我国上市公司投资-现金流敏感度实证研究

运用回归分析和因子分析法,对国内A股上市公司的投资-现金流敏感度及其影响因素进行了实证研究。结果表明:投资-现金流敏感度不能反映公司的融资约束程度,这与一些国内学者的观点不一致;上市公司的投资-现金流敏感度与其盈利能力显著正相关,与其偿债能力显著负相关;民营上市公司的投资-现金流敏感度低于国有上市公司,但其盈利能力也显著低于国有上市公司。因此,民营上市公司较低的投资-现金流敏感度并不表明其融资约束程度也较低;相反,这正说明民营上市公司因受到融资约束而存在投资不足的问题。     

金融衍生品投资与企业现金流波动风险研究

为了揭示金融衍生品对企业现金流波动风险的影响机制与效应,以我国沪深A股2015~2018年制造业上市公司为研究对象,运用Heckman两阶段回归模型进行实证研究。研究发现:公司使用金融衍生品降低了现金流波动风险;当经营风险大、信息不对称程度高以及代理冲突严重时,其降低幅度更高,揭示出金融衍生品的主体需求和效应差异。进一步分析发现,外汇衍生品和商品衍生品发挥了降低现金流波动风险的作用,而利率衍生品的效应不显著;金融衍生品加剧了特质风险但对系统性风险无显著作用,并且对公司价值未产生显著影响。     

双向资金占用与上市公司资本投资

关联资金占用不仅是控股股东占用上市公司资源,也有上市公司占用控股集团资金的情况,即双向资金占用。前者是控股股东掏空上市公司的一种手段,而后者可以理解为控股股东支持上市公司的一种方式。资金占用可视为一种融资手段,是内部资本市场资金配置的一种形式。本文研究发现,关联方应收项目(关联方占用上市公司资金)会抑制上市公司的资本投资规模,降低投资—现金流敏感度。而上市公司对关联方的应付项目相当于获得了成本很低的资金,起到补充投资活动现金流的作用,促进了上市公司的资本投资规模,提高了投资—现金流敏感度。     

股价信息含量与资本投资效率——基于投资现金流敏感度的视角

本文以2001-2008年在沪深证券交易所上市的制造业公司为研究样本,基于投资现金流敏感度的视角研究了股价信息含量与资本投资效率之间的关系,得到以下研究结论 :富含信息的股价有效降低了资本投资对现金流的敏感程度。进一步研究后发现,富含信息的股价不仅能够有效降低融资约束导致的投资现金流敏感度,而且也能够有效降低代理冲突导致的投资现金流敏感度问题,以上结论在添加了诸多影响资本投资的控制变量及稳健性检验后仍然成立。本文的研究从一个全新的视角证明,富含信息的股价通过缓和融资约束和代理冲突问题,有效地改善了企业的资本投资效率。     

上市公司生命周期对股利政策的影响——基于信号传递模型

上市公司所处的生命周期不仅会影响企业的投融资结构,同时会影响企业的股利政策。成长期企业现金流不稳定通常采用股票股利政策,成熟期企业投资机会少、现金流稳定,会选择现金股利回馈投资者。本文以2010～2011年我国电器机械及器材制造业的数据为样本,从信号传递模型的角度,通过LS和LOGIT模型,实证检验处于不同生命周期上市公司股利政策的异同及政策的连续性问题。     

融资约束、代理冲突与中国上市公司非效率投资行为研究

本文以中国上市公司2000—2009年的实际数据,就我国上市公司融资约束、代理冲突与非效率投资行为三者之间的相互关系展开研究。结果显示,在不同的股权性质与公司规模特征的企业中,由控制权私有收益引发的投资行为扭曲具有不同的表现方式:公司非效率投资行为同时受到由控制权私有收益引起的融资约束和代理冲突的作用,这两种影响的相互作用共同决定了企业的投资行为状态;国有上市公司和非国有上市公司都拥有较高的投资—现金流敏感性,但表现在投资决策行为上却各不相同,国有上市公司整体上呈现出过度投资,而非国有上市公司则表现出投资不足;相对大规模公司而言,小规模公司可能呈现出更高的投资—现金流敏感性,并呈现出投资不足的非效率投资行为,而大规模公司则更可能表现出过度投资的非效率投资行为。     

中国上市公司大股东对投资影响的实证研究

本文以2001-2003年非金融性A股公司为样本,实证研究了大股东对公司投资的影响,并检验了这种影响的原因和作用过程。研究结果发现:(1)上市公司的投资与现金流显著正相关;(2)第一大股东持股比例与投资-现金流敏感度之间呈显著的负相关关系;(3)当第一大股东是国家时,负相关系数更大,当第一大股东是境内社会法人时,负相关关系不显著; (4)实证表明“过度投资”是中国上市公司投资的典型表现,这不仅符合“自由现金流假说”的推断,而且可以用“信息不对称理论”中“融资约束”相反的“融资便利”来加以解释。     

不同黏性对中国经济波动和货币政策的影响——基于贝叶斯估计的新凯恩斯DSGE模型

考察了中国宏观经济波动和货币政策.研究结果显示:包含3种黏性机制的DSGE模型比传统的仅含一种黏性机制的DSGE模型能更好地拟合和解释中国现实经济特征;黏性信息企业占中国全部企业54.01％,混合黏性价格企业占43.63％,弹性价格企业占2.36％;不同黏性机制下,外生冲击对经济变量波动的解释度存在显著差异,并且经济变量对外生冲击的脉冲响应及动态调整路径存在显著差异;对不同黏性机制行业的通胀做出系统性反应能够提高中国货币政策有效性.     

现金流信息、现金流风险与股票收益定价研究

研究了现金流信息、现金流风险与股票收益定价的关系,建立了包含现金流信息的多变量股票非预期收益定价模型,并采用2002年1月至2011年4月间中国股票市场的有关交易数据、机构会计收益预测数据和财务数据,检验了理论模型和实证模型的预测,发现:1)由证券分析师盈余预测修正估计出的正现金流信息对股票非预期收益、股票实际收益、股票超额收益均具有稳健的解释能力;2)由证券分析师盈余预测估计出的现金流风险反映了股票的系统风险,可以对股票预期收益定价;3)在解释股票超额收益方面,由现金流信息、现金流风险、分析师跟踪人数与宿成建3变量模型构成的多变量模型优越于Fama-French 3因子模型变量与现金流信息、现金流风险构成的多变量模型.     

不同黏性对中国经济波动和货币政策的影响——基于贝叶斯估计的新凯恩斯 DSGE 模型

考察了中国宏观经济波动和货币政策． 研究结果显示: 包含 3 种黏性机制的 DSGE 模型比传统的仅含一种黏性机制的 DSGE 模型能更好地拟合和解释中国现实经济特征; 黏性信息企业占中国全部企业 54． 01% ,混合黏性价格企业占 43． 63% ,弹性价格企业占 2． 36% ; 不同黏性机制下,外生冲击对经济变量波动的解释度存在显著差异,并且经济变量对外生冲击的脉冲响应及动态调整路径存在显著差异; 对不同黏性机制行业的通胀做出系统性反应能够提高中国货币政策有效性．     

A Framework to Analyze Cash Supply Chains

The Federal Reserve System of the United States is making changes to its cash recirculation policy to reduce depository institutions' (banks') overuse of its cash processing services. These changes will affect operating policies and costs at many institutions having large cash businesses and, in turn, impact cash transportation and logistics providers. This study provides the framework to study the cash supply chain structure and analyzes it as a closed‐loop supply chain. Additionally, it describes the cash flow management system used by banks in the U.S.     

A Data‐Driven Inventory Control Policy for Cash Logistics Operations: An Exploratory Case Study Application at a Financial Institution

A number of market changes are impacting the way financial institutions are managing their automated teller machines (ATMs). We propose a new class of adaptive data‐driven policies for a stochastic inventory control problem faced by a large financial institution that manages cash at several ATMs. Senior management were concerned that their current cash supply system to manage ATMs was inefficient and outdated, and suspected that using improved cash management could reduce overall system cost. Our task was to provide a robust procedure to tackle the ATM's cash deployment strategies. Current industry practice uses a periodic review system with infrequent parameter updates for cash management based on the assumption that demand is normally distributed during the review period. This assumption did not hold during our investigation, warranting a new and robust analysis. Moreover, we discovered that forecast errors are often not normally distributed and that these error distributions change dramatically over time. Our approach finds the optimal time series forecaster and the best‐fitting weekly forecast error distribution. The guaranteed optimal target cash inventory level and time between orders could only be obtained through an optimization module that was embedded in a simulation routine that we built for the institution. We employed an exploratory case study methodology to collect cash withdrawal data at 21 ATMs owned and operated by the financial institution. Our new approach shows a 4.6% overall cost reduction. This reflects an annual cost savings of over $250,000 for the 2,500 ATM units that are operated by the bank.     

The effect of outside directors’ and auditors’ incentives on managers’ ability to manage cash bonuses

This paper investigates the impact of outside directors’ and auditors’ monetary incentives on the association between discretionary accounting and managers’ cash bonuses in a two-tier system. For a sample of German stock corporations from 2005 to 2007 we expect and find that outside directors who receive compensation based on accounting income and auditors who receive high non-audit fees have the incentive to tolerate managers’ bonus-increasing accounting choices. More specifically, we show that positive discretionary accruals are more strongly associated with managers’ cash bonuses than negative discretionary accruals if outside directors receive accounting-based compensation and/or if auditors receive high non-audit fees. Our results suggest that executives’ ability to manage their cash bonuses depends on the monitoring institutions’ monetary incentives.     

民营上市公司实际控制人与现金股利研究

实际控制人对上市公司的现金股利分配具有重要影响。本文以2004-2006年沪深证券交易所的民营上市公司为样本,对实际控制人与现金股利之间的关系进行了实证研究。研究结果证实,实际控制人通过IPO的方式获得上市公司的控制权同现金股利显著正相关,控制权与现金流权同现金股利显著正相关,控制权与现金流权发生分离和采用金字塔控制方式同现金股利显著负相关。而且,与通过非IPO的方式获得上市公司控制权的实际控制人相比,通过IPO的方式获得上市公司控制权的实际控制人其控制权与现金流权对现金股利的影响更加显著,控制权与现金流权发生分离和控制方式为金字塔时发放的现金股利更多。     

基于流动性偏好的上市公司现金持有行为研究

以流动性偏好理论为基础,通过理论模型推导出不同融资约束的公司会依据其现金流波动性进行有差异的现金持有行为决策;以2001～2006年间4 285个公司年数据为样本,实证检验并分析了中国上市公司融资约束、现金流波动性和现金持有量之间的相互关系.结果表明:在中国资本市场,融资约束公司的现金流波动性高于非融资约束公司,而现金持有量却低于非融资约束公司;前者现金持有量与现金流波动性显著正相关,而后者无显著相关性.     

企业现金持有量影响因素的实证研究——来自我国上市公司的经验证据

20世纪90年代末,国外企业出现持有大量现金与现金等价物的现象,为什么企业持有大量的现金与现金等价物,以及企业持有现金的后果等问题,逐步得到国外学者的关注而成为一个研究的热点,国外学者主要从权衡理论、信息不对称理论、公司治理机制,以及投资者的法律保护程度等方面展开现金持有量的研究.由于我国的经济与制度环境同国外有很大差别,我国证券市场的发展处于一个转型时期,内部人控制严重,资本市场还不完善,国外的实证结论直接移植到国内缺乏说服力.上市公司现金持有量的影响因素也逐步得到国内学者的关注,但我国的研究还处于起步阶段.本文在理论分析与文献梳理的基础上,以我国部分上市公司为样本,检验了我国上市公司的特质性因素和公司治理机制对公司现金持有量的影响.研究结果表明,公司现金持有量与财务杠杆、银行性债务、净营运资本负相关,与公司的投资机会正相关,权衡理论和优序融资理论得到了经验支持;国有股、董事会规模、股东保护程度与现金持有量负相关;经营者持股与现金持有量正相关;股权集中度、独立董事、以及领导权结构并没对公司现金持有量产生显著影响.本文从现金持有量的角度为我国上市公司治理的不完善性提供了证据,需要我们从股权结构、董事会特征等方面进一步完善公司治理机制,规范公司的现金持有行为.     

终极控股股东超额控制与现金持有量价值的实证研究

文章以我国资本市场2002年非金融类A股公司为样本,实证研究了终极控股股东控制权与现金流权分离对公司现金持有量水平及其市场价值的影响.研究结果发现:(1)当终极控股股东为国有股东时,控制权/现金流权系数与现金持有量水平显著正相关;而当终极控股股东为非国有股东时,控制权/现金流权系数与现金持有量水平虽然正相关,但不能通过显著性检验.表明在两权分离的情况下,国有终极控股股东对高现金持有量水平具有较高的偏好;(2)当终极控股股东为国有股东,且其控制权与现金流权存在分离时,现金持有量的价值为0.769元;而当终极控股股东控制权与现金流权不存在分离或虽存在分离但终极控股股东为非国有股东时,现金持有量的价值为1.206元.从而表明在两权分离的情况下,国有终极控股股东对高现金持有量水平的偏好是一种控股股东利益侵占动机.     

Twenty steps to survive managed care.

The health care industry is in the midst of discounted, price-driven, managed care. Many older physicians, not wanting to practice in this environment, are opting for early retirement. Others sell their clinical practices to management companies or hospitals to avoid the economic reality of day-to-day financial management. Most of these private practices are losing money every year. However, there still are a large number of physicians who have not sold their practice. As capitation continues to grow, these physicians will experience severe cash flow problems unless their financial plight is addressed rapidly. If it is not, the resultant cash flow problems will cause accounts payable to grow. Twenty steps are outlined that a physician or group should take right away to maintain a healthy cash flow. These include: Instituting a nurse triage system, setting up an after-hours clinic, getting the co-pay at the time of service, implementing a patient satisfaction questionnaire, monitoring the capitation reports, and checking capitation lists.     

Robust Contracts in Continuous Time

We study a continuous‐time contracting problem under hidden action, where the principal has ambiguous beliefs about the project cash flows. The principal designs a robust contract that maximizes his utility under the worst‐case scenario subject to the agent's incentive and participation constraints. Robustness generates endogenous belief heterogeneity and induces a tradeoff between incentives and ambiguity sharing so that the incentive constraint does not always bind. We implement the optimal contract by cash reserves, debt, and equity. In addition to receiving ordinary dividends when cash reserves reach a threshold, outside equity holders also receive special dividends or inject cash in the cash reserves to hedge against model uncertainty and smooth dividends. The equity premium and the credit yield spread generated by ambiguity aversion are state dependent and high for distressed firms with low cash reserves.     

Deterministic cash flow management: State of the art and research directions

Cash flow management has attracted the increasing attention of both academicians and practitioners in recent time. There is increasing emphasis on cash management as a vital organizational function and evidence indicates that the role and responsibilities of cash managers are expanding beyond conventional boundaries. In an earlier article, Gregory presented an excellent review of a limited class of cash management models. This paper attempts to review the rather large body of deterministic cash flow models that were not reviewed by Gregory. The review places the models in proper perspective by identifying the underlying decision processes and points out the somewhat narrow focus of these models. A modified taxonomy of cash management decisions is suggested as a possible framework for future research. The paper also recognizes the tremendous growth in information and computer technology and its implications for normative modeling efforts in cash management.