“孝”之道的社会学探索

思想转化为行动,有一套复杂的传导机制,也伴随着思想本身在操作上的现实改变。由于孝的观念及其实践在中国历史文化中极为重要,故可以作为一个重要范例加以考察。从社会学角度来研究孝,主要任务是探讨其运行的社会方式,包括它如何从儒家思想转化为中国人的行动并对社会产生真实的影响与建构。孝的本意在于事亲,但儒家将其同仁连接,进而成为仁的实现路径。至此,从仁至孝,可以看作一种从思想到行动的过程。在此过程中,孝所承担的社会学意义在于其因“报本返始”的含义而构建起的天人认知框架。这一框架的基本运行方式即是由亲子关系形成的互报模式与情感的角色化。其基本核心依据在于其关系设置上的不对等性所产生的下一代对上一代的歉疚与报恩。孝一旦运行,会导致中国人将整个社会生活集中于家族谱系、社会温情化、伦理导向、关系网络、权威至上等方面,进而可以起到整合社会的作用。可以说,孝所形成的社会特征是中国社会最稳定的传统。虽然说新文化运动以来,其主导性已经式微,但其社会底色依旧。     

The Diversification of Children’s Support for Their Parents in the Context of an Aging Society: Concepts and Behavior*

China’s aging society and the family-based model of basic aged care determine that children’s support for their parents directly affects the standard of living of the majority of the aging population. Existing theories indicate that in this era of social transition, the implications of filial piety have shifted from the traditional emphasis on the parent-child generational relationship and children’s duty to obey their parents to a dual mode in which family love coexists with the authority of the elders. Using data from the Chinese General Social Survey of 2006, we explore the ways in which the two basic dimensions of authoritarian filial piety and reciprocal filial piety connect with various types of filial behavior. The results of our multivariate linear model show that on average, authoritarian filial piety, which emphasizes authority relationships and children’s duty, increases children’s financial support for their parents, while reciprocal filial piety, stressing family love and generational equality, significantly increases children’s emotional support for their parents. A comparison of the basic dimensions of filial piety shows that neither significantly increases children’s physical support for their parents. Further analysis of the interaction effect indicates that the link between authoritarian filial piety and financial support is more significant among younger groups. In addition, for males, a marginally significant positive relation exists between authoritarian filial piety and physical support for their parents.     

The Role of Family in Career Choices among Social Workers in China

Abstract

High turnover rate affects social work workforce development in China. Few empirical studies have been conducted to explore the factors that have influences on turnover intention among Chinese social workers. This study used data from China General Survey on Professional Social Workers to examine the influence of job satisfaction and family attitude on social workers’ career choices. The findings reveal that both job satisfaction and family’ attitude toward the profession have significant effects on social workers’ turnover intention. Family’s support or disapproval of the social work profession has moderate effect on the negative correlation between job satisfaction and turnover intention. The findings could be explained by the familyism culture of Chinese society and unique challenges of professional development experienced by social workers in China. Future studies should consider the influence of family to develop a more comprehensive research framework. Management in social service agencies should help family of social workers to learn and embrace the profession to gain their support of choosing social work as career.     

Compulsory intergenerational family solidarity shaping choices between work and care: Perceptions of informal female carers and local policymakers in Estonia

Estonians are obliged by law to provide maintenance for family members who are unable to cope by themselves. As a result, 80% of fragile older people receive informal care. Whether this is because the carers themselves feel solidarity and choose informal caring or because they lack alternatives is the question. We applied the cultural approach for explaining the construction of compulsory family solidarity in care provision to older people through the perceptions of informal carers and policy actors. Our interest is in how filial norms framed by individual responsibilities of care provision required by law can influence (i) informal carers’ perceptions concerning their choices between work and care and (ii) impact policy actors’ perceptions concerning eldercare service provision. Analysing the empirical data produced during focus groups with female carers and interviews with policy actors, we demonstrate the triple‐fold pressure to informal caregiving as an expression of compulsory family solidarity. Key Practitioner Message: ? The article demonstrates how the national Family Law Act constitutes a compulsory requirement of family solidarity in society; ? The compulsory family solidarity norm influences local‐level policymaking and inhibits the development of formal care services for older people; ? Informal carers’ choices between work and care are shaped by their personal filial norms, familialistic policymaking, and pressure exerted by older people.     

Parenting Stress and Perceived Family Functioning of Chinese Parents in Hong Kong: Implications for Social Work Practice

This article reports the results of a telephone survey (n = 1002) conducted in November 2008, which aimed to identify parenting stress and perceived family functioning of Chinese parents in Hong Kong; to explore the effects of the parents’ socio‐demographic characteristics (gender, family income, education and family structure) on the aforementioned stress and functioning variables; and to examine the interrelationship among these characteristics and the two variables in question. Results showed that the reported parenting stress was at average level, while the perceived family functioning was slightly below average. The results also indicated that the parenting stress of mothers, single parents, the low‐income and the less‐educated was higher than that of fathers, parents of nuclear and extended families, the high‐income and the better‐educated. Socio‐demographic characteristics except the parent’s gender had similar effects on perceived family functioning. Higher parenting stress was associated with lower family functioning, and explained a larger variance in the perceived family functioning than the socio‐demographic characteristics taken alone. The results of the study have provided empirical support regarding the interrelationships among the vulnerable groups in society, parenting stress and perceived family functioning. Implications of the study for social work practice are discussed.     

儿子养老还是女儿养老？：基于家庭内部的比较分析

本文使用2010年中国家庭追踪调查数据,通过家庭内部比较,从经济支持和生活照料两个方面对儿子和女儿的赡养行为进行系统的比较研究。结果发现,在当代中国家庭中,儿子在赡养父母时的总效应依然显著大于女儿,这主要是因为他们更可能与父母同住。一旦控制子女与父母的居住方式,儿子的直接效应就仅在经济支持方面大于女儿。在生活照料方面,女儿的直接效应已经显著超过儿子。从城乡对比来看,这种“儿子出钱、女儿出力”的性别分工模式主要出现在农村。在城市,女儿在经济支持和生活照料两个方面的直接效应都超过儿子。所以,中国传统的以儿子为核心的赡养方式虽然没有彻底瓦解,但已发生明显变化,快速的人口转变和女性社会经济地位的提高是导致这些变化的重要原因。     

Building a working alliance between professionals and service users in family preservation. A multiple case study

In the margin of the ongoing experimental and quasi‐experimental research projects on family preservation, some research projects focus on the process through which families accomplish change and acknowledge the importance of the working alliance. There is, however, little information about barriers and facilitators in building this working alliance. To fill this gap, we performed a multiple case study with a triangulation of ethnographical methods such as observation, in‐depth interviews, case file analysis, and multistakeholder focus groups. We illustrate how, in a context of managerialism and transactional leadership, social workers find themselves in a continuous tension between complying with the expectations of their social organization and “tuning in” with the service users. This jeopardizes the working alliance between a social worker and a family. Consequences for research, practice, and policy regarding family preservation interventions are discussed.     

论传统孝道中的养老思想

传统孝道蕴含了十分丰富的养老思想,是我国传统养老的道德准则和基本的行为规范。它促进了家庭和睦、社会稳定,解决了中国历史上的养老难题。由于受历史的局限,传统孝道中的养老思想既有积极合理的一面,也有消极腐朽的一面。今天,在我国已经进入人口老龄化的形势下,正确认识传统孝道中养老思想的社会价值,充分发挥传统孝道在解决我国养老问题上的功能和作用,其意义将是十分深远的。     

哀敬两尽：从“君视大敛”看君臣、父子伦理的情感内涵

以君臣、父子为代表的政治伦理与亲属伦理及其内在的精神情感构成了中国社会结构、家国关系及政治秩序的深层根基。本文通过对《士丧礼》中“君视大敛”这一环节的描述分析，指出君臣之间以敬为主的情感内涵与父子之间以哀为主的情感内涵相互影响，交织在一起，而从根本上讲，这两种情感及其相互作用统一于儒家的仁义思想之中。通过对这两种伦理之情感内涵的讨论，文章进一步明晰了中国历史传统中家国关系的内在精神情感通路，即性情仁厚之人在家庭内部孝敬父母，才能在国家层面忠于君主，而国家层面的君臣关系也关照、影响着家庭内的父子关系。文章同时也为理解当下身处尊卑有等与亲疏有差两层关系中的中国人的内在情感状态、行动伦理以及在此结构中形成的社会人格提供了一种新的解释。     

探索新的关系和生活模式 ——关于成都男同性恋伴侣关系和生活实践的研究

这些年来,李银河提交同性婚姻提案的努力,将同性恋伴侣关系和家庭生活引入了公众视野,但国内学术研究对此尚无涉及。基于对成都“同志”社区的实地研究,本文详细考察了男同性恋伴侣关系和家庭生活的具体实践、追求平等关系、反思现有婚姻制度,以及争取社会承认的努力。研究强调中国社会中的同性之间的亲密关系正在转型,同性恋伴侣关系开始挣脱占据主导地位的异性恋亲属体系,成为一种可供选择的家庭生活模式。同时,借鉴西方近期关于“酷儿”家庭的理论和实践,文章讨论了同性恋伴侣关系对于主流社会和亲属制度的启示,呼吁在制度上给予这样的“草根”实践以更多的承认。     

Will‐making prevalence and patterns in Australia: keeping it in the family

This article provides evidence of the prevalence of wills and the principles underpinning the intended distribution of estates in Australia. Intentions around wealth transfers and the social norms that underpin them occur in the context of predicted extensive intergenerational transfers from the ageing baby boomer generation, policies of self provision and user pays for care in old age, broader views on what constitutes ‘family’, the increased importance of the not‐for‐profit sector in the delivery of services, and the related need for philanthropy. A national telephone survey conducted in 2012 with 2,405 respondents aged 18 and over shows that wills are predominantly used to distribute assets to partners and/or equally to immediate descendants. There is little evidence that will makers are recognising a wider group of relationships, obligations and entitlements outside the traditional nuclear family, or that wills are being replaced by other mechanisms of wealth transfer. Only a minority consider bequests to charities as important. These findings reflect current social norms about entitlements to ‘family’ money, a narrow view of what and who constitutes ‘family‘, limited obligation for testators to recompense individuals or organisations for care and support provided, and limited commitment to charitable organisations and civil society.     

中国传统孝文化在新农村和谐社会建设中的作用探讨

建设社会主义新农村是新时期中国现代化建设的一项重大战略举措,也是建设社会主义和谐社会的一项重要内容。如何在中国传统文化积淀深厚的农村社会环境中,实施社会主义新农村建设,实现“生产发展、生活宽裕、乡风文明、村容整洁、管理民主”的和谐新农村,是一个非常值得探讨的问题。本文通过对中国传统孝文化在中国农村社会结构网络中的特殊纽带作用的考察,并结合部分农村现实情况,探讨了传统孝文化在新农村和谐社会建设中值得挖掘与发挥的积极作用和功效。     

Greater Self,Lesser Self: Dimensions of Self‐Interest in Chinese Filial Piety

While self‐interest is depreciated in Confucian ethics the processes of family relations in traditional China are animated by the self‐interested actions of family members. The paper outlines the Confucian ideology of filial piety which is commensurate with the governance of family life organized hierarchically and through the senior male's management of the joint‐family's collective property. The structure, operations and principles of membership in traditional Chinese families are indicated, highlighting the tensions within them between consanguinity and conjugality and their material bases. The differential operation of self‐interested actions by husbands and wives is also presented. A non‐Confucian model of the relational‐self is outlined in which both the collective context of Chinese families and the self‐interested actions of individual family members within them is explicated.     

“桑梓情谊”的现代转化：费孝通社会理论的情感维度

费孝通的社会理论在社会结构方面更受学界重视，而其中的情感维度尚未得到足够关注。本文试图在费孝通早年有关中国现代化的理论视域中，梳理他有关“桑梓情谊”与“亲属情谊”“乡土工业”“村镇地方团体”之间关系的探索和讨论，进而呈现费孝通社会理论中对于情感的重视。 在费孝通看来，中国的现代化应该以中国传统社会组织为基础来嫁接西方现代技术， 从而推动整个社会从传统向现代的有效过渡。 在此过程中，他尝试将既旧且新的“桑梓情谊”阐释为现代中国社会的情感基础。 文章认为，“桑梓情谊”表征并构造了本地的根源与大社会的流动以及地方与国家的人际关联， 是理解费孝通社会理论之情感维度的关键，对我们思考当代中国现代化建设也有一定的启示。     

变迁与延续：中国家庭代际关系的类型学研究

本文结合中国家庭代际关系研究注重居住安排与功能性交换的传统，从机会结构和功能实现两个维度构建了分析框架，并提出了四种代际关系的潜在类型：紧密型、工具型、独立型和扶持型。对一项全国性抽样调查数据的潜在类别分析表明，该分析框架有助力于我们理解代际关系的不同形态，并对其发展趋势有更好的认识。鉴于工具型成为主要类型以及独立型和扶持型关系的出现，代际关系呈现变迁的趋势。尽管传统的紧密型关系不占主导，但通过工具性交换或父母的扶持维持着代际的有效联结，赡养和反馈关系得以保留，体现了代际关系的延续。代际关系类型受到子代和亲代社会经济地位的显著影响，体现了社会不平等的再生产。     

Social networks and immigration stress among first‐generation Mandarin‐speaking Chinese immigrants in Los Angeles

This study examined relationships between social networks and immigration stress among first‐generation Chinese immigrants. Using data from a larger study of health behavior among first‐generation Mandarin/English‐speaking immigrants residing in the Los Angeles metropolitan area (N = 1,183), this study found that Chinese immigrants living closer to immediate family and maintaining larger social networks experienced lower immigration stress. Unexpectedly, immigrants with larger family sizes and who participated in voluntary associations (e.g., religious, alumni, and nationality associations) reported increased immigration stress. The findings suggest that practitioners need to be cautious of a possible downside in designing interventions to expand social networks among immigrant clients. The study is especially important in the context of a rapidly increasing immigrant population from Mainland China to the USA. Key Practitioner Message: ● Working with immigration families should incorporate assessment of their social network; ● Interventions designed to facilitate supportive social networks should differentiate different social network ties; ● Different social network ties may affect the stress level of immigrants differently.     

Expectations and Practice in Social Citizenship: Some Insights from an Attitude Survey in a Chinese Society

This paper draws on empirical evidence from an attitude survey in a Chinese society to show that the universal ideals of social citizenship have strong appeal among the Chinese in Hong Kong, even though the latter are conventionally seen as having low expectations in the area of social rights. It is also shown that high expectations of social responsibilities do not imply low expectations of social citizenship. However, this does not mean that cultural context or tradition does not matter. Findings of strong support for the responsibility of parents to care for children, but in a westernized and modern context, suggest that cultural variations in beliefs about social citizenship and practice continue, but framed by an understanding of, and moral commitment to, more universal values of social citizenship.     

Family conditions, parental acceptance, and social competence and aggression in Chinese children

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relations among family ecological factors including parental educational and occupational status, family income and housing conditions, the quality of the marital relationship and social support, parental acceptance and rejection, and social competence in a sample of Chinese children. Four hundred and seventy-six primary school children in Shanghai, P.R. China, and their parents participated in the study. Children were administered a peer assessment measure of social behavior and a measure of their perceptions of parental behavior. Parents completed questionnaires concerning family background, parental acceptance and rejection, perceived social support, and marital conflict and satisfaction. Teachers completed a rating scale concerning children's behaviors in school. Information on children's leadership was collected from the school administrative records. Results indicated that parental educational and occupational status was associated with family psychological conditions which, in turn, were predictive of parental acceptance. Family capital resources were negatively related to parental acceptance. Results also indicated that parental acceptance was associated positively with prosocial-competent behavior in children and negatively with aggressive behavior in children. Parental educational and occupational status was directly associated with children's competent behavior. Finally, it was found that family psychological resources were positively related to competent behavior and negatively related to aggression in children, through the mediation of parental acceptance and rejection. Family capital resources were indirectly and positively associated with child aggression through the mediation of parental acceptance and rejection.     

解读《论语》中“孝”的现实意义

＂孝＂是一切道德的根本与起点,一切道德品质都源于对他人的关切和爱戴。个人的思想品质、道德修养直接影响家庭美德的建设,影响社会公德的建设,对于构建和谐社会有重要意义。     

家族企业的成因分析

家族企业在中国大陆和海外华人企业中广泛存在着 ,中国传统社会的家族制度和家文化传统以及长期以来中国私营经济的少数派地位对我国家族企业的形成起到了决定性的影响。家族企业的产生有它的社会、历史条件和文化背景 ,家族企业这种古老而常新的企业组织形式将有助于促进家族企业和中国私营经济的发展