last decade. This is a retrospective analysis of 194,560 participants of a 15-km
run from 1995 to 2007. Multiple regression analysis of running time by age, gender, and training was performed. Trends in
participation were examined by chi-square tests and ANOVA. Trends in running time and speed were examined by t tests. With aging, running time increased with 0.20% per year (P < 0.001). Running time was on average 13% (P < 0.001) shorter in men than in women and was 15.7% (P < 0.001) shorter in participants who trained on a regular basis. Decline in performance with age was 5.9% larger for men
than women (P < 0.01) and 4.5% larger for trained than untrained participants (P < 0.01). Over the last decade, participation numbers increased most for elderly (≥60 years) and female participants, mean
running performance declined with 9.9% (P < 0.001). Drop-out number was low at all ages (0.13–0.29%). It appears that aging has only minor negative influences on running
performance, which can even be attenuated by training. Our data suggest that exercise by means of running is a safe and rewarding
option for improvement of healthy and active aging. 相似文献
12.
Habitat loss and fragmentation are principal causes for population declines and the loss of biodiversity across the globe.
In the United States, tropical hardwood hammock is a threatened forest ecosystem that occurs only in extreme south Florida,
primarily on the Florida Keys archipelago. This rare forest type is characterized by high plant diversity that is strongly
influenced by tropical, mast-producing trees and shrubs of West Indian origin. Tropical hardwood hammocks in the Florida Keys
provide important habitat for resident and migratory birds, particularly Neotropical species that rely on suitable stopover
habitat during migration. The Florida Keys are under intense development pressure, particularly in higher elevation sites
where tropical hardwood hammock occurs. With exception of a survey completed during 1991 in the Upper Keys, information regarding
habitat loss and current coverage, conservation status, and how best to conserve remaining patches of this rare forest habitat
are lacking. We used a Geographic Information Systems approach to assess the extent of loss and fragmentation of tropical
hardwood hammock in the upper Keys during 1991–2004, quantify area and number of hammock patches under private ownership and
in conservation status throughout the Florida Keys as of 2004, and evaluate strategies to most effectively conserve large
blocks of remaining tropical hardwood hammock. Total remaining hammock habitat throughout the Keys encompassed 3,712 ha and
hammock habitat declined by 31% in the upper Keys during 1991–2004. Hammock habitat in the upper Keys encompassed 1,962 ha
among 124 habitat patches (median = 1.5 ha, range = 0.1–205.7 ha), of which 1,066 ha (54%) were under conservation status.
Hammock habitat in the lower Keys encompassed 1,750 ha among 102 patches (median = 4.4 ha, range = 0.3–96.3 ha), of which
1,283 ha (73%) were protected under conservation status. Approximately 37% of total remaining hammock habitat remained unprotected.
However, our analyses revealed that many unprotected areas >20 ha were contiguous with protected hammocks. Safeguarding 22
partially protected patches >20 ha (17% of remaining patches) would protect an additional 750 ha of hammock habitat, which
represents 55% of all remaining unprotected hammock habitat in the Keys, and would increase the mean patch size of these larger
forest patches from 55 to 89 ha. Consequently, strategically focusing conservation efforts on remaining forest patches of
tropical hardwood hammock >20 ha in size and contiguous to existing protected areas represents the most effective use of conservation
dollars and would provide greater ecological benefits than conservation of small patches of highly fragmented habitat. 相似文献
13.
Thomas J. Schofield Ross D. Parke Erica K. Castañeda Scott Coltrane 《Journal of Nonverbal Behavior》2008,32(3):171-186
Mutual gaze has been shown to be a valuable channel of nonverbal communication. To examine mutual gaze between parents and
children, 43 European American (EA) and 57 Mexican American (MA) families were coded on the occurrence of talking and gaze
during a brief discussion. MA families showed lower levels of father-to-child gaze, mother-to-son gaze, and child-to-father
gaze than EA families. MA families also showed less father–child mutual gaze, as well as less mother–child gaze for sons than
EA families. Child gaze aversion was more common in European American families. Levels of gaze, father–child mutual gaze,
and child gaze aversion all were positively correlated with acculturation. The importance of research exploring possible differences
in function and meaning of gaze across cultural groups is emphasized.
相似文献
Thomas J. SchofieldEmail: |
14.
Correlates of sport participation among community-dwelling elderly people in Germany: a cross-sectional study 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Timo Hinrichs Ulrike Trampisch Ina Burghaus Heinz G. Endres Renate Klaaßen-Mielke Anna Moschny Petra Platen 《European review of aging and physical activity》2010,7(2):105-115
The aims of this study were (1) to analyze the sport participation in a cohort of community-dwelling elderly people in Germany
and (2) to evaluate associations between sport participation, sociodemographic factors, cardiovascular risk factors, and health
status. In a monitored prospective cohort study (getABI), 6,880 unselected patients ≥65 years have been followed up by 344
general practitioners beginning in 2001. As part of the 5-year follow-up telephone interview, a sample of 1,376 participants
was interviewed on sport participation. The association between participation in at least one sporting activity (“sporty”
yes/no) during the past week (cycling) or month (other sports) and the following parameters was analyzed by logistic regression:
age, sex, immigration background, education, waist circumference, smoking, self-reported health, history of vascular events,
diabetes mellitus, lipometabolic disorder, and arterial hypertension. Analysis of activities (n = 1,304; median age 76 (70–94) years; 55.1% women) showed that 27.6% of participants rode a bicycle during the previous week.
During the previous month, 24.9% of participants did gymnastics or strength training, and 16.5% swam. Of all participants,
53.8% were sporty. Multivariate analysis revealed several independent factors to be associated with being sporty (p < 0.05): younger age, male sex, higher education, nonsmoking, better self-reported health, and not being diagnosed with diabetes.
Immigration background, waist circumference, history of vascular events, lipometabolic disorder, and hypertension did not
show a statistically significant association (p ≥ 0.05) with sport participation. Summing up, the most frequently performed sporting activities were cycling, gymnastics
or strength training, and swimming. Sport participation was associated with, for example, age and sex. 相似文献
15.
C. May-Chahal T. Bertotti P. Di Blasio M.A. Cerezo M. Gerard A. Grevot 《European Journal of Social Work》2006,9(1):3-20
Child maltreatment is generally referred to under the global categories of physical, sexual, emotional/psychological abuse and neglect. The Concerted Action on the Prevention of Child Abuse in Europe (CAPCAE) reports on the specific forms of harm and injury, actions and persons believed responsible in eight European countries. The most common actions across all participating countries responsible for harm were those of violent parenting or absent parenting. A review of prevention strategies found that few programmes focused on specific behaviours or included measures to indicate whether their actions were successful in preventing further harm to children. It is recommended that fathers need to be targeted in prevention as well as mothers and that specific data collection of actual harms, actions, persons responsible and outcomes needs to be implemented as a priority in all European countries. Such specificity avoids a focus on risk which is unacceptable in some countries, over inclusive of parents and resource intensive. 相似文献
16.
Understanding Transnational Labour Market Trajectories of African‐European Migrants: Evidence from the MAFE Survey
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Eleonora Castagnone Tiziana Nazio Laura Bartolini Bruno Schoumaker 《The International migration review》2015,49(1):200-231
Labor market trajectories of migrants are seldom explored in a longitudinal and comparative perspective. However, a longitudinal approach is crucial for a better understanding of migrants' long‐term occupational attainments, while comparative research is useful to disentangle specificities and general processes across destination and origin countries. This article explores the labor market outcomes of migrants from Senegal, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Ghana in different European countries, using the MAFE data to compare their occupational attainments before migration, upon arrival and during the first 10 years of stay in Europe in a longitudinal perspective. Results highlight different pattern of migrants' selection across destinations, influenced by prior employment status and education, gender and colonial legacies, and which impact subsequent trajectories into the European labor markets. Our analyses also show a severe worsening of migrants' occupational status in Europe compared to their situation prior to migration, which is the resultant of a dramatic downgrading upon entry and of a slow occupational recovering during the first 10 years of stay in Europe. Results suggest that the educational–occupational mismatch of skilled workers might represent a long‐lasting “price” for migrants, unless (further) educational credentials are achieved in destination countries. 相似文献
17.
The demographic changes in the industrialized countries place new and important challenges to health care providers, politicians,
and modern society. Many older persons wish to maintain independence and mobility as long as possible. Falls and their consequences
constitute a serious threat to these most important goals of the older person, and they do occur frequently in the community-dwelling
cohort of people aged 65 years and older. This article discusses the limitations of one of the most important independent
risk factors to predict future falls: a positive fall history. Several issues arise with assessing fall history in an older
population. Firstly, several studies indicated that self-reported recall of falls may lead to underreporting and that older
persons perceive a fall differently compared to health professionals and researchers. Secondly, falls can be reported retrospectively
or prospectively. In general, a prospective design is favored by researchers with “daily fall calendar” considered the golden
standard. Thirdly, different research has been conducted to find the most reliable time frame for self-recorded falls in the
past. Self-reported recall of falls by older persons may lead to underreporting due to older persons not recognizing (the
severity of) a fall or not remembering a fall and due to different interpretation of “a fall”. Data on fall history should
be expanded with questions about trips, slips, and self-perceived problems in balance, gait or mobility and preferably fear
of falling or a quick physical assessment. In general, a prospective design is favored by researchers with “daily fall calendar”
considered the golden standard. Computerized interactive response technology may be of additional value to prospectively monitoring
falls in older persons. The best time frame for obtaining self-reported falls seems a period of 12 months, ruling out any
seasonal influence. 相似文献
18.
This paper offers a discussion of An Agenda for a Growing Europe: Making the Economic System Deliver, a report to the President of the European Commission prepared by a group of independent experts. The paper reflects the
results of the 3rd Milan European Economy Workshop (May 28–29, 2004) and my personal views. The workshop was organised by
the Department of Economics, University of Milan and the Jean Monnet Chair of Economics of European Integration, with the
participation of more than twenty distinguished speakers from several institutions across the European Union. 相似文献
19.
Sascha H?rtel Jens-Peter Gnam Simone L?ffler Klaus B?s 《European review of aging and physical activity》2011,8(2):109-114
Over the last few years, the estimation of energy expenditure with accelerometers has become more and more accurate due to
improvements in sensor technology. Significant enhancement could be reached by model-based estimation regarding different
activity types. The kmsMove-sensor (movisens GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) is a device that is used to compute human energy expenditure
using motion-dependent calculation models. It is outfitted with an accelerometer to measure body acceleration during certain
movements and activities. To validate its accuracy, the sensor was compared to indirect calorimetry as criterion measure.
For this experiment, nine subjects (all males, age 46.4 ± 10.9 years, 28–64 years) were equipped with the kmsMove-sensor as
well as a portable indirect calorimeter and their energy consumption was measured over a time period of 100 min. Additionally,
the energy consumption of seven out of the above-mentioned nine subjects was measured over an average of 7 h. The measurements
took place in a rehabilitation clinic, where the subjects completed their regular daily rehabilitation activities. An analysis
of the data revealed ICCs between the kmsMove-sensor and indirect calorimetry for the time period of 100 min of 0.82 (0.38–0.96;
p = 0.003) and for an averaged measuring time of 7 h of 0.81 (0.22–0.97; p = 0.01). Furthermore, a Bland–Altman analysis for the time period of 100 min led to a difference of the means of 4.3 kcal
(limits of agreement: −94.3 and 102.9 kcal) and for the time period of an average of 7 h to −14.0 kcal (limits of agreement:
−320.0 and 292.0 kcal). These findings indicate that the kmsMove-sensor is an appropriate measuring device with relatively
good accuracy to assess human energy expenditure in rehabilitation patients. However, this study has some limiting aspects
(small sample size, artificial setting) which could influence validity. 相似文献
20.
Africa has always been potentially one of the richest continents in the world, but, due to a series of causes (colonization
and decolonization process, wars, dictatorships etc.) it has never reached its full potential. The fight against poverty has
been carried out by different institutions at the multilateral and bilateral level during the last 30 years, but the route
toward economic development seems to be still long for African countries. This paper will focus on the analysis of the new
approach to international cooperation introduced by the People’s Republic of China in order to exchange rights of exploitation
of Africa’s mining and natural resources with large amounts of capital without any conditionality. The case-study which will
be considered is the agreement concluded between the People’s Republic of China and the Democratic Republic of Congo. 相似文献