双因子随机条件极差模型及其实证研究

对波动率的建模和估计传统上主要基于由收盘价计算得到的收益率信息,而基于包含更多日内价格变动信息的价格极差对波动率的研究却相对较少.对经典的针对价格极差动态性建模的条件自回归极差(CARR)模型进行扩展,借鉴随机波动率(SV)模型的建模思路,同时考虑波动率的长记忆特征,引入Gamma分布刻画价格极差新息的分布,构建了双因子随机条件极差(2FSCR)模型来描述价格极差的动态性.进一步,基于连续粒子滤波算法,给出了2FSCR模型参数的极大似然估计方法,并通过蒙特卡罗模拟实验表明了该估计方法的有效性.采用上证综合指数(SSE)、深证成份指数(SZSE)、香港恒生指数(HSI)和美国标普500指数(SPX)数据进行了实证研究,结果表明:2FSCR模型相比CARR模型以及单因子的SCR模型都具有更好的数据拟合效果.进一步的模型诊断分析表明,2FSCR模型相比CARR模型和SCR模型能够更好地刻画价格极差新息的尾部分布,能够更充分地捕获波动率的动态特征(时变性、聚集性与长记忆性).采用滚动窗方法对波动率进行预测,利用价格极差与已实现波动率作为比较基准对模型的预测能力进行了比较分析,结果表明:2FSCR模型相比CARR模型和SCR模型都具有更为优越的波动率预测效果.     

基于价格极差的金融波动率建模： 理论与实证分析

经典的波动率模型(GARCH等)是收益率为基础的模型,利用的是收盘价信息,忽略了价格波动的日内信息,这将导致信息与效率的损失.为了弥补这一缺陷并获得满意的波动率预测效果,本文引入并扩展了基于价格极差的自回归波动率模型.实证研究表明新模型能够有效刻画波动率的动态变化规律,其预测效果一致性地优于经典的GARCH模型.同时,我们的研究还证实了在波动率模型中加入收益率的滞后项能够提高模型的解释能力,并且存在明显的"杠杆效应".     

基于期权与高频数据信息的VaR度量研究

传统的市场风险度量模型没有充分利用期权与高频数据包含的信息,且主要基于单因子波动率模型,导致信息的损失以及模型缺乏足够的灵活性.本文基于灵活的双因子随机波动率模型,通过提取期权与高频数据包含的市场前瞻与当前信息,构建相应的市场风险度量波动率模型对在险值（VaR）进行度量.为了估计模型参数,建立基于连续粒子滤波的极大似然估计方法.采用iVX指数与已实现波动率测度（RV）作为上证50ETF期权与高频数据信息的代理,对构建的市场风险度量波动率模型进行了实证检验,结果表明：充分利用了期权与高频数据信息的双因子随机波动率模型能够在快速变化的市场环境中更好地估计波动率,相比其它波动率模型（仅利用了历史数据信息的GARCH模型、利用了高频数据信息的已实现GARCH模型以及利用了期权与高频数据信息的单因子随机波动率模型）具有更为优越的VaR度量精确性,尤其是极端风险情形下的VaR估计精确性改进明显,凸显了期权与高频数据信息以及双因子波动率在市场风险管理中的价值.     

基于马尔可夫状态转换模型的沪深股市波动率的估计

为了更准确地估计具有结构转换的沪深股市收益率波动特征,本文将沪深股市的波动变化分为上涨、下跌和盘整三个状态,选用2000年1月4日至2011年12月30日的上证综指和深证成指日收益率数据作为样本,2012年1月4日至2012年1月17日的日收益率作为样本外预测,分别应用GARCH和APGARCH模型,以及RS-GARCH和RS-APGARCH模型估计和预测两序列的波动率,最后采用MSE₁、MSE₂和QLIKE对估计和预测出的波动率进行评价。结果表明:单一状态和三种状态下APGARCH模型均比GARCH模型估计和预测的波动率更准确;更进一步带有马尔可夫状态转换的模型估计和预测出的波动率更准确,且误差分布服从正态分布的模型估计和预测的波动率拟合结果优于误差服从t分布的模型。     

带有市场交易信息和随机微观噪声下的杠杆效应研究

在风险管理中杠杆效应的现象广泛存在，也是金融计量学中的重要议题。高频金融市场中蕴含着丰富的交易信息，而这些信息并不能都看作随机噪声，因此探讨利用市场交易信息并在带有随机噪声模型下研究杠杆效应具有重要意义。本文在带有市场交易信息和随机微观噪声相结合的模型下研究了杠杆效应，提出了新的杠杆效应估计，该估计具有n^1/8的收敛速度，同时给出了估计的方差和相关的定理。通过模拟分析得出利用广泛的市场微观信息可以更有效和更精确地对杠杆效应进行估计，模拟的结果表明本文提出的杠杆效应估计具有更好的渐近正态性和更小的偏差。最后将提出的估计应用到实证分析中，发现杠杆效应对未来一天波动率的预测具有显著性影响。     

基于小波包和神经网络的股票价格预测模型

股票价格是大量因素影响的综合结果,波动规律异常复杂,即使是神经网络这样强大的非线性预测工具也不堪胜任对其的准确预测。本文利用小波包理论将价格波动序列最优地分解为一系列规律较易掌握的子波动,对原始价格波动的预测也就分成神经网络对各子波动的预测。实证研究结果表明,这种小波包和神经网络相结合的股票价格预测模型预测精度明显高于小波和神经网络相结合以及直接利用价格波动预测的同类神经网络模型。     

应用混合神经网络和遗传算法的期权价格预测模型

隐含波动率是指在市场中观察的期权价格所蕴涵的波动率.提出了一种加权的隐含波动率作为混合神经网络的输入变量,建立了混合神经网络和遗传算法相结合的期权价格预测模型,通过遗传算法来优化神经网络的结构和获得隐含波动率的权重.在对香港金融衍生品市场的实证中表明,本文模型在预测结果上要优于传统的Black-Scholes模型.     

谁是驱动中国原油期货价格波动的关键信息?

本文首次对影响中国原油期货价格波动的驱动因素进行了量化分析.运用广义动态因子模型,结合互联网数据,为中国原油期货价格构造了六类预测因子：供需预测因子、市场金融化预测因子、汇率市场信息预测因子、商品市场预测因子、全球宏观经济预测因子以及事件预测因子.基于混频GARCH-MIDAS模型,本文发现上述六类因子能显著改善对原油价格波动的预测精度.同时,基于MCS检验结果,揭示出在不同时间尺度下,驱动中国原油价格波动的信息存在明显差异性,即在短期和中期预测中事件预测因子起主导作用,而供需因子则是在长期主导中国原油价格波动的关键因素.综上,本研究为国内原油市场参与者、政策制定者及市场监管者把握未来市场信息提供了分析工具和参考依据.     

基于时变波动率的存款保险定价研究

存款保险合理定价对于维护金融稳定至关重要,但是现有研究却很少考虑银行资产异方差性以及债务清偿顺序的差异.利用GARCH过程刻画资产收益波动率的时变性,结合债务清偿结构得到了封闭形式的存款保险定价公式,并给出了参数的极大似然估计方法.利用A股上市银行数据估计资产过程,并通过数值模拟分析了时变波动率和债务清偿结构对存款保险价格的影响.结果表明,忽视资产收益波动率的时变性在高风险时段将导致存款保险价格被高估,而在低风险时段却会导致价格被低估;高优先级负债越多,存款保险价格越高,普通债务(包括存款)越多,存款保险价格也越高,但前者的影响更大;受次级债的影响,忽视债务清偿顺序的差异往往导致存款保险价格被明显高估.     

基于四次幂差修正HAR模型的股指期货波动率预测

股指期货波动率建模与预测是揭示其波动运行规律和市场风险是重要途径。本文基于跳跃、好坏波动率与符号跳跃建立四组HAR模型,提出单级纠偏HARQ类模型和多级纠偏HARQF类模型,实证研究揭示股指期货波动运行规律,并采用MCS检验来评估模型优劣。HAR建模考察连续与跳跃波动、好与坏波动率的两种已实现波动分解。为了降低波动率估计偏差,基于最小化MSE准则确定最优抽样频率,利用已实现核修正的ADS检测法识别跳跃,采用已实现核估计修正好坏波动率与符号跳跃。基于沪深300股指期货的实证研究表明：连续波动比跳跃波动对未来已实现波动贡献更大;好坏波动率具有不对称波动冲击,而符号跳跃对未来波动具有负向冲击;好坏波动率分解优于连续与跳跃波动分解;中位数已实现四次幂差能够显著提升HAR类模型的样本内外预测能力;与样本内预测相反,样本外预测中单级纠偏HARQ类模型优于多级纠偏HARQF类模型;MCS检验得出HARQ-RV-SJ模型表现最佳。研究结论与启示对认识股指期货波动规律和市场风险具有意义。     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.